List of Spanish envoys to the Hanseatic cities
This is a list of the Spanish envoys and authorized ministers to the three free Hanseatic cities of Lübeck , Bremen and Hamburg (1621 to 1870).
history
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The prerequisites for the establishment of the Spaniards in Hamburg lay mainly in the shifting European economic and trade focal points from 1492 and the intensifying trade relations - especially between Spain and Hamburg. In addition, there was Hamburg's political neutrality and the advantageous geographical location between the complementary economic areas in the north-east and south-west of Europe, which favored its development into an important capital and trade market . Despite the most contradicting differences in denominational, political-legal, economic and social aspects, the world power Spain and the three northern German city-states have benefited considerably from the mutual economic and political rapprochement for centuries.
Trade relations between Hanseatic and Castilian merchants existed as early as the 15th century . At that time, political external relations were still carried out via the Spanish ambassador at the imperial court in Vienna or the imperial envoys to the Hanseatic cities , although a municipal exchange of trade embassies was also common at that time. With the dwindling imperial influence on the foreign trade relations of the empire , an independent foreign policy of the Hanseatic cities developed. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), diplomatic relations were established in 1621 , which were internationally recognized by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) . For the three Hanseatic cities this resulted in a kind of triangular relationship with the Viennese court. a. For reasons of security policy, the sovereignty of the Roman-German emperors was accepted, and on the other hand because of the House of Habsburg ruling both in Vienna and Madrid at the time . For Spain, the bilateral relationship focused particularly on trade policy matters, but also always with a view to its competition with other colonial powers . The Spanish court almost exclusively appointed professional diplomats to Hamburg , often from the Basque nobility in Bilbao . Antonio de Sanpelayo , who was appointed envoy in 1768, was an exception as a diplomat from a commercial environment . During the Napoleonic continental blockade there was a break in relations from 1811 to 1814 . From 1815, Spanish entrepreneurs briefly belonged to the most influential foreign trading communities in Hamburg, but lost importance in the course of the following years when the countries of Latin America gained their independence from Spain. From the 1830s onwards, the Hanseatic cities concluded bilateral trade, shipping and friendship agreements with the newly founded Latin American states, which then mostly opened their own agencies in Hamburg. With the accession of the Hanseatic cities to the German Empire (1871), the Spanish legation was converted into a consulate general .
Heads of mission
Until 1806 there was regular additional accreditation with the estates of the Lower Saxony District , until 1866 also in the Kingdom of Hanover and until 1870 in the duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Oldenburg.
Spanish ambassadors to the Hanseatic cities
- 1621: Establishment of diplomatic relations
| Appointment / accreditation |
Recall | Surname | Remarks | appointed by |
accredited at |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1621 | Hans Jacob to Pütz | Philip IV | |||
| 1638 | 1652 | Manuel Bocarro Francês | (* 1588; † 1662) | Philip IV | |
| 1652 | |||||
| 1679 | |||||
| 1679 | n / A | Johann Christoph Hagedorn | († n / a) only appointed, no accreditation. | Charles II | - |
| 1725 | |||||
| 1725, Feb. | 1729 | Antonio Casado y Velasco | (* 1703; † 1740) from April 1724 acc. at Lower Saxony. Circle, from March 1725 also accredited. in Denmark | Philip V. | |
| 1740 | 1758 | Jaques (Bautista) Poniso | († 1758) Chargé d' affaires | Philip V. | |
| 1758 | 1768 | vacant | Ferdinand VI. | ||
| 1768 | 1777 | Antonio de Sanpelayo | (* 1738; † 1778) businessman | Charles III | |
| 1777, Feb. | 1791, Jun. | Manuel d'Urqullu | (* 1731; † 1793) | Charles III | |
| 1794 | 1796 | Juan Bautista Virio | (* 1753; † 1837) | Charles IV | |
| 1796, Apr. | 1798, Mar. | Nicolas Blasco d'Orozco | (* 1764; † 1840) from 1794 to 1795 chargé d' affaires in Austria , 1798 to 1799 envoy in the Cisalpine Republic and 1802 to 1808 in the Kingdom of Italy (both Milan) | Charles IV | |
| 1798, Nov. | 1803, Mar. | José Joaquín Ocáriz | (* 1750; † 1805) Plenipotentiary Minister , Chargé d' Affaires in France from 1795 to 1797 , envoy in Sweden from 1803 to 1805 | Charles IV | |
| 1803, Sep. | 1805, Aug. | Jacob Gottfried von Rechteren | (* 1736- † 1831) | Charles IV | |
| 1805 | 1809, Oct. | Juan-José Ranz de Romanillos | (* 1766; † 1818) Chargé d'affaires | Charles IV | |
| 1809, Oct. | 1811 | Juan Bautista Virio (II Term ) | (* 1753; † 1837) | Joseph I. | |
| 1811 | 1814 | Break in relationships | |||
| 1815 | 1817 | José de Yznardy y Yzquierdo | († 18 ??), from 1817 envoy to Denmark | Ferdinand VII. | |
| 1817, Jan. | 1820 | Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito | (* 1778; † 1848) from 1820 to 1821 Spanish Foreign Minister and 1838 to 1840 Foreign Minister and Prime Minister | Ferdinand VII. | |
| 1820 | 1821 | Mariano de Montalvo | (* 1780; † 1840) Minister to Greece from 1834 to 1840 | Ferdinand VII. | |
| 1826 | 1828 | Juan Nepomuceno de Vial | (* 1783; † 1835) from 1828 to 1830 envoy to Saxony , 1831 to 1833 ambassador to the Ottoman Empire and 1833 to 1834 in the United Kingdom | Ferdinand VII. | |
| 1829 | 1841 | José Tiburcio de Vivanco | Ferdinand VII. | ||
| 1846 | 1849 | Henry Huth | (* 1815; † 1878) British bibliophile; did not work as a diplomat after Hamburg | Isabella II | |
| 1849 | 1849 | Carl Friedrich Ludwig Westenholz | (* 1825; † 1898) from 1869 Austrian-Hungarian envoy to the Hanseatic cities | Isabella II | |
| 1855, Mar. | 1855, Nov. | Meliton Lujan | Isabella II | ||
| 1855, Nov. | 1857 | Miguel de Tovar | Isabella II | ||
| 1857 | 1862 | Plácido Jove y Hevia | (* 1823; † 1909) | Isabella II | |
| 1863 | 1870 | Emilio García Olloqui | (* 1821; † 1893) | Isabella II |
- 1870: Dissolution of the legation
Spanish consuls general in Hamburg
Hamburg has remained a center of German-Spanish and German-Latin American relations to this day, with numerous connections to the Spanish-speaking world . At institutional facilities u. a. 1916 the Latin America Association e. V. (LAV), in 1962 the social science institute for Iberoamerican customers , now known as the German Institute of Global and Area Studies , in 1988 the Latin America Center of the University of Hamburg (LASt), in 1991 the Instituto Cervantes Hamburg, and in 2011 the EU Latin America Caribbean Foundation (EU-LAC).
Spanish consuls general in the German Empire
- 1870–1872: Carlos de Ortega y Morejón
- 1872–1874: Tomás Ortuño
...
Spanish consuls general in the Federal Republic of Germany
After the founding of the Federal Republic (1949), the then Consul General acted José Gonzales Hegea to 1951 as the first accredited business support in the young Federal Republic. Today the Spanish Consulate General is located at Mittelweg 37 in the Hamburg district of Rotherbaum .
- 1948–1951: José Hegea Gonzales
...
- 1963–1967: Emilio Beládiez
...
- 1980-1983: Eduardo Junco
- 1983–1989:
- 1989-1994: Aníbal Julio Jiménez y Abascal
- 1994-2000:
- 2000-2006: Emilio Beladiez Navarro
- 2006–2009: Francisco Javier Collar Zabaleta
- 2009–2012: Joaquín Pérez-Villanueva y Tovar
- 2012 – today: Pedro Martínez-Avial Martín
- Status: April 2016
See also
Remarks
- ↑ Hagedorn gave up in the 1650s a. a. in Hamburg and Prague several times under false names; After 1664 because of the violent kidnapping of the Hamburg doctor Otto Sperling in Copenhagen at the Hamburg council, he had a bounty of 200 thalers and had to flee to Denmark. The council obtained an accreditation ban for Hagedorn from Emperor Ferdinand II. He was a great-uncle of the poet Friedrich von Hagedorn .
literature
- Carl Wilhelm Pauli (ed.): From the diary of the Lübeck mayor Henrich Brockes .
- ZVLGA 1 (1860), p. 281 (299 ff.) ( Digitized version of the Bavarian State Library )
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d e f Klaus Weber: German merchants in the Atlantic trade, 1680-1830: Companies and families in Hamburg, Cádiz and Bordeaux . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51860-5
- ↑ a b c d Ulrich Simon: Altes Senatsarchiv (ASA) Externa, Hispanica (Spain) . Archive of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck , Lübeck 2008
- ^ Ernst Baasch : The Hanseatic cities and the barbares . Brunnemann, Kassel 1897 ( online )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Johann Martin Lappenberg : Journal of the Association for Hamburg History . Volume 3, Association for Hamburg History , Hamburg 1851, p. 479 ff.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Didier Ozanam: Les diplomates espagnols du XVIIIe siècle: introduction et répertoire biographique 1700-1808 . Velázquez, Madrid 1998, ISBN 84-86839-86-6
- ^ A b Mary Lindemann: Liaisons dangereuses: Sex, Law, and Diplomacy in the Age of Frederick the Great . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2007, ISBN 0-8018-8920-0
- ↑ Hubert Stierling : Life and Portrait of Friedrich von Hagedorn . L. Gräfe, Hamburg 1911
- ^ Hamburg State Archives: 622-1 / 110 Westenholz , Hamburg 2009
- ↑ compare: List of Spanish ambassadors in Germany
- ^ Spanish Consulate General in Hamburg , Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación (MAEC), Madrid, accessed on April 6, 2016
