Silent Mass
The silent Mass ( Missa LEcta , also still fair or read Mass ) was up to the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council the normal or basic form of the Mass .
history
The basic form of the solemn holy mass in the high Middle Ages was the levitated high mass , which, based on the early Roman papal liturgy, also shaped the mass celebrations at bishop and monastery churches as well as the parish liturgy. The strong increase in private and secondary masses in the great abbeys of the Middle Ages brought a gradual change here, also encouraged by the practice of mendicant orders such as Augustinians and Franciscans . The ceremony of solemn public exhibition was to the situation of the individual and not public priest celebrant adjusted, especially since often several priests on various altars at the same time in a church while eating celebrated. The singing at the mass was reduced to medium-strong speaking, the private mass became a reading mass and a silent mass.
Because of the greater frequency of individual celebrations compared to high mass and the convention mass , the missa lecta became the new basic form of the Roman mass. Through a Missal Indutus planeta presented by the General Minister of the Franciscan Order, Haymo von Faversham , in 1243 , this type of measurement was spread almost everywhere, and it was reflected in the Ordo missae secundum consuetudinem Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae by the papal master of ceremonies Johannes Burckard , published in 1498/1502 . The Ordo Servandus per sacerdotem in celebratione Missae sine cantu et ministris ( "comply with regulations, the priest in the celebration of Holy Mass without singing and servant") Burckards became the foundation of the Roman Missal , the on behalf of the Council of Trent under Pope Pius V . 1570 published binding Missal for the whole Church of the Roman rite . This Missa lecta (because sine cantu , "without singing") remained decisive without significant changes until the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council decided in 1963. In this Messordo, a pure “clergy liturgy”, the participation of the congregation plays just as little a role as the chants of the choir, and the functions of assisting clerics also appear as an ingredient in a basically “silent” mass for the individual priest. The basic form of the “silent mass” was given Sunday “house rights” also at the high altar of the parish churches, which it was initially denied.
Procedure and design
For the "valid" execution, the priest had to speak all the elements of this process in Latin in full in the form prescribed by the proprium of the respective day, usually quietly ( submissa voce or secreto ). Mere reading was not enough, what was required was speaking with moving lips, which the celebrant himself could still hear. He “read” (as it was popularly called) the mass with his back to the people. When he made his acclamations , he turned to the acolyte , less often to the congregation. A homily was not part of the mass. In some places it was customary for him to read at least the text of the Gospel in the Latin language of the congregation in the mother tongue. As a rule, the final blessing was also given to the community in an audible manner.
The believers were silent or prayed quietly or together the rosary or a "mass service", which accompanied the events at the altar in a meditative-associative way. At the "Singmesse" - mostly on Sundays and major public holidays - songs were sung together, in which the text of the time in the church year and the subject of the sacrifice of the Mass were echoed (for example the widespread German Mass by Franz Schubert). During the change , announced by a bell , there was silence.
The Leonian Prayers
At the end of each silent mass, after the blessing and the final gospel, those of Pope Leo XIII. written and prescribed Leonian prayers in 1884 . There are three Hail Marys , the Salve Regina , a prayer for the conversion of sinners and “the freedom and exaltation” of the Church, the prayer to St. Michael the Archangel and a three-time invocation of the Most Holy Heart of Jesus . The priest knelt in front of the steps of the altar and said the prayers with those present in the vernacular.
- text
Latin:
"Oremus. Deus, refugium nostrum et virtus,
populum ad te clamantem
propitius respice: et,
intercedente gloriosa et immaculata
Virgine Dei Genitrice Maria,
cum beato Ioseph, eius Sponso,
ac beatis Apostolis tuis Petro et Paulo
et omnibus Sanctis;
quas pro conversione peccatorum, pro libertate
et exaltatione sanctae Matris Ecclesiae preces effundimus,
misericors et benignus exaudi.
Per one Christ, Dominum nostrum.
Amen."
German:
"Let us pray. God, our refuge and strength,
look graciously on the supplication of your people,
and in your mercy and goodness answer
the intercession of the glorious
and immaculate Virgin Mary,
her bridegroom, St. Joseph,
yours. Apostles Peter and Paul
and all the saints,
the prayers that we implore for the conversion of sinners,
for the freedom and exaltation of our holy Mother,
the Church.
Through him, Christ, our Lord.
Amen.
Latin:
“Sancte Michael Archangele,
defende nos in proelio;
contra nequitiam et insidias diaboli esto praesidium.
'Imperet illi Deus', supplices deprecamur:
tuque, princeps militiae coelestis,
satanam aliosque spiritus malignos,
qui ad perditionem animarum pervagantur in mundo,
divina virtute in infernum detrude.
Amen."
German:
“Holy Archangel Michael,
defend us in battle:
against the wickedness and stalking of the devil, be our protection.
'God command him', we plead;
But you, prince of the heavenly hosts,
push Satan and the other evil spirits
who go about in the world to destroy souls
by the power of God into hell.
Amen."
After 1960 this regulation was no longer binding; since the Second Vatican Council, prayers are no longer included in the ordinarium of mass. This was ordered in the instruction Inter Oecumenici of Pope Paul VI. dated September 26, 1964.
Liturgical reform in the 20th century
From the second half of the 19th century it became more and more common in the German-speaking area for believers to read the prayer texts in folk mess books such as the “Schott” or for a “prayer leader” to read the most important prayers and readings parallel to the Latin recitation by the priest in who was speaking in her mother tongue.
At the beginning of the 20th century the Liturgical Movement took up the suggestion of Pope Pius X , who said that the “active participation [of the faithful] in the most holy mysteries and in the solemn public prayer of the Church” ( Participatio actuosa ) was “the first and indispensable source “Of the Christian spirit. Between around 1920 and 1950, transitional forms developed from the “silent mass” to greater participation by the people. The different forms of the community fair emerged . One of the pioneers was the Klosterneuburg canon and liturgical reformer Pius Parsch . Sunday mass was now increasingly celebrated as a prayer mass , at which, in addition to the gospel, the epistle (reading from the New Testament) was recited in German and, among other things, the creed was prayed out loud, as well as other mass prayers depending on the custom of the parish . The priest continued to read all these parts of the Mass softly in Latin at the same time.
With the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council , the distinctions between Singing Mass and High Mass were largely abolished. Since then, the basic form has been the Missa cum populo "Mass with the people" ( community mass ). Nevertheless, the mass without people ( Missa sine populo ), with only one believer to assist the priest, is still part of the Roman Missal (it was not included in the current German edition) and its legitimacy was given by the Second Vatican Council and the post-conciliar Teaching qualification confirmed. Pope Benedict XVI In 2007, in a post-synodal letter, Sacramentum Caritatis recommended that priests celebrate Holy Mass every day, "even if there should be no participation of believers". With the Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum Benedict XVI. Through the use of the extraordinary form of the Holy Mass (2007), it is now again possible to celebrate “silent masses” in the extraordinary form of the Roman rite on weekdays.
literature
- Josef Andreas Jungmann : From the domestic Eucharist to the silent mass. In: ders .: Missarum Sollemnia. A genetic explanation of the Roman mass. Volume I, 5th edition, Herder, Wien-Freiburg-Basel 1962, pp. 279-306.
Individual evidence
- ^ Andreas Heinz: Missa 9) M. lecta . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 7 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1998, Sp. 282 . ; Josef Andreas Jungmann : Missarum Sollemnia. A genetic explanation of the Roman mass. Volume I, 5th edition, Herder, Wien-Freiburg-Basel 1962, p. 301.
- ^ Josef Andreas Jungmann : Missarum Sollemnia. A genetic explanation of the Roman mass. Volume I, 5th edition, Herder, Wien-Freiburg-Basel 1962, p. 301, cf. p. 268-306 overall; Hans Bernhard Meyer : Eucharist: History, Theology, Pastoral. Pustet, Regensburg 1989, ISBN 3-7917-1200-4 (Church service. Handbook of liturgical science, part 4), pp. 214f.
- ^ Missale Romanum (1962) XVI.2.
- ↑ Cf. Thomas Labonté: The "Kirchenlied" collection (1938). Origin, corpus analysis, reception. Francke Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-7720-8251-1 , p. 6f.
- ↑ Antonsthaler: Leonianische prayers . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 6 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1997, Sp. 836 .
- ↑ Latin text and German translation from The complete missal in Latin and German [...] edited by the Benedictines of the Beuron Archabbey. Publishing house Herder Freiburg 1958.
- ↑ Inter Oecumenici 48 j: "The Leonine prayers are abolished."
- ^ Motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini of November 22, 1903.
-
↑ SC 57 §2.2: “Every priest has the freedom to celebrate individually, but not at the same time in the same church during a concelebration and not on Maundy Thursday.”
Helmut Hoping: My body given for you, history and theology of the Eucharist . 1st edition Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 2015, ISBN 978-3-451-34259-2 , p. 350 . - ↑ Sacramentum caritatis, No. 80.