German-Hungarian relations

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German-Hungarian relations
Location of Germany and Hungary
GermanyGermany HungaryHungary
Germany Hungary

Germany and Hungary are full members of NATO and the European Union .

Germany operates an embassy in Budapest . Hungary has an embassy in Berlin , two consulates general (in Düsseldorf and Munich ) and nine honorary consuls (in Bremerhaven , Erfurt , Hamburg , Nuremberg , Schwerin , Dresden , Essen , Frankfurt am Main and Stuttgart ).

The largest bilateral business association is the German-Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry .

history

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
German-Hungarian relations began around the year 1000 with the marriage of the first Hungarian King Stephan I and the Bavarian duke's daughter Gisela of Bavaria , a sister of the later Roman-German Emperor Heinrich II. In the meantime there was also a First and Second World War , in which Hungary and Germany had a very special relationship to one another. See literature.
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Arnulf I of Bavaria maintained an alliance with the Hungarians until his death in 899. During their campaigns after the conquest of the Carpathian Basin , the Hungarians did not stop either on the March or on the western border of Pannonia, but penetrated deep into the area of Bavaria as far as the Enns . During the Battle of Pressburg on July 4th, 907 a Bavarian army was defeated by the Hungarians . The Battle of Lechfeld (August 10, 955) was a decisive victory for Otto the Great . The defeat effectively ended the Magyar attacks on the west. Fearing a war of extermination, Géza of Hungary (972–997) assured Otto II that the Hungarians had stopped their raids and asked him to send missionaries. Otto complied with this request, and in 975 Géza and some of his relatives were baptized Roman Catholics. Géza used the German knights and his position as head of the largest clan of the Hungarians to restore a strong central authority over the other Hungarian clans. Hungary's ties to the West were strengthened in 996 when Géza's son, Stephan I of Hungary , married Princess Gisela of Bavaria , sister of Emperor Henry II. On the eve of the First World War, an archaeologist from Munich discovered Princess Giselle's grave in the church of the Niedernburg monastery, which has meanwhile become a place of pilgrimage for the Hungarian believers.

Transylvania was conquered and colonized along with Saxony in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Between 1241 and 1242, the Mongols destroyed the Hungarian towns and villages and murdered half of the population. Béla IV of Hungary decided to repopulate the country by immigrants. He converted royal castles into cities and populated them with Germans, Italians and Jews. The Hungarian kings endeavored to settle Germans in the uninhabited areas of the country.

From 1387 to 1437, the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund was King of Hungary . Although the Hungarian economy continued to flourish, its spending exceeded income. As a result of higher taxes, social unrest broke out during Sigismund's reign. Hungary's first peasant uprising was quickly put down, but it prompted the Hungarian and German aristocrats of Transylvania to found the Union of Three Nations in order to defend their privileges against all powers except that of the king.

In the 18th century, under Charles IV and Maria Theresa , Hungary experienced an economic decline. Centuries of Ottoman occupation, rebellion and war had drastically reduced the Hungarian population and large parts of the southern half of the country were almost extinct. There was a labor shortage and the Habsburgs called, among other things, German farmers to Hungary.

During the First World War , both countries were Central Powers . During the Second World War , the two were allies until the German occupation of Hungary .

Hungary's decision, taken jointly with Austria in 1989, to open its borders in order to make it easier for East Germans to flee to the Federal Republic of Germany was an important milestone in the preparation for the reunification of Germany .

The People's Republic of Hungary and the GDR attended the 19th October 1949 on diplomatic relations. Hungary has had diplomatic relations with the FRG since December 21, 1973 .

Economic relations

Germany is Hungary's most important foreign trade partner, both as a customer and as a supplier. Germany is one of the countries with which Hungary has a trade surplus.

Between 1990 and 1995 German aid to Hungary totaled DM 5 billion . These loans and grants reflected preferential treatment for Hungary in the region.

Germany is also the leading foreign investor in Hungary: at the end of 2005, German companies accounted for around 28% of all foreign direct investments in Hungary. In 2005 alone, Germany invested or reinvested around 1.2 billion euros in Hungary. There are more than 7,000 companies in Hungary that were founded in whole or in part with German capital. One of the most important business connections is the German-Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Budapest, which represents the interests of more than 900 member companies from both countries. The vast majority (75%) of German investors were very satisfied with their participation in Hungary and would invest there again today, as an economic survey carried out by the Chamber shows.

The economic relations between the two countries continue to develop intensively and dynamically. 2017 was a record year for bilateral goods traffic: Germany's share of Hungary's imports was 26.5%, and exports 27.3%. More goods are exported to Germany than to the following five trading partners combined. This shows how important Hungary's trade relations with Germany are. According to the Federal Statistical Office , Hungary exported goods worth more than 26.2 billion euros to Germany and imported goods worth 25 billion euros.

In 2018, more than a quarter of Hungarian foreign trade was carried out with Germany: Hungary is very attractive for German companies.

Audi has built the largest engine plant in Europe (third largest in the world) in Győr , making it Hungary's largest exporter with total investments of over € 3,300 million by 2007. The Audi workforce produces the Audi TT , the Audi TT Roadster and the A3 Cabriolet in Hungary. The plant supplies engines to the automobile manufacturers Volkswagen , Skoda , Seat and also to Lamborghini . The Daimler AG is investing 800 million euros (1.2 billion US dollars), creating up to 2,500 jobs in a new assembly plant in the Hungarian Kecskemét with a production capacity of 100,000 Mercedes-Benz compact cars per year.

From March 1992 to 1998, Opel produced 80,000 Astra and 4,000 Vectra vehicles in Szentgotthárd, Hungary . Today the plant produces around half a million engines and cylinder heads per year.

In December 2017, Wuppermann AG opened a production facility for steel products in Gönyü on the Danube . The investment amounts to more than 110 million euros. This is the company's largest investment since 1872.

In August 2018, BMW announced that the group would build its first plant since 2000 near the Hungarian city of Debrecen . Around 1000 employees are expected to assemble 150,000 cars here every year. The investments in the location amount to over one billion euros. The Hungarian government supported BMW with the equivalent of almost 38 million euros.

In the summer of 2018, the Hungarian MOL Group , based in Budapest, and the German APK AG, based in Merseburg, signed an agreement according to which MOL will support the completion of the APK plant in Meresburg in Germany. The system will serve as a pilot project for the APK's newcycling project, which aims to obtain materials from complex LDPE (low-density polyethylene) , HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and polypropylene (PP) multilayer packaging .

In the Hungarian city of Tiszaújváros, the foundation stone was laid on September 27, 2019 for a new integrated chemical complex by ThyssenKrupp. The Hungarian MOL Group is investing a total of 1.2 billion euros in this new polyol production facility. The new complex is scheduled to go into operation in 2021 and produce around 2,000,000 tons of polyols per year.

In the last few years the Hungarian government has signed strategic partnership agreements with several German investors and the associated Hungarian subsidiaries. The agreements have a positive effect on relationships with suppliers and also on cooperation in the areas of training and innovation. There are currently twelve of these strategic government-business agreements:

German industry is important to Hungary's economic success. Audi, the Bosch Group and Mercedes-Benz occupy places two to four of the top-selling companies in Hungary. Only the Hungarian mineral oil company MOL is in first place ahead of the German companies. Hungarian companies are also important investors in Germany the other way around: In 2019, the Hungarian MOL Group acquired 100% of the German plastics compounder company Aurora. With its products, Aurora complements the current range of the MOL Group in the petrochemical sector. With the takeover, the group strengthens its market position in the field of recycled, sustainable compounding and in the automotive supply industry. The long-term goal of the takeover is to accelerate further market growth while at the same time relieving the burden on the environment.

Automotive research

Leading automobile manufacturers such as Audi, Bosch, Knorr-Bremse and ThyssenKrupp have set up research and development centers in Hungary:

  • Audi - Győr: engine development
  • Bosch - Miskolc: design of electronic hand tools
  • Bosch - Budapest: Electronics developments
  • Continental Teves - Veszprém: development of electronic instruments for cars
  • Continental Temic - Budapest: Development of vehicle electronics
  • DHS Dräxlmaier - Érd: Vehicle interior design
  • EDAG - Győr: Development of vehicle sub-assemblies
  • Knorr-Bremse - Budapest: Development of electronic braking systems
  • ThyssenKrupp - Budapest: Development of electronic steering
  • WET - Pilisszentiván: development of electronic sub-units

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : German-Hungarian relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German Embassy Budapest (German and Hungarian) . Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  2. ↑ Embassy of the Republic of Hungary Berlin, Germany (German and Hungarian) . Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  3. ↑ Consulate General of the Republic of Hungary in Munich, Germany (German and Hungarian) . Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  4. ↑ ahkungarn.hu: New office holder of the DUIHK elected
  5. ^ Pál Engel, Andrew Ayton, Tamás Pálosfalvi: The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 , IBTauris, 2005. p. 12.
  6. ^ Kristó Gyula: Hungarian History in the Ninth Century , Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, Szeged 1996. p. 229.
  7. ↑ István Bóna: A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. Században ("The Hungarians and Europeans in the 9th-10th Century") , História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, Budapest 2000. pp. 28–29.
  8. ↑ a b britannica.com: "Bavaria"
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h loc.gov: Hungary: a country study
  10. ^ A b Paul Lendvai: The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat , C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003. pp. 38-39.
  11. ↑ welt.de: "Central Powers and Entente in Comparison"
  12. ^ Dhm.de: "Hungary as an ally of the German Empire"
  13. ↑ bundestag.de: "The History of the 1989 Opening of the Border in Hungary"
  14. ^ David Dreimann: The Diplomatic Protocol, Koelhen & Amelang, Leipzig 1985. P. 167.
  15. ↑ ahkungarn.hu: "Foreign Trade Hungary-Germany"
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Auswaertiges-amt.de: "Germany and Hungary: Bilateral Relations"
  17. ^ Ann L. Philips: " Power and influence after the Cold War ", Rowman & Littlefield , 2000. p. 104.
  18. ↑ a b gov.hu: "Hungarian-German economic relations"
  19. ↑ audi-mediacenter.com: "Audi Hungaria Zrt."
  20. ↑ nytimes.com: "Germany: Daimler Selects Plant Site"
  21. ↑ reuters.com: "UPDATE 1-Daimler sticks to Hungary investment despite crisis"
  22. ↑ a b c archive.org: "15 éves az első magyar Opel"
  23. ↑ a b c tagesspiegel.de: "The largest companies in Hungary come from Germany"
  24. ↑ wuppermann.de: "Wuppermann Hungary Kft."
  25. ↑ recyclingtoday.com: "Top US brass maker reports improved profits"
  26. ↑ thyssenkrupp.com: "MOL and thyssenkrupp lay foundation stone for new polyol complex in Hungary"
  27. ↑ handelsblatt.com: "Thyssen-Krupp is building a petrochemical plant in Hungary for the oil company MOL"
  28. ↑ finanznachrichten.de: "MOL Group completes takeover of Aurora Group and strengthens position in the segment of recyclable plastic compounding"
  29. ↑ presseportal.de: "MOL Group completes takeover of Aurora Group and strengthens position in the segment of recyclable plastic compounding"
  30. ↑ handelsblatt.com: "Head of the oil company MOL:" We will come to Germany ""
  31. ↑ audi-mediacenter.com: "Györ (Hungary)"
  32. ↑ ahkungarn.hu: "Bosch expands tool production in Miskolc"
  33. ↑ bosch-presse.de: "Bosch expands engineering center in Budapest"
  34. ↑ continental.com: "Continental locations worldwide"
  35. ↑ draexlmaier.com: "DRÄXLMAIER Group"
  36. ↑ edag-engineering.de: "Locations worldwide"
  37. ↑ knorr-bremse.de: "Knorr-Bremse Budapest voted" Company of the Year "by the leading Hungarian business magazine Figyelö"
  38. ↑ handelsblatt.com: "Thyssen-Krupp is building a petrochemical plant in Hungary for the oil company MOL"
  39. ↑ handelsblatt.com: "Hungary saved us from bankruptcy"