German-Turkish relations

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German-Turkish relations
Location of Germany and Turkey
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Germany Turkey

The development of German-Turkish relations began in the 11th century when the first contacts were established between the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and the Turkish Sultanate of the Rum-Seljuks . After the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, the Federal Republic of Germany in 1955. In 1961 a recruitment agreement was signed between the Federal Republic of Germany and Turkey , and as a result, numerous Turks settled in West Germany. Turkey had diplomatic relations with the German Democratic Republic (GDR) since 1955.

Germany operates an embassy in Ankara (current ambassador Martin Erdmann ), consulates general in Istanbul and Izmir, and a consulate in Antalya . Honorary consuls are active in Adana , Bodrum , Bursa , Edirne , Erzurum , Gaziantep , Kayseri and Trabzon . Turkey maintains an embassy in Berlin (current Ambassador Ali Kemal Aydın ) and consulates general in Berlin , Düsseldorf , Essen , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Hanover , Hürth , Karlsruhe , Mainz , Munich , Münster , Nuremberg and Stuttgart . Honorary consuls are active in Aachen , Bremen and Regensburg . Both states are members of the Council of Europe , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the OECD and NATO . Turkey is a candidate for accession to the European Union , of which Germany is already a member.

Relations have been clouded since 2016 because of the German recognition of the Turkish genocide against the Armenians as a historical fact .

The monogram of Wilhelm II and the tughra of Abdülhamid II on the dome of the German Fountain in Istanbul, commemorating the emperor's visit to Turkey in 1898

Development before the founding of the Federal Republic

After the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (12th / 13th centuries), there were numerous smaller territories in what is now Germany . The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299; until the 17th century it expanded territorially. Due to the many Turkish wars with the Ottoman Empire, some so-called captured Turks and Chamber Turks came to the German states. The Ottoman Empire was already establishing diplomatic relations with Prussia in the 18th century .

19th century and First World War

With the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, economic, military and cultural relations became more intensive. A friendship alliance between Germany and the Ottoman Empire that lasted into the 21st century began at the latest since Emperor Wilhelm II's visit to Palestine and his visit to the "Red Sultan" Abdülhamid II (so called because of the massacre of the Armenians ) in Constantinople. its legal successor, the Turkish Republic. Germany's most important investments in the Ottoman Empire included the construction of the Baghdad Railway and the Anatolian Railway . The German-Ottoman alliance was also strengthened militarily by the German military missions in the Ottoman Empire .

In 1908 the Young Turks, some of whom had also been advised by German Social Democrats like Friedrich Schrader , rebelled against Sultan Abdülhamid II , who had taken office in 1876 and ruled his empire despotic. They forced him to reinstate the constitution of 1876 . Large sections of the population welcomed the revolution as the “proclamation of freedom”. In 1914 the German-Turkish Association was founded to intensify mutual relations and to increase the influence of German culture in Turkey.

In 1914 the Ottoman Empire had unrealizable expansion plans and hopes . After initially considering either to side with the Entente or to remain neutral during World War I , Turkey took the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary by using the warships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau handed over by Germany . Turkey lost the war together with Germany and, like Germany, saw the abolition of the monarchy.

Between the wars and the Second World War

The German Ambassador
Franz von Papen and the Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu signed the German-Turkish friendship treaty and non-aggression pact in Ankara on June 18, 1941

Turkey maintained relations with Germany after the First World War , but diplomatic relations did not get underway until 1924 with the signing of a friendship treaty. The first ambassador was Rudolf Nadolny in March of that year , who was also formally appointed ambassador in March 1925 . Turkey's still minor role in German foreign policy was demonstrated by the fact that from February 1932 the post of German ambassador remained vacant for around two years. At the military level, on the other hand, intensive relationships were maintained at the beginning of the Nazi era: Germany helped train Turkish soldiers and was Turkey's primary source of armaments; German companies also supported the development of the domestic arms industry .

German foreign policy since Hitler came to power in 1933, including violations of the Versailles Treaty , has been received with understanding in Turkey, which has been in a similar situation since the Treaty of Sèvres . However, when the German Reich initiated the attack on Poland on September 1, 1939 and secured it with the non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union - which many Turks were considered an arch enemy - the mood turned. Turkey had entered into a tripartite agreement with France and Great Britain, which provided for agreements "on mutual military aid and cooperation" - without giving up neutrality entirely. After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, Germany was again able to win considerable sympathy in Turkey, including President İnönü . Franz von Papen , who had been German ambassador since April 1939, assured Turkey that he would respect its territorial integrity.

In October 1941 the " Claudius Agreement " (named after the German negotiator Dr. Karl Clodius ) was concluded, according to which Turkey delivered up to 45,000 tons of chromite ore to Germany, as well as 90,000 tons of the mineral in 1943 and 1944, depending from Germany's delivery of military equipment to Turkey. The Germans supplied 117 locomotives and 1,250 wagons to transport the ore. In an attempt to supply to prevent this strategically important mineral to Germany who went United States and the United Kingdom on a so-called shopping tour of the so-called "final-term purchase" ( Engl. Preclusive purchasing / buying ): You bought Turkish chromite even when they didn't need so much of it for themselves; as part of this “package deal”, the Anglo-American alliance also had to buy dried fruit and tobacco.

In August 1944, when the Soviet army invaded Bulgaria , severing land contact between Turkey and the Axis powers , Turkey cut both its diplomatic and trade relations with Germany. On February 23, 1945, Turkey finally declared war on National Socialist Germany on the side of the Allies .

During the time of National Socialism , several hundred persecuted people went into exile in Turkey .

1961 Recruitment Agreement

Turkish and Cypriot Turkish youths appear as an Ottoman military band in Uetersen .

In 1961, at the urging of Turkey, Turkey and West Germany signed a guest worker recruitment agreement . Numerous guest workers came and a large Turkish diaspora emerged in West Germany .

In 2012, around 3.0 million people in Germany had a Turkish migration background , half of them with their own migration experience . In 2012, a total of 16.3 million people in Germany had a migration background.

Germany and Turkey joining the EU

In September 1963 an association agreement was concluded between Turkey and the (then) EEC , which also promised full membership; in April 1987 Turkey applied for membership in the (then) EC . Germany by no means consistently supported the Turkish request to join the EU. The level of support has varied over time: Chancellor Helmut Kohl rejected the Turkish request, while Gerhard Schröder was seen as a staunch supporter of Turkey's accession to the EU. On December 11, 1999 ( Schröder I cabinet - Ecevit V cabinet ), Turkey was officially granted candidate status and on October 3, 2005 (later Schröder II cabinet - Erdoğan I cabinet ) negotiations began with the aim of (full) Membership started, whereby Austria ( Federal Government Schüssel II ) had meanwhile also spoken out in favor of an alternative to full membership.

Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke out in favor of a “vaguely defined partnership” and opposed Turkey's full membership within the EU. The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan replied in July 2009 that the Turkish people would never accept a so-called privileged partnership . The Turks have always strived for full membership in the EU.

In 2006, Chancellor Merkel warned that Turkey could get into “deep, deep” trouble if Turkey's hopes were to be fulfilled. She criticized the Turkish policy regarding the expulsion of the Cypriot Greeks from Northern Cyprus. She also added:

“We need an implementation of the Ankara Protocol on unrestricted trade with and with Cyprus. Otherwise, the situation will be very, very serious when it comes to continuing Turkey's accession negotiations. I appeal to Turkey to do everything possible to avoid such a complicated situation and not to lead the European Union into such a situation. "

Furthermore, it could not imagine continuing the negotiations without concessions from Ankara to open its ports to Cypriot ships. The Turkish government responded by saying that in return the EU should lift its embargo on the part of the island of Cyprus controlled by Turkey.

In March 2016, Justice Minister Heiko Maas and Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen , among others, told the news magazine Der Spiegel that they thought EU membership was possible.

Political Relationships in the Present

German-Turkish relations have deteriorated due to the first events of the Böhmermann affair in March 2016 (see also: Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdowahn ) and the recognition and criticism of the Federal Republic of the Turkish genocide against the Armenians in June 2016 and the mass arrests after the attempted coup in in the same year (including the arrest of German journalists such as Die-Welt author Deniz Yücel ), as well as the change in Turkey under the AKP and Erdoğan towards an Islamic-conservative, neo-Ottoman autocracy , significantly worsened. An example of this is the frequency of appointments of the German ambassador to the Turkish Foreign Ministry, which has been a novelty at 17 times since March 2016 (as of September 2017).

After the attempted coup in Turkey in mid-July 2016 , Erdoğan took radical measures: mass arrests, dismissal of tens of thousands of government employees, e. B. Police officers, teachers and judges - which led to criticism from Germany.

State visits

In 2006, Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to discuss Turkey's accession to the European Union .

In 2008, the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Chancellor Merkel in Berlin and also visited Munich as part of the visit . He suggested during the visit that the German government should establish Turkish schools and media and that German universities should recruit more teachers from Turkey.

In 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made another visit to Germany. In his speech in Düsseldorf he urged the Turks in Germany to integrate, but not to assimilate. These statements led to a political outcry in Germany.

Between autumn 2015 and spring 2016, Chancellor Merkel visited Turkey and Davutoglu Germany due to the EU refugee crisis in 2015 .

Since November 2017, visits have been made from both sides in order to resolve tensions in dialogue.

date Destination Head of State or Government description source
October 18-22, 2010 Ankara Christian Wulff and Abdullah Gül Visit of the then Federal President Christian Wulff in Turkey as well as meeting with the President Abdullah Gül and the then Prime Minister Erdogan .
September 18-22, 2011 Osnabrück and Berlin Christian Wulff and Abdullah Gül Visit of the then President Abdullah Gül in Germany and meeting with Christian Wulff .
April 26-29, 2014 Ankara , Istanbul and Kahramanmaras Joachim Gauck and Abdullah Gül Meeting of Joachim Gauck with Abdullah Gül and Erdogan .
January 12, 2015 Berlin Ahmet Davutoglu and Angela Merkel The German-Turkish intergovernmental consultations , counterterrorism , research and science as a subject.
April 23, 2016 Ankara Ahmet Davutoglu and Angela Merkel EU refugee crisis
2nd February 2017 Ankara Angela Merkel and Binali Yildirim Chancellor's first visit to Turkey after the coup attempt in 2016 .
15th February 2018 Berlin and Munich Angela Merkel and Binali Yildirim Visit of Binali Yildirim at the Munich Security Conference and reception by Chancellor Merkel at the Federal Chancellery .
September 28 and 29, 2018 Berlin Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan First state visit by Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Germany for the acquisition of the Turkish presidential office in 2014. reception by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Schloss Bellevue .

Development 2016/2017

Genocide against the Armenians

On June 2, 2016, the German Bundestag passed the resolution "Remembrance and commemoration of the genocide of the Armenians and other Christian minorities in 1915 and 1916" with one vote against and one abstention at the request of the CDU / CSU, SPD and Greens parliamentary groups. . Chancellor Merkel, Vice Chancellor Gabriel and the then Foreign Minister Steinmeier did not take part in the debate.

President Erdoğan threatened that the resolution would have "serious" consequences for relations between the two countries. (see also genocide of the Armenians # Germany )

Diplomatic appearance in the course of the Turkish election campaign

At the end of 2016, an arrest warrant was issued against the German journalist Deniz Yücel and carried out in Turkey in February 2017. In March 2017, due to the election campaign for the referendum on the introduction of the presidential system in Turkey, there was a heated public dispute over the appearances (or their bans on appearances) by Turkish ministers in various European countries and led in particular to Dutch-Turkish relations , such as also in German-Turkish relations to a diplomatic incident .

On the occasion of the constitutional referendum on 16 April 2017 a number of Turkish politicians visited in advance to campaign appearances different places in Germany, as well as due to the Turkish diaspora 1.4 million eligible to vote Turks living in Germany and performances of Turkish leaders in previous years before Turkish background in Germany occurred had. On July 31, 2016, a few days after the attempted coup in Turkey, Sports Minister Akif Cagatay appeared in Cologne at a pro-Erdogan demonstration in front of up to 40,000 people. On February 18, 2017, Prime Minister Binali Yildirim promoted the introduction of the presidential system in Turkey in front of around 10,000 people in Oberhausen .

On March 2, 2017, the city of Gaggenau finally refused the Turkish Justice Minister Bekir Bozdag a campaign appearance for reasons of space and security. On the same day, the appearance of the Turkish Minister of Economics Nihat Zeybekcis in the Porz district town hall was rejected. A hall appearance planned for Sunday, March 5th by the Minister of Economics in Frechen was also canceled due to organizational problems. At the same time, a hall in Hamburg, in which the Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu wanted to perform, was blocked because no fire alarm system was installed there. The Turkish President Erdogan then turned to Germany in a campaign speech in Turkey: "Your practices are no different from previous Nazi practices".

The Turkish Justice Minister Bekir Bozdag claimed that the canceled campaign appearances by Turkish politicians in Germany as part of the constitutional referendum in Turkey were a “fascist approach” by the German authorities. Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said in a speech at the Turkish Consulate General in Hamburg that Turkish citizens were "systematically suppressed" in Germany, spoke of "systematic propaganda" against the events and threatened to return all means in the event of "constant treatment". In connection with the case of Deniz Yücel and the dispute over election appearances between the Netherlands and Turkey , Erdoğan accused Chancellor Angela Merkel of “Nazi practices” and “supporting terrorism”.

At the end of April 2017, the German journalist Meşale Tolu was arrested as part of her press work, without the German authorities having been informed.

Dispute over Incirlik

In June 2017, the German government decided to withdraw the German soldiers stationed at the Turkish air base in Incirlik , as the Erdoğan government had refused to visit German members of the Bundestag for almost a year. In the previous months, they were also denied access to the NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Program Management Organization ( NAPMO ) base in Konya . A parliamentary control of the Federal Armed Forces deployment was not possible despite multiple and long diplomatic efforts. On July 5, 2017, the German human rights activist Peter Steudtner was arrested at an internal Amnesty International event . He was accused of 'supporting an armed terrorist group'. The German government then called in the Turkish ambassador. In addition, Federal Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel reacted to the changed human rights situation in Turkey by tightening travel and security information.

Demands to break off the EU accession talks and "clear stop signals"

Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier welcomed the federal government's new policy towards Turkey and sharply criticized Erdoğan: It was also a “question of self-respect” for Germany to “send clear stop signals.” After German politicians in public about one before the federal election discussed possible termination of accession negotiations with Turkey , the Turkish government issued a travel warning for Germany on September 9, 2017.

Development 2018/2019

Although the human rights situation had not improved, the cap on Hermes guarantees for Turkey was not extended by the Merkel government in the summer of 2018 without giving reasons, and the Foreign Office weakened its travel advice to Turkey on July 19, 2018. According to press research, the German government had not adhered to its own cap in 2017 and given Turkey more than the announced 1.5 billion export guarantees. In March 2019, the Federal Foreign Office tightened the travel and security information again against the background of the increasing restrictions on freedom of expression and freedom of the press in Turkey .

In September of the same year, the Turkish lawyer of the German Embassy in Ankara was arrested on suspicion of espionage . The Federal Foreign Office stated that the lawyer was legally researching information on Turkish citizens (including Kurds and supporters of the Gülen movement ) who applied for asylum in Germany for the relevant asylum procedures.

Relations between Turkish and German parties

Contacts of the AKP and CDU

On February 16, 2004, a week before the visit of then SPD Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Angela Merkel, the chairwoman of the then opposition party CDU , and Wolfgang Schäuble , then CDU parliamentary deputy, met with representatives of the Turkish ruling party AKP . The press coverage was somewhat perplexed, as the headline of the news magazine Der Spiegel wrote in the early morning: “EU election campaign: Merkel on an anti-Turkey trip”, the title was seven hours: “CDU wants to cooperate with the Islamic AKP” and again five hours later the title finally: "EU enlargement: Erdogan lets Merkel down".

At the end of July 2016, the CDU network Union of Diversity warned against the influence of the AKP on the Union and sent a report to MPs and the party leadership of the CDU.
On August 19, 2016, the daily newspaper Die Welt published an interview with EU Ambassador Selim Yenel , in which, when asked: “What are you specifically asking of EU politicians?”, He replied: “Turkey expects Chancellor Merkel , EU Council President Tusk, the President of the European Commission Juncker or the Slovak EU Council Presidency are now visiting our country. In doing so, they would support democracy in Turkey and show that they understood that democracy was being preserved. [...] ".
Cooperation between the youth organizations of CHP and SPD

The youth organization SPD , the Jusos , and the youth organization of the CHP declared their cooperation in an article from October 2014: We as youth organizations of the CHP and the SPD hereby announce; We fight for a free, solidary and more democratic society. Both in Turkey and in Germany we repeatedly find situations that we want and need to change. [...]

Call for election by the Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen party for the HDP party

In May 2015, the Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen party called on Turkish citizens living in Germany to vote for the Turkish party HDP in the upcoming parliamentary election in Turkey in June 2015 .

Call for elections by Turkish President and AKP Chairman Erdoğan

On August 18, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called on voters of Turkish origin in Germany not to vote for the CDU, SPD or Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen in relation to the 2017 federal election . On the grounds that these ... are all enemies of Turkey ...

Economic relationships

Germany and Turkey maintain close economic ties that have been predetermined by trade relations since the Middle Ages. These were deepened in the 19th century by the expansion of the Ottoman infrastructure with the help of German companies. A customs union with the EU has existed since 1996 . A particularly large part of German exports to Turkey is made up of machines, electrotechnical products and motor vehicles, as well as parts for the automotive industry . Textiles, leather goods and food as well as increasingly motor vehicles and electronics are among the most important German imports from Turkey.

In 2007, Germany was Turkey's largest trading partner with 13% of imports and 14% of exports: Germany is with over 13% (US $ 11.9 billion) of imports and around 17% (US $ 9.4 billion) ) Turkey's largest trading partner in exports.

Tourism to Turkey

The Federal Foreign Office issued a specific travel warning in spring 2017:

"... irrespective of the legal right of German citizens to consular advice and assistance, (cannot) be granted consular protection against sovereign measures of the Turkish government and its authorities in every case if the person concerned also has Turkish citizenship . ... It is urgently advised against making political statements against the Turkish state or expressing sympathy with terrorist organizations in public. ... Travelers should be particularly attentive and avoid crowds and places where many foreigners regularly stay . "

- Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, since May 12, 2017

German-Turkish youth exchange

A cooperation in the German-Turkish youth exchange was first launched in 1994 by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth and the General Directorate for Youth and Sport at the Turkish Prime Minister.

After the attempted coup in Turkey in 2016, interest in an exchange among young Germans decreased. In contrast, the interest of young Turkish people in an exchange to Germany has increased. However, there are now hardly any German host families who want to take in the Turkish exchange students.

See also

literature

  • Seda Boran-Krüger: Germany, the Ottoman Empire and the Armenian Question. Manzara Verlag, Offenbach am Main 2019, ISBN 978-3939795957 .
  • Hatice Byraktar, Ramazan Çalik: One Step Forward and Two Steps Back: The Slow Process of Reestablishing Diplomatic Relations between Germany and Turkey after the First World War. In: Journal of Middle Eastern Studies , vol. 47, issue 2, Routledge, London 2011.
  • Mustafa Gencer: Education Policy, Modernization and Cultural Interaction. German-Turkish relations (1908–1918). Lit, Münster 2002, ISBN 978-3825863708 .
  • Torben Gülstorff: From the Orient to the Near East: Orient Perceptions and Interpretations of West German Diplomacy, one year after the Bandung Conference. In: Barbara Haider-Wilson, Maximilian Graf (ed.): Orient & Occident. Encounters and perceptions from five centuries. Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-9503061-9-4 , pp. 719–750.
  • Sabine Mangold-Will : Limited friendship. Germany and Turkey 1918–1933. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8353-1351-4 .

Web links

Commons : German-Turkish Relations  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Hoşgeldiniz! Welcome to the German Embassy in Ankara. Retrieved January 6, 2012 .
  2. Turkish Embassy Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Retrieved January 6, 2012 (Turkish).
  3. Unequal friends. Turks and Germans after the First World War , in: FAZ of August 17, 2011, page N4.
  4. ^ Corry Guttstadt: Turkey, the Jews and the Holocaust , International Communication Workshop , Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-935936-49-1 , pp. 157–167
  5. see RGBl. 1941 Part II, pp. 375-380.
  6. a b Relationships and negotiations between the Axis Powers and Turkey ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 153 kB), State Department, pages 6–8. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.state.gov
  7. ^ BAMF migration report 2012 (p. 138, BAMF website, accessed on May 1, 2016)
  8. old source for 1995: Mesassoc-Bulletin Turkey Germany ( Memento from May 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  9. EU info: Turkey (www.eu-info.de, accessed on August 17, 2016)
  10. Taiwan News Turkey
  11. a b Zaman today: Angela Merkel's position on Turkish accession to the EU
  12. ^ A b The Magazine International: Turkish hopes and Cyprus
  13. Der Spiegel: Germany and Turkey in relation to Turkey joining the EU
  14. Federal government: Maas and von der Leyen see EU accession prospects for Turkey ( Spiegel-online website , March 11, 2016)
  15. German ambassador to Turkey reappointed. Retrieved September 18, 2017 (Austrian German).
  16. ^ Matthias Gebauer: Turkey: German ambassador summoned - for the second time in two days . In: Spiegel Online . September 18, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed September 18, 2017]).
  17. ^ The World From Berlin: Avoiding an EU-Turkey Ice Age. Spiegel Online, October 5, 2006, accessed February 13, 2018 .
  18. rjm / reuters: Turkey's Prime Minister Surprises Merkel: Erdogan Proposes Turkish-Medium High Schools for Germany. Spiegel Online, February 8, 2008, accessed February 13, 2018 .
  19. Özlem Gezer & Anna Reimann: Erdogan Urges Turks Not to Assimilate: 'You Are Part of Germany, But Also Part of Our Great Turkey'. Spiegel Online, February 28, 2011, accessed February 13, 2018 .
  20. Merkel in the refugee camp: Little time, a lot of symbolism. Der Tagesspiegel, April 23, 2016, accessed on February 13, 2018 .
  21. https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2017-11/tuerkei-deutschland-sigmar-gabriel-aussenminister-mevluet-cavusoglu-antalya
  22. https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/cavusoglu-goslar-103.html
  23. http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Berichte/DE/Reisen-und-Termine/1010/101022-Staatsbesuch-Tuerkei.html;jsessionid=32DFE8F0712F6F128202C184BB07FB9C.2_cid378
  24. http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Termine/DE/ChristianWulff/2011/09/110921-Staatsbesuch-Praesident-Tuerkei.html
  25. http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Berichte/DE/Joachim-Gauck/2014/04/140426-Reise-Staatsbesuch-Tuerkei.html?nn=1891680
  26. Turkish Prime Minister in Berlin: Bridge between the Nations. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, January 12, 2015, accessed on February 13, 2018 .
  27. On the way. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, April 15, 2016, accessed on February 13, 2018 .
  28. ^ Press conference by Chancellor Merkel and the Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, February 2, 2017, accessed on February 13, 2018 .
  29. Merkel receives Turkish Prime Minister Yildirim. Stern, February 12, 2018, accessed February 13, 2018 .
  30. Visit to the Chancellery. (No longer available online.) Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, February 12, 2018, formerly in the original ; accessed on February 13, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / m.bundeskanzlerin.de  
  31. https://www.dw.com/de/bild-bericht-erdogan-kommen-zum-staatsbesuch-nach-deutschland/a-44860430
  32. https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Erdogan-trifft-Merkel-in-Berlin-article20549497.html
  33. https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2018-08/staatsbesuch-recep-tayyip-erdogan-berlin-frank-walter-steinmeier
  34. bundestag.de: full text (pdf)
  35. FAZ.net, June 2, 2016: Bundestag: Genocide resolution passed almost unanimously , accessed on June 2, 2016.
  36. Turkish Justice Minister denies Germany the right to criticize . FAZ.net June 2, 2016.
  37. Dispute with Turkey: Merkel promises support to the Netherlands
  38. Stoltenberg urges Austria and Turkey to resolve the dispute ( Memento from March 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ^ A b c Ferdinand Knauß: Turkish insults: German cowardice enables Erdoğan's insolence. Retrieved December 10, 2019 .
  40. ^ Baden-Württemberg: Gaggenau forbids the Turkish Minister of Justice to appear . In: Spiegel Online . March 2, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 10, 2019]).
  41. WORLD: Nihat Zeybekci: Turkish Economy Minister finds room in Cologne . March 4, 2017 ( welt.de [accessed December 10, 2019]).
  42. ↑ The appearance of the Turkish Foreign Minister in Hamburg canceled. March 6, 2017, accessed December 10, 2019 .
  43. Appearance in Hamburg: Turkish Foreign Minister accuses Germany of "systematic propaganda" . In: Spiegel Online . March 7, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 10, 2019]).
  44. Rejection of appearances by Turkish ministers: Erdogan accuses Germany of "Nazi practices" . In: Spiegel Online . March 5, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 10, 2019]).
  45. Erdogan accuses imprisoned journalist Yücel of espionage . ( tagesspiegel.de [accessed on June 16, 2017]).
  46. ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Turkish Foreign Minister in Hamburg: Problem? - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Politics. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  47. ^ N-tv news television: Turkish minister in Hamburg: Cavusoglu attacks Germany sharply . In: n-tv.de . ( n-tv.de [accessed on June 16, 2017]).
  48. Erdogan accuses imprisoned journalist Yücel of espionage . ( tagesspiegel.de [accessed on June 16, 2017]).
  49. tagesschau.de: Erdogan personally accuses Merkel of “Nazi methods”. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  50. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Nazi allegations: Merkel threatens Turkey - Turkish government follows up | Currently Europe | DW | 03/20/2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  51. Turkey dispute escalates: Erdogan's attacks on Merkel suddenly become personal - WELT. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  52. Turkey: Erdoğan accuses Germany of “Nazi practices” . In: The time . March 5, 2017, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 16, 2017]).
  53. Tiroler Tageszeitung Online: “Shame on You”: Erdogan targets Merkel | Tiroler Tageszeitung online - news from now! In: Tiroler Tageszeitung Online . ( tt.com [accessed March 19, 2020]).
  54. Turkey: German MPs are allowed to visit a base in Konya . In: The time . May 26, 2017, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 16, 2017]).
  55. Ludwig Greven, © Jakob Börner, Ludwig Greven: Turkey: Erdoğan leaves the federal government no choice . In: The time . June 6, 2017, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 16, 2017]).
  56. ^ Incirlik: Von der Leyen wants to travel to Turkey himself after the dispute in Armenia . In: The time . June 26, 2016, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 16, 2017]).
  57. erwaertiges-amt.de July 20, 2017: Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel on the situation in Turkey (press release)
  58. sueddeutsche.de July 22, 2017: Steinmeier calls for "clear stop signals" against Turkey
  59. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH: Conflict with Ankara: Turkey warns against traveling to Germany. September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
  60. Christian Geinitz: "Federal government lets sanctions against Turkey expire" FAZ from July 20, 2018
  61. Warning of arrests: Foreign Office tightened travel advice for Turkey . In: Spiegel Online . March 9, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed March 9, 2019]).
  62. ^ A b Matthias Gebauer, Maximilian Popp: On suspicion of espionage: lawyer of the German embassy in Ankara arrested . In: Spiegel Online . November 20, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 20, 2019]).
  63. Schröder supports Turkey's wish to join (article from February 23, 2004, www.faz.net)
  64. EU election campaign: Merkel on an anti-Turkey trip ( Spiegel-online , February 16, 2004 - 6:33 a.m.)
  65. Merkel's trip to Turkey: CDU wants to cooperate with the Islamic AKP ( Spiegel-online , February 16, 2004 - 1:36 p.m.), published photo of the meeting with the interior minister at the time
  66. EU expansion: Erdogan flashes Merkel ( Spiegel-online , February 16, 2004 - 6:33 p.m.)
  67. ↑ Warn migrants in CDU: "The Union is being infiltrated by Turkish nationalists" ( Memento of the original from July 31, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Article from July 31, 2016 on http://www.huffingtonpost.de ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.huffingtonpost.de
  68. Migrants warn CDU against infiltration by AKP (article from July 31, 2016 on www.welt.de)
  69. German Turks argue about Erdogan: denunciations and targeted influence (article from August 4, 2016 on www.deutschlandfunk.de)
  70. EU Ambassador: "Turkey wants to join the EU before 2023" (article from August 19, 2016, www.welt.de)
  71. ^ Minister of State Roth travels to Turkey (press release from the Federal Foreign Office of August 24, 2016)
  72. Stronger cooperation between CHP-Jugend and Jusos ( Memento of the original from April 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Website of the Jusos , October 22, 2014) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jusos.de
  73. ^ Appeal from BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN for the election of the HDP in the Turkish parliamentary elections ( memento of the original from April 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Website of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , May 18, 2015) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gruene.de
  74. Bundestag election: Erdogan calls for election boycott by CDU, SPD and Greens . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . August 18, 2017, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 20, 2017]).
  75. a b Foreign Office : Germany in Turkey
  76. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Laenderinformationen/00-SiHi/TuerkeiSicherheit.htm Online
  77. Educational exchange during the crisis - Germans hardly want to learn in Turkey anymore. n-tv, August 15, 2017, accessed August 15, 2017 .