List of the Hanseatic ambassadors in Spain

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of the envoys and authorized ministers of the three free Hanseatic cities of Bremen , Hamburg and Lübeck at the Spanish court in Madrid (1649 to 1837).

history

“True nuts of the whole earth-Kraÿses with all its parts”
Map by Matthäus Merian (around 1638) 250 × 360 mm, from the holdings of the Boston Public Library

Until the end of the Middle Ages , the Hanse - Iberian trade relations ran through the Hansekontor in Bruges . It was only with the discovery of America (1492) and the consequent North and Central European demand for Spanish colonial goods , which developed from the middle of the 16th century, that the Hanseatic townspeople looked for ways to establish direct trade relations with Spain and its colonial empire . In 1606 the Lübeck councilor Heinrich Brockes I traveled to the court of King Philip the Elder, accompanied by the travel secretary Johannes Conradus and extensive servants, together with his colleagues Arnold von Holten from Danzig and Hieronymus Vogler from Hamburg as well as the Hansesyndicus Johann Domann . III. to Madrid and concluded a trade agreement there. This contract had no international legal character, but gave Hanseatic merchants direct access to Spanish overseas trade . The legation was financed by the so-called Hispanic collections . In the following years from 1607 to 1614 Hans Kampferbeke from Lübeck first acted as the Hanseatic and German consul for Spain , Portugal , Algeria and Galicia at the courts of Lisbon and Madrid , then in the 1630s Augustin Bredimus from Hamburg , and at the end of the 1640s Bernhard Timmerscheidt from Münster .

In order to actually develop independent relations with Spain, the Hanseatic cities had to overcome a number of obstacles: unlike in England or France , the Spanish-Habsburg court in Madrid saw itself in a dynastic and Catholic alliance with the imperial-Habsburg court in Vienna ; In addition, there were - as in many places in Europe at that time - general reservations about people of different faiths, and Spanish legation law only saw “nations” as subjects capable of international law . Finally, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) paved the way for the conclusion of a new trade agreement (1648) with the best commercial conditions for the Hanseatic cities, Protestant Hanseatic people (similar to the Dutch) were recognized as a "nation", and in 1649 they were appointed under the "General Procurator" Walter Delbrugge set up a permanent mission at the Spanish court. At that time, the Hanseatic Mission was - besides the imperial embassy - the only German diplomatic mission in Spain ; the Spanish crown had been represented with a permanent embassy to the Hanseatic cities since 1621 .

Also in 1648 the first Hanseatic consulates were opened in Cádiz and Sanlúcar de Barrameda (the port of Seville ). Dozens of other consulate openings followed in South and Central America, Asia and other parts of Spain. The main aim of the Hanseatic mission was to maintain the preferred trading conditions for the next 200 years. Hamburg in particular benefited from the Spanish trade and was one of the largest world ports in the Spanish-speaking world by the end of the 17th century, alongside London and Amsterdam. In 1751 the Hanseatic cities were able to conclude a peace treaty with the barbarians with Spanish support .

Heads of mission

From 1796 to 1837 the Hanseatic cities were represented at the Spanish court by the imperial (later imperial Austrian) envoy . After many Latin American countries gained independence , the mission was downgraded to consulate general in 1837.

Hanseatic ambassadors in Madrid

1649: Establishment of diplomatic relations

Years Surname Life dates Remarks portrait
1649-1697 Walter Delbrugge (also Delbrüggen ) General Procurator and Minister Plenipotentiary
1697-1725 Joseph Delbrugge † 1732 Agent and authorized minister, son of Walter Delbrügge
1725-1728 Joseph de Lauro † 1729 Agent and Minister Plenipotentiary
1729-1732 Joseph Delbrügge (second term of office) † 1732 Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister
1732-1739 Isidore (Isaac) del Grado † 1739 Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister
1739-1762 Antoine de Conti † 1762 Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister
1764-1796 Johan Frans van der Lepe † 1803 Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister
1796-1806 Carl Andreoli † 1819 Minister resident, full-time Habsburg legation secretary
1807-1809 Wilhelm Ferdinand von Genotte * 1764 Minister resident, 1806 to 1809 full-time. kk Austrian envoy in Spain
1809-1814 Break in relations as a result of the Spanish War of Independence (Genotte withdrew to Cádiz from 1809–1814 )
1814-1817 Wilhelm Ferdinand von Genotte (second term of office) Minister resident f. Hamburg and Bremen
1817-1819 John of Provost Prime Minister, 1817 to 1819 full-time. kk Austrian envoy in Spain
1819-1823 Lazar by Brunetti * 1781; † 1847 Prime Minister, 1819 to 1834 full-time. kk Austrian envoy in Spain Lazaro Brunetti.jpg
1823-1824 Johann Frank von Negelsfürst
1824-1834 Lazar von Brunetti (II term) * 1781; † 1847 Prime Minister, 1819 to 1834 full-time. kk Austrian envoy in Spain
1834-1837 Johann von Reymond Minister resident, 1834 to 1836 full-time. kk Austrian envoy in Spain

1837: Residency of the minister is abolished, from 1871 diplomatic representation by the German Reich (see list of German ambassadors in Spain )

Hanseatic Consuls General in Madrid

  • 1837–1842: Juan de Guardamino († 1842)
  • 1842-1845: Ramón de Guardamino
  • 1845–1861: Rafael de Guardamino
  • 1861–1870: Ignaz Bauer (for Bremen from 1853, for Lübeck from 1856)

1870: Abolition of the Consulate General

Remarks

  1. ^ " Procurator generalis et Minister Hansae Teutonicae "

literature

ZVLGA 1 (1860), p. 281 (299 ff.) ( Digitized version of the Bavarian State Library )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ulrich Simon: Altes Senatsarchiv (ASA) Externa, Hispanica (Spain) . Archive of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck , Lübeck 2008.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Johann Martin Lappenberg : Journal of the Association for Hamburg History . Volume 3, Association for Hamburg History , Hamburg 1851, p. 526 ff.
  3. ↑ Thomas Weller: Unequal partners. The diplomatic relations between the Hanseatic League and the Spanish monarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Actors in External Relations. Networks and interculturality in historical change . Belau, Cologne 2010, pp. 341–356.
  4. ↑ a b Jorun Poettering: Commerce, Nation and Religion: Merchants between Hamburg and Portugal in the 17th century . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 2013.
  5. ↑ Thomas Weller: Merchants and Courtiers. Hanseatic Representatives at the Spanish Court in the Seventeenth Century. In: Amabsciatori “minori” nella Spagna di età moderna, Rome 2015, pp. 73–98.
  6. ^ A b c Klaus Weber: German merchants in the Atlantic trade, 1680–1830: Companies and families in Hamburg, Cádiz and Bordeaux , CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51860-5 .
  7. ↑ Hans Pohl : The relationship between Hamburg and Spain and Spanish America in the period from 1740 to 1806 . Volume 45, from: Supplements to the quarterly journal for social and economic history, Wiesbaden 1963.
  8. ^ Ernst Baasch : The Hanseatic cities and the barbares . Brunnemann, Kassel 1897 ( online )