Ave Maria
Ave Maria (Hail Mary) is the Latin beginning and at the same time the name of a basic prayer of the Catholic Church to invoke Mary , the mother of Jesus Christ . Ave is a Semitic loan word that has penetrated Latin and probably originally comes from Carthage ( Phoenician-Punic hawe means "live").
The Orthodox churches also know a prayer that essentially corresponds to the Ave Maria .
The invocation consists of two parts:
- The first part consists of the biblical addresses of Mary by the Archangel Gabriel at the preaching of the Lord ( Lk 1.28 EU ) ( English greeting ) and Elisabeth during the visit of Mary ( Lk 1.42 EU ). This part has been prayed in hours and devotions since the 11th century .
- The second part is the request for assistance in the hour of death, which was officially added by Pius V in 1568.
After the Lord's Prayer , the Ave Maria is one of the most widely spoken prayers in Christianity and is also part of the Angelus and the Rosary .
Eastern church form
The Ave Maria of the Eastern Church is:
Greek:
Θεοτόκε Παρθένε,
χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία, ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ.
εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί,
καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου,
ὅτι Σωτῆρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψῶυχῶ .ν ἡμς
German:
The Mother of God and Virgin, Hail, most
gracious Mary, the Lord is with you.
Blessed are you among women,
and blessed is the fruit of your womb,
because you gave birth to the Savior of our souls.
Western church form
The Ave Maria of the Western , Roman Catholic, and Anglican Churches reads:
Latin:
Ave Maria, gratia plena,
Dominus tecum.
Benedicta tu in mulieribus,
et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus.
Sancta Maria, Mater Dei,
ora pro nobis peccatoribus
nunc et in hora mortis nostrae.
Amen.
German:
Hail Mary, full of grace,
the Lord is with you.
You are blessed among women,
and blessed is the fruit of your body, Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us sinners
now and at the hour of our death.
Amen.
In it, the word given is (from the infinitive benedeien ) the Germanized form of the Latin participle benedictus (German: blessed ; to the infinitive benedicere ). In contrast to the German word "bless", benedicere can not only mean God's promise of blessing to people, but also the worshiping act of the individual prayer or the community. God too can be “given” (worshiped, glorified). Since there is no German equivalent to benedicere (literally: speak well ) that takes both meanings into account, this Germanized form is often used instead of a translation.
The German version used to say “You are blessed among women”, there were also versions in which it was said: “Please pray for us poor sinners now and at the hour of our death”.
Settings
The Ave Maria has been set to music by composers of all ages.
Latin text
One of the most famous settings is by Charles Gounod , who took over the first prelude ( C major BWV 846 ) from the Well-Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach (including the additional bar by Schwencke ), doubled the first four bars as an introduction and added a new melody put what went down in music history as " Ave Maria von Bach / Gounod ".
During the Renaissance , Nicolas Gombert (1539), Josquin Desprez (1576), Robert Parsons (1579) and Johannes Ockeghem set the text to music, often only using the first part of the Latin text (Parsons, Ockeghem). The Ave Maria by Pierre-Louis Dietsch is his spiritual rewrite of a secular chanson by the composer Jakob Arcadelt .
Further settings of the Latin Ave Maria text are by Heinrich Schütz ( SWV 334), Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (op.23 for 8-part choir, solos and organ), Johannes Brahms (op.12 from 1860), Anton Bruckner ( WAB 6 from 1861 for 7-part choir), Luigi Cherubini , Georges Bizet , Marcel Dupré , Antonín Dvořák , Markus Koch , Morten Lauridsen , Michael Haller ( op.60 , no.25 for male choir), Sergei Rachmaninow (op.37 no 6), Igor Stravinsky , César Franck , Franz Liszt , Josef Gabriel Rheinberger , Camille Saint-Saëns , Jacques Offenbach , Ferdinand Heinrich Thieriot , Hermann Schroeder , Ferruccio Busoni , Franz Biebl , Margarete Sorg-Rose , Stefan Antweiler and Ludger Stühlmeyer . Alfred Schnittke made the Ave Maria part of his fourth symphony (1984), which was composed for countertenor, tenor, chamber choir and chamber orchestra.
The song Ellen's third song (D 839, op. 52 No. 6) from his song cycle Das Fräulein vom See , composed by Franz Schubert in 1825, begins with the words “Ave Maria”. Later, not by Schubert himself, there were many arrangements in which the original song text was replaced by the Latin Ave Maria prayer. The song is therefore often referred to as "Schubert's Ave Maria".
German text
The German text, especially in Martin Luther's translation of the Bible , plays a role in the Protestant church music tradition . In addition to his composition with Latin text, Heinrich Schütz used the one in Be greeted, Maria, du Holdselige (with strings), to be found in the Small Spiritual Concerts II (1639) under the number SWV 333.
In the church music of the Roman Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council , the Ave Maria in German also played an increasingly important role.
Other interpretations
Other composers, such as Giuseppe Verdi or Richard Wagner , composed music using the title Ave Maria, but used completely different texts. The writer Karl May wrote and set a popular Ave Maria of this kind (in Ernste Klänge , 1898). This romantic work is sung by numerous choirs today. May's text also used Max Welcker for his own setting. In addition to the version with Latin text, Bizet's 'Ave Maria' ( WD 134) is also known as a setting of the French rewritten Charles Grandmougins .
A composition erroneously attributed to the Baroque composer Giulio Caccini , in which, apart from the words "Ave Maria" and "Amen", no text is used, comes from the Russian guitarist and composer Vladimir Wawilow . It has been interpreted by various singers since its release. The band E Nomine recorded a piece of electronic music for the Ave Maria for the album Das Testament .
See also
literature
- sv in: Leo Scheffczyk , Remigius Bäumer (ed.): Marienlexikon. Volume 1. EOS Verlag, St. Ottilien 1988, ISBN 3-88096-891-8 , pp. 309-317.
- sv in: Marcel Viller (ed.): Dictionnaire de Spiritualité, Acétique et Mystique. Volume 1. Beauchesne, Paris 1937, Sp. 1161-65.
- Thomas Aquinas : Catechism of St. Thomas Aquinas or Declaration of the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and the Ten Commandments of God. Sabat publishing house, Kulmbach 2016, ISBN 978-3-943506-30-3 .
- Wolfgang Beinert , Heinrich Petri (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Marienkunde. Volume 1. Pustet, Regensburg 1984, ISBN 3-7917-0908-9 , pp. 368-371.
- Leonardo Boff : Ave Maria. The feminine and the Holy Spirit. Patmos, Düsseldorf 1982, ISBN 3-491-77253-2 .
- Erich Heck: Ave Maria. Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-460-32801-0 .
- Simon Knoll: The Ave Maria explained to the Christian people. Munich 1909.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Andreas Heinz : Ave Maria . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 1 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1993, Sp. 1306-1307 .
- ↑ Text with singing
- ↑ Brief interpretation of the Ave Maria: Catechism of the Catholic Church , No. 2676–2677.
- ↑ Gotteslob - Catholic prayer and hymn book, ed. by the bishops of Germany and Austria and the dioceses of Bozen-Brixen and Lüttich, Katholische Bibelanstalt GmbH, 1975.
- ^ Franz Xaver Schmid: The worship customs of the Catholics initially explained for non-clergy. Pustet, Passau 1839. P. 8, § 3: The English greeting.
- ↑ Heinz Finger: The Rosary Prayer and its History. Contribution to the exhibition "The Holy Rosary" for the year 2003 of the Rosary. Accessed on November 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Ave Maria solo de Soprano . Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- ↑ Antweiler, Stefan: Drei Geistliche Gesänge, Aarons Segen / Ave Maria / Pater Noster for soprano and string quartet or organ. December 14, 2018, accessed on May 1, 2020 (German).
- ↑ Karl May: Ernste Klänge: Ave Maria - Do not forget me.
- ^ Karl May Society (Ed.): Christ or Muhammed - Marienkalendergeschichten von Karl May. Reprint, Hamburg.