German-Spanish relations

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German-Spanish relations
Location of Spain and Germany
SpainSpain GermanyGermany
Spain Germany

The German-Spanish relations are bilateral diplomatic and cultural relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of Spain .

Spain has the Spanish embassy in Berlin and consulates general in Düsseldorf , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Munich and Stuttgart . An honorary consul is active in Dresden .

Germany operates an embassy in Madrid , a consulate general in Barcelona and consulates in Las Palmas ( Gran Canaria ), in Málaga and Palma . Honorary consuls are in Aguadulce (Almería) , Alicante , Bilbao , Ibiza , Jerez de la Frontera , Mahón (on Menorca ), Playa Blanca (on Lanzarote ), Hernani (Basque Country) near San Sebastián , Santa Cruz de La Palma , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Valencia , Vigo and Zaragoza .

Both states are members of the Council of Europe , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , the European Union , the Eurozone , the Schengen Area and the United Nations .

history

Connections of the two geographical areas before the development of modern peoples

Islamic expansion until the Battle of Poitiers

In ancient times, all of Hispania as well as the western and southern parts of today's Germany were under Roman rule. After the migration of peoples in late antiquity, Germanic tribes also ruled areas on the Iberian Peninsula , such as the Kingdom of the Suebi (from 409) and the Visigoth Empire (beginning in the second half of the 5th century). From 711, much of Spain came under Muslim rule . First Karl Martell , King of the Franconian Empire , which at that time u. The battle of Tours and Poitiers brought the expansion of the Moors advancing from Spain to south-west France to a standstill, including what is now French and German territories . Christian empires had only been able to assert themselves in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. From there, the Spanish Reconquista, which lasted until 1492, began in 722 .

Alfonso X.

Alfonso X of Castile (illustration from the Libro de los juegos , 1251–1282)

Even Alfonso X. , 1252-1282 King of Leon and Castile , led a crusade against the Moors . This ruler was also king ( counter-king ) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1257 to 1273 , which was related to his mother: His descent from the German family of Hohenstaufen through his mother Elisabeth, a daughter of King Philip of Swabia , gave him the right to use the Swabian Line to represent. The election of the electors in 1257, after the death of William of Holland in 1256, in which he received the same number of votes (both three votes) as the opposing candidate Richard of Cornwall , seduced him to strive for the prestigious imperial crown over the Roman-German kingship ; However, this was never realized because he could not raise the necessary money for a train to Rome . In order to receive money, he deteriorated the coins and then tried to keep the price increase under control through an idiosyncratic tax system. The small trade in his dominion was ruined and the citizens and farmers were badly damaged. The unanimous election of Rudolf I of Habsburg as Roman-German King in 1273 actually meant Alfonso was deposed as King of the Holy Roman Empire .

Charles V

Charles V's territory Burgundy
: Castile
Red: Aragon's possessions
Orange: Burgundian possessions
Yellow: Austrian hereditary lands
Pale yellow: Holy Roman Empire

The Reconquista was completed by the Catholic kings Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragón in 1492. In the same year, the seafarer Christopher Columbus , who was in Spanish service, discovered America and thus laid the foundation for the Spanish Empire . Her son Juan was to be the heir of Isabella, who died in 1504 . In 1496 he married Margaret of Burgundy, the daughter of the later Roman-German Emperor Maximilian I , but died in 1497 without an heir. The younger sister Johanna married the Habsburg Philip the Fair (1478–1506) in 1497 , who was also a son of Maximilian and also Duke of Burgundy. However, after she had shown signs of "madness" in the eyes of contemporaries, Ferdinand took over the rule. With the death of Ferdinand, the eldest son from Johanna's marriage, Karl , inherited the Spanish inheritance.

Emperor Charles V ruled a global empire in which "the sun never set" ; Painting by Rubens

In order to secure the inheritance, Charles signed the Treaty of Noyon in 1516 for an understanding with France. In 1519, after his grandfather Maximilian died, he also received the Austro- Habsburg inheritance. He was elected Roman-German king and, at his coronation in 1520, assumed the title of "chosen emperor". Franz I of France and Henry VIII of England , finally Frederick of Saxony , also applied for Maximilian's successor , and Karl's brother Ferdinand was also under discussion at times as a candidate. The financial support from the Fugger made the difference . The total cost of the election was 851,918 guilders , of which the Fuggers alone raised 543,585. In Spain the Comuneros uprising broke out against the rule of Karl, who was perceived as alien and who had increased taxes to finance his wars. The uprising was mainly supported by the bourgeoisie of the cities of Castile, especially Toledo . He found support from parts of the clergy and the nobility. His aim was to limit royal power in favor of the Cortes . In the Kingdom of Valencia he came to a social revolutionary movement, the Germanía . The rebels under Juan de Padilla were defeated at Villalar in 1521, the uprising finally put down in 1522. After power was secured, Spain became a central power base of the emperor.

Wars with France and the Ottomans (1521–1556)

At the European level, the battles between France and the Habsburgs were of great importance. It became dangerous for the emperor when the Pope and Venice increasingly leaned towards France. In 1525, Charles's troops captured Francis I in the Battle of Pavia . But Karl joined the proposals for a moderate peace. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1526 , in which France renounced its claims in northern Italy. Karl hoped to get Franz to fight together against the Ottomans and the Lutherans. But after Franz was free again, he revoked the contract. He managed to win allies with the Holy League of Cognac from the Pope, Venice, Florence and finally even Milan.

Division of the Habsburg Empire, Philip II (1556–1598)

Barbara Blomberg with Emperor Karl V (wood engraving from 1894)

When Charles V resigned in 1556, Spain lost the Austrian possessions of the House of Habsburg and the imperial crown, but retained the Netherlands, the Free County of Burgundy , the Duchy of Milan and the kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia . In 1570 his son and successor Philip II married Anna of Austria (1549–1580) , who became the mother of the heir to the throne Philip .

In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was an expansive great power. Venice and Spain sent a joint fleet to the eastern Mediterranean, which was victorious in the sea ​​battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571 against the Turks. Although the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was not part of the Holy League , its commander-in-chief was Juan de Austria , an illegitimate son of Emperor Charles V and the civil Regensburg Gürtler's daughter Barbara Blomberg .

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

The extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs triggered the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701 . The Hague Grand Alliance around the Austro - Habsburg Emperor , the Holy Roman Empire , England or Great Britain and the Netherlands fought against France and its allies , Electorate of Cologne , Savoy and the Electorate of Bavaria . With the death of Joseph I, the war took an unfavorable turn for Habsburg, but it also shook the forces of France. The Austrian House of Habsburg had nevertheless become a major European power under Leopold I and Joseph I. Ultimately, France succeeded in enforcing Philip V as King of Spain. This established the reigning dynasty of the Bourbons in Spain. Almost all of the powers involved in the war had achieved at least partial success by the end of the war.

19th century

Leopold von Hohenzollern: Spanish succession disputes lead to the Franco-German War

In 1869 the Spanish Cortes proclaimed a new constitution that provided for a parliamentary monarchy as the form of government. A very promising king candidate was Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , offspring of a Catholic branch of the Hohenzollern family . In the spring of 1870 he was persuaded by Otto von Bismarck to accept the candidacy. Leopold soon resigned from his candidacy because France threatened war. The French objection to Leopold or the French demand "that S. Maj. The [Prussian] King undertakes for all future never to give his approval again if the Hohenzollerns should return to their candidacy" - like Otto's The Emser Depesche , edited by Bismarck and thus deliberately pointed , led to the Franco-German War . The victory of Prussia and its allies resulted in German unification in 1871 . While Chancellor Bismarck described the German Empire as “saturated” in order to be able to insert the new power factor in the center of Europe into the concert of powers, Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire) (Kaiser from 1888) later called for “a place in the sun” for the Germans. In the course of its world power politics, Germany came into conflict with Spain, although Spain had already lost most of its colonies at that time. The German-Spanish treaty of 1899 forced Spain to cede the Carolines , the northern Marianas and Palau to Germany. The South Seas regions in the Pacific then formed part of German New Guinea .

20th century

During the First World War (1914–1918) Spain remained neutral, while Germany and the other Central Powers lost the war against the Triple Entente . This led to the abdication of all German monarchs. A side effect of the German defeat was that Germany failed as a rival to Spain in the struggle for colonial possession in Morocco. The Mannesmann brothers had possessions in the Moroccan Rif area that were worth about an eighth of the territory. During the Rif War (1921–1926) , the Spaniards tried to extend their rule to the entire colonial area in northern Morocco that had been awarded to them. At the initiative of the king, who wanted to exterminate the Rif Kabyle, poison gas from the German Munster- Reloh was used from October 1921 in the course of the use of chemical weapons in the Rif War. It was not until July 1927 that they conquered the entire area. The inter-war period was associated with great uncertainty and instability for most European countries. Democratic ideas were threatened by fascist ideologies from the right and communist ideologies from the left . While the Weimar Republic was struggling to consolidate Germany, which was badly hit by the Versailles Treaty , Spain came under the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1930) and in 1931 the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed . The tensions between the republican government and the anarchists rooted in Catalonia and the nationalist opposition finally culminated in the civil war of 1936 to 1939, in which Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union intervened militarily.

The role of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War

A guards house destroyed during the Battle of Guadalajara in 1937
A Condor Legion bomber on a Spanish airfield in 1939
Replica of Pablo Picasso's painting “ Guernica ” on tiles as a mural in original size in the city of Gernika

Some European powers formed the Committee on Non-Interference in the Affairs of Spain under the aegis of the League of Nations , but only France and Great Britain practiced a policy of non-interference. The fascist powers Italy and Germany, however, supported the putschists; the Soviet Union supplied the republic with weapons and advisors. After a request for help from the putschist leader Francisco Franco , Hitler supported his Falange . For the Nazi regime , the civil war was a battlefield in the conflict with " Bolshevism ". This happened against the background that France had also had a Popular Front government since July 1936 . Immediately after the Franco coup, all employees of German corporations either went to Franco-controlled areas or left Spain. Probably 15,000 Germans fought on the side of Franco, about 300 were killed. Berlin's financial aid in 1939 was around £ 43,000,000, of which 62.6% went to the Condor Legion . Because the putschists did not have enough currency reserves , it was agreed with Berlin to offset military equipment against mining concessions. Franco later signed six mines over to the German Reich for 480 million Reichsmarks. IG-Farben and Siemens supported the Legion Vidal, a medical force of the putschists. According to a US government report, a total of 104 people were identified who worked as informers for German companies. On July 27, 1936, the "Sonderstab W" was formed under Hermann Göring , which was headed by Helmut Wilberg and Erhard Milch . With the company Feuerzauber , troops were flown from Spanish Morocco to the mainland. The relocation of 14,000 Foreign Legionnaires and 500 tons of material took place from July 28 to October 1936. In addition, the armored ships Deutschland and Admiral Scheer secured ships as escorts that were transporting troops across the Strait of Gibraltar.

By November 26, 12,000 members of the Condor Legion , to which 19,000 men belonged, had arrived in Cádiz. It soon had around 100 aircraft and intervened in all the major battles from 1937: around Bilbao (June 1937), Brunete (July 1937), Teruel , Ebro-Bogen . The air raid on Gernika on April 26, 1937, in which the religious capital of the Basque Country was destroyed, became notorious . The Legion was also involved in the Málaga massacre (February 1937) in which around 10,000 people were killed. In 1937, the putschists set up a German-style concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro , which was run by SS and Gestapo member Paul Winzer . The cooperation also included the mutual extradition of "political criminals". In addition, about 700 Irish volunteers fought in the Irish Brigade on Franco's side . On December 12, 1936, Joseph Veltjens shipped 600 men from Galway to the northwestern Spanish port of El Ferrol on behalf of the German Empire .

Germans on the Republican side

International militiamen , including Germans, fought against Franco's troops. From Germany came the Edgar André or the Edgar-André-Bataillon or Hans-Bataillon , the Hoffmann group
group around Comrade Hoffmann, the Thälmann group (group around Arthur Pfeiffer ) and the Centuria Thälmann , formed by Hans Beimler , Einheit in the Maxim Gorki Bataillon, PSUC -Division Carlos Marx (later: | Thälmann-Bataillon ), see Thälmann-Gruppe and Thälmann-Kolonne .

Members of Trotskyist , left-wing socialist and opposition communist groups such as the German SAP and KPO also fought in the international POUM militia units . In the POUM militia units fought notables as George Orwell and the later Social Democratic member of parliament Peter Blach Stein When massacre of Málaga at the fleeing population of the town were killed about 10,000 people in February 1937th In the concentration camps, medical experiments were also carried out on the prisoners - with National Socialist support.

In February 1939 there were nearly 500,000 civil war refugees. Initially, they were mostly interned in the south of France. More than half returned to Spain in the next few months. About 150,000 remained in France, many of whom were taken to various main camps as prisoners of war and, from August 6, 1940, to Mauthausen concentration camp . Over 7,000 Spanish prisoners lived there, 5,000 of whom died. Some Spaniards were extradited to Franco by the Gestapo , others, such as the former head of government Francisco Largo Caballero , were deported to various German concentration camps. When the last republican forces had given up, Franco proclaimed victory on April 1, 1939, and the Francoist dictatorship had prevailed throughout Spain.

Not at war in World War II

Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler with Karl Wolff at a meeting with Franco in Spain, October 25, 1940

Although Franco undeniably had sympathy for the fascist regime in Italy and for the National Socialist regime in Germany, in practice solidarity with his alleged ideological allies was limited. He was bound by a business relationship rather than an ideological community with the aforementioned regimes. Spain joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in March 1939 . Franco declared in July 1940 that his country was not neutral, only not at war, and stated to Hitler in a letter dated February 1941 that the three men, the Duce, you and I, had come to one another through the harshest coercion in history are bound . More characteristic of Franco's attitude to the Axis powers is, however, his behavior in Hendaye in 1940 (thus at the peak of Nazi German power in Europe) on the occasion of his only meeting with Hitler, when Franco not only demanded French colonial territory for Spain to enter the war, but also over it also refused to allow German troops into his country. According to his own statements, Franco is even said to have said to Hitler that Spain would fight every intruder to the last man, wherever he came from. In addition, Franco demanded the delivery of raw materials such as cotton and rubber , which Germany could hardly supply. Despite his ostensible approval on this point, Franco finally closed himself off to Hitler's suggestion to occupy Gibraltar, which England had long been demanding - because this would have meant Franco's entry into the Second World War. His concession consisted in sending the División Azul to the Eastern Front, 47,000 Falangist volunteers under General Agustín Muñoz Grandes , which he had withdrawn from there in 1943 after the Battle of Stalingrad . In addition, Franco Germany made submarine bases and news material available, among other things.

Adolf Hitler was dissatisfied with Franco's policy and in July 1942 began to consider in a small group of people "to find a person suitable for the settlement of the Spanish political situation". He thought particularly of General Muñoz Grandes and stated that the Blue Division might “play the decisive role in the handling of the current clerical system.” In December 1943, Franco explained his position to the German ambassador by saying that “... the attitude the Spanish government would not change against Bolshevism and Communism, and that this struggle would continue at home and abroad, as well as against Judaism and Freemasonry ” . In 1938 the synagogue in Madrid was closed, and the Jewish communities founded in several cities during the war were dissolved again. They were not admitted again until after 1945. On the other hand, the racial doctrine advocated by National Socialism found hardly any echo in Spain. Around 20 to 35,000 European Jews were able to save themselves from persecution via Spain. Franco is said to have campaigned for part of the Sephardic communities in Greece. Some of these Sephardi were able to take on Spanish citizenship in the 1920s as descendants of expelled Jews in 1492. Franco's engagement related only to these Sephardi, which were relatively few in number at 4,500 of 175,000 Sephardi. Franco had been informed in detail about the extermination of the Jews in Auschwitz since 1944 at the latest , and it can be seen that he “knew exactly the extent of the extermination”.

The American historian Stanley G. Payne saw Spain's dissociation from Germany and Italy even before the tide turned in Russia, as an article by a Falangist leader, in which Spain was differentiated from the totalitarian regimes, was allowed to go to print at that time . "In 1943 this idea became common knowledge, so that by the time the Second World War came to an end, Spain was well advanced on the path of transition from a partially mobilized, semi-fascist state to a Catholic, corporate and increasingly demobilized authoritarian regime ." When 1943 saw their defeat, Franco distanced itself from the Axis powers. This year he declared Spain neutral and, in exchange for allied oil deliveries, largely stopped providing material and ideal support to Germany. He also fired the members of his government who sympathized with the Axis, including his brother-in-law Ramón Serrano Súñer . By turning around, Franco was able to appease the Allies somewhat. In addition, external symbols such as the fascist salute were abolished as early as the Second World War. Hitler and Mussolini were only of interest to Franco as long as they were powerful and he could expect something from them. Another aspect, however, is that Spain, which was still severely weakened by the civil war a few years ago, could not afford to take part in another armed conflict.

After the end of the war, Spain was a stop on one of the so-called rat lines , the escape routes of dignitaries of both the Nazi regime itself and its ideological allies - often for the purpose of onward travel to South America . Some of them found refuge in Spain, such as Léon Degrelle , leader of the Belgian Rexists .

post war period

After the Second World War, occupied and divided Germany initially failed to play on the international stage. After the victory of the western democracies, the Spanish dictatorship was naturally isolated, but this was to be defused for Franco by the looming Cold War .

In 1955, Spain was admitted to the United Nations . In 1973, after the Basic Treaty, the German Democratic Republic followed as the 133rd and the Federal Republic of Germany as the 134th member. From the beginning of the 1960s, Franco tried to reach an association agreement with the EC . He submitted a corresponding application on February 9, 1962. The negotiations did not begin until 1966 and were delayed until the first agreement was concluded in 1970, mainly because of the political reservations of the then six states (including the FRG).

After the end of the Spanish dictatorship

Felipe González and Helmut Kohl (1993)

The Spanish isolation could only be broken completely after Franco's death in 1975 and the subsequent democratization under King Juan Carlos I.

Spain joined NATO in 1982 ; The Federal Republic of Germany had been a member of the Atlantic Pact since 1955. In 1986 Spain became a member of the European Community and in 1988 of the Western European Union . Spain also decided, together with Germany and other European partners, to adopt the euro as its currency (1999 as book money, introduction of cash in 2002), so that no currency exchange is necessary between the two countries.

During the Iraq war in 2003, Spain joined the “ coalition of the willing ” under the leadership of the USA, despite popular resistance . Germany, along with Russia and France, refused to participate in the war to overthrow Saddam Hussein . In terms of foreign policy, however, Spain then moved closer to Germany and France. Prime Minister Zapatero withdrew the troops from Iraq by July 2004, but shortly afterwards increased the military contingent in Afghanistan , where 34 Spaniards had died by November 2013 in consideration of the relations with the USA that had been damaged by this withdrawal . Germany and Spain jointly took part in the security and reconstruction mission under NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).

Current status

Relations between the German federal government and the government of Spain are unencumbered. At the end of March 2018, the Catalan politician Carles Puigdemont was arrested in Germany , who was put on an international wanted list by Spain. The possibility of delivery is currently being examined.

economy

past

The German Chamber of Commerce for Spain serves to promote bilateral economic relations . As early as 1917, forty German companies founded the "German Economic Association in Barcelona" in Barcelona in order to "protect the interests of the German business community". In 1923 the name was renamed from "German Economic Association in Barcelona" to "German Chamber of Commerce for Spain". As a result of the economic miracle, there has been full employment in West Germany since the late 1950s, and the unemployment rate was below two percent. In 1960 a recruitment agreement was signed between the Federal Republic of Germany and Spain . The recruitment agreements with the Federal Republic of Germany were concluded at the initiative of the sending countries to compensate for their current account deficit with the Federal Republic of Germany. Between 1960 and 1973, well over 600,000 Spaniards immigrated to Germany as part of this agreement .

present

The final assembly of the Airbus A400M - a European joint venture with Germany participating - takes place in Seville , Spain.
A model of the Seat Ibiza . Seat is an important industrial employer in Spain. Today it belongs to the German Volkswagen group.

Today the German-Spanish economic relations take place within the framework of the European single market of the European Union. Germany is one of Spain's most important trading partners. In 2014, the FRG took 10.9% of Spanish exports and was in second place behind France. In terms of imports to Spain, Germany even came first, ahead of France (13.4%). gtai

Effects of the financial crisis from 2007

From the financial crisis from 2007 Spain was particularly hard hit. In the course of this, efforts were taken to employ Spanish workers in Germany in industries with a labor shortage. The MobiPro-EU program, among other things, serves this purpose . In 2012, 37,683 Spaniards moved to Germany, placing the Spaniards in sixth place after Poles , Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians and Italians in terms of the number of immigrants . Due to the euro crisis , among other things , the number of Spaniards immigrating to Germany increased by around 9,000 compared to the previous year, which corresponds to an increase of 45%. The Spanish healthcare sector is a particularly affected sector. Due to the austerity policy of the Spanish government, the healthcare sector is particularly subject to austerity measures: In 2013, an average of 14,499 nurses were registered as unemployed. The number of nurses who emigrated to Germany, for example, fluctuated between 450 and 3,500 in 2013.

Renewable energy

Since the 1990s, electricity generation from renewable energy sources has been booming in Spain. In 2010, 35.4% of the electricity generated came from renewable energies. With an installed wind energy capacity of 23,074  MW , Spain was fourth in the world in 2016, behind China , the USA , Germany and India.

culture and education

In Spain there are German schools abroad in Barcelona , Bilbao , Madrid , the province of Málaga , Mallorca , San Sebastián , Tenerife and Valencia .

The Instituto Cervantes was founded in 1991 by the Spanish government with the aim of promoting and disseminating the Spanish language and promoting the culture of Spain and all Spanish-speaking countries abroad. There are six Cervantes Institutes in Germany: in Berlin , Bremen , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg and Munich . In return, the German Goethe Institute has two branches in Barcelona and Madrid . Since February 5, 2009, the new Dalí Museum on Leipziger Platz in Berlin has been showing over 400 works by the Spanish artist. The exhibits - graphics, drawings, artist books as well as working sketches and other documents - are all originals that were made available by private collectors.

German Cervantes reception

The Spanish national writer Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) was very well received in Germany. The first German translation of his main work Don Quixote (originally published in 1605/1615) was made in 1621 (Don Kichote de la Mantzscha) by Pahsch Basteln von der Solole (pseudonym of Joachim Caesar ). However, it did not appear until 1648 and only included the first 23 chapters. The translation by Ludwig Tieck published 1799–1801 is probably the best-known German translation to this day. The one made 50 years later by Ludwig Braunfels was long considered the most linguistic and knowledgeable. In 2008 the work was published in a two-volume German version, newly translated by Susanne Lange , which was highly praised by literary critics and whose linguistic dimension in German was compared with that of the original. Christoph Martin Wieland adapted the Don Quixote story in his novel The Victory of Nature Over Enthusiasm or the Adventures of Don Silvio von Rosalva , published in 1764 . Here the Quijotic situation is transferred to an obsessive fairy tale reader. In the rather short preface to his novel Lucinde, Friedrich Schlegel refers to the preface to Cervantes' Don Quixote . Not only that the author (next to Boccaz and Petrarca ) is named as a model for prefaces (“And even the high Cervantes, also as an old man and in agony still friendly and full of tender wit, dresses the colorful drama of the lively works the precious carpet of a preface, which is itself a beautiful romantic painting ”), but Schlegel, like the latter, reflects self-reflexively in his preface about writing prefaces. Schlegel also takes up the motif that the book is the son of the author's spirit, but uses it to introduce the theme of his own novel: erotic love and the poetry about it.

“But what should my spirit give his son, who like him is so poor in poetry as he is rich in love? […] Not the royal eagle alone […] [,] the swan is also proud […]. He only thinks about snuggling up to Leda's lap without hurting him; and exhale everything that is mortal about him in chants. "

- Friedrich Schlegel : Lucinde , prologue

Music and musical theater

tourism

Ballermann 6 , May 2007
Way of St. James in Europe

The tourism in Spain is a significant economic factor. In relation to the countries of origin occupied in 2010 the British with almost 24% of all tourists to the top spot, followed by the Germans with nearly 17%. The French came in third place with 15%. In absolute numbers, around 9 million Germans visited Spain in 2010. The Balearic -Insel Mallorca is even so popular with German tourists that they always jokingly referred to as "the 17th Federal State (Germany) ”. The Mallorcan beach bar Ballermann 6 is iconic for the negative effects of (German) mass tourism . During the holiday season, seasonal workers from Germany and Poland also work in the tourist regions. In some tourist regions such as the Costa Blanca or the Costa del Sol, a comparatively large number of Germans and English are permanently resident. German is sometimes used as a foreign language, especially in areas of the Mediterranean Sea, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands that are popular with tourists. As early as the Middle Ages, German pilgrims hiked the Way of St. James from their homeland via France to Spain, to visit the tomb of the apostle James in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia . Of course, it would be an anachronism to describe these travelers as tourists , regardless of whether they are part of German-Spanish history. The resurgence of this pilgrimage tradition in the second half of the 20th century can certainly be seen under the sign of modern mass tourism, even if religious or spiritual motives still play a role for some of the hikers. Since 1992, parts of the Way of St. James have been shown again in Germany. The German comedian Hape Kerkeling created a trend towards hiking on the Way of St. James with his extremely successful book “ I'm gone  : My journey on the Way of St. James” from 2006.

German media in Spain

In the meantime, a considerable independent media scene has emerged to supply the numerous German-speaking people who are long-term (residents) or short-term (tourists) in Spain. The publications include several weekly newspapers with a circulation of over 20,000 copies, as well as community letters, German studies journals and business magazines. Well-known papers are, for example, the Mallorca-Magazin or the Mallorca-Zeitung . On Mallorca, where a new minority with permanent residents of German descent is emerging, Inselradio Mallorca is also the most famous full-time German-speaking radio program. The “TaschenSpiegel” is published for Germans, Austrians and Swiss resident in Barcelona. Along with Italy, the USA, Poland, Romania and Belgium, Spain is one of the countries with the most German-language media outside the closed German-speaking area.

People

As of January 1, 2015, 146,000 German citizens lived in Spain. Spain is a popular retirement home for German pensioners On January 1, 2016, 139,555 Spaniards were resident in Germany. The German writer Walter Benjamin fled from France to Spain while fleeing the Nazis. In the Spanish border town of Portbou , where he still feared extradition to the Germans despite having crossed the border, he committed suicide on the night of September 26-27, 1940.

Town twinning

See also

Web links

literature

  • Carsten Schapkow: role model and counterpart. Iberian Judaism in the German-Jewish culture of remembrance 1779–1939. Böhlau, 2011.
  • Lehmann, Walter: The Federal Republic and Franco Spain in the 50s, Nazi comparison as a burden? - Munich, Oldenbourg, 2006

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Embajada de España en Berlin (German and Spanish) . Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 6, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.maec.es
  2. ↑ Welcome to the German Embassy in Madrid (German and Spanish) . Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  3. ^ Alfred Kohler: Karl V. (1519–1556). In: The emperors of the modern age. Munich 1990, p. 35.
  4. ↑ Michael North: The Money and Its History. From the Middle Ages to the present. Beck, Munich 1994, p. 86.
  5. ↑ Horst Rabe: Empire and religious split. Germany 1500–1600. Munich 1989, p. 152.
  6. ^ Alfred Kohler: Karl V., Kaiser. In: New German Biography. 11, p. 196 (1977); online .
  7. ↑ Horst Rabe: Empire and religious split. Germany 1500–1600. Munich 1989, p. 153.
  8. ↑ The Duchy of Savoy was part of the Bourbon alliance until November 8th, 1703, but then changed sides and joined the Hague Grand Alliance and thus the Habsburgs.
  9. ^ Dirk Sasse: French, British and Germans in the Rif War 1921–1926. Speculators and sympathizers, deserters and gamblers in the service of Abdelkrim. Dissertation. Münster 2003, p. 58f.
  10. ↑ Rudibert Kunz, Rolf-Dieter Müller: Poison gas against Abd el Krim. Germany, Spain and the gas war in Spanish Morocco 1922–1927. Rombach, Freiburg 1990, p. 72.
  11. ^ Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London 1961, p. 634.
  12. ↑ IG FARBEN in the Spanish Civil War, “A matter of course to help Franco” .
  13. ↑ Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War. Ullstein, Berlin 1962, p. 194.
  14. ^ Antony Beevor: The Spanish Civil War. 2nd Edition. Goldmann, Munich 2008, p. 101.
  15. ^ Antony Beevor : The Spanish Civil War. 2nd Edition. Goldmann, Munich 2008, p. 255.
  16. ^ Robert H. Whealey: Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 . University Press of Kentucky, 1989 (Paperback 2005), 122.
  17. ^ Foreign freedom . In: The time. No. 20 (1992).
  18. ↑ Hanns Maaßen : Brigada Internacional is our honorary name ... , Röderberg-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1976, ISBN 3-87682-515-6 , page 389
  19. ↑ Sebastián Herreros Agüí: The International Brigades in the Spanish war 1936-1939: Flags and Symbols, Wand and Schützenzeitung from October 15, 1936 (English; PDF; 6.4 MB), accessed on September 3, 2012
  20. ↑ Javier Bandrés, Rafael Llavona: La psicología en los campos de concentración de Franco. In: Psicothema. 8.1 (1996), pp. 1-11. See Rafael Llavona y Javier Bandrés: Psicología y anarquismo en la guerra civil española: La obra de Félix Martí-Ibáñez. In: Psicothema. 10.3 (1998), pp. 669-678. ([online, PDF])
  21. ↑ Bernd Rill, in: Geschichte 2/2001, p. 36.
  22. ↑ Compare yale.edu ( memento of the original from August 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and yale.edu ( memento of the original from August 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yale.edu @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yale.edu
  23. ^ Henry Picker: Hitler's table talks in the Führer Headquarters 1941-1942 Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart 1976 ISBN 978-3-512-00425-4 , p. 427f.
  24. ↑ The Spanish Government and the Axis ( Memento of the original dated August 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yale.edu
  25. ↑ The Difficult Return to Sepharad. ( Memento from March 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Jüdische Zeitung. March 2007.
  26. ↑ For more details on the repression against Jews in the early Franco era, see j-zeit.de The difficult return to Sepharad. ( Memento from March 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Jüdische Zeitung. March 2007.
  27. ↑ Bernd Rother: Spain and the Holocaust. Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2001.
  28. ↑ Walther L. Bernecker: Spain's history since the civil war. Beck, Munich 1997, p. 82.
  29. ↑ Excelencia, esto ocurre en Auschwitz. In: El País . March 21, 2010.
  30. ^ Stanley Payne: History of Fascism. The rise and fall of a European movement . Tosa-Verlag in Verlag Carl Ueberreuter, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85003-037-7 . P. 325
  31. ↑ Operation Enduring Freedom, Coalition Deaths by Nationality ( Memento from June 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ FAZ: Federal government defends Spain's approach.
  33. ^ Heike Knortz : Diplomatic barter deals. “Guest workers” in West German diplomacy and employment policy 1953–1973. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2008.
  34. ↑ 50 years of Spanish immigration in the FRG
  35. ↑ Compact economic data: Spain. (PDF; 214 kB) (No longer available online.) In: gtai.de. November 12, 2015, archived from the original on March 26, 2016 ; accessed on March 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gtai.de
  36. ↑ MobiPro EU
  37. ^ Spiegel Online: Die Muster-Migranten
  38. ↑ Number of immigrants to Germany by country of origin in 2012
  39. ↑ Immigration on the rise - Spaniards storm Germany Handelsblatt, May 7, 2013
  40. ↑ Unemployment in care by region
  41. ↑ Global Wind Statistics 2016 (PDF) Global Wind Energy Council. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  42. ↑ Berlin now has a Dalí Museum. Berliner Morgenpost , January 22, 2009, accessed on February 4, 2009 .
  43. ^ Statistics from the IET (Spanish Institute for Tourism). Year 2010 ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iet.tourspain.es
  44. ^ Spiegel: The 17th German federal state