German-Vietnamese relations

Diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Vietnam began on September 23, 1975. The division of both Germany and Vietnam into a communist and a capitalist state during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s forms a historical commonality. Based on the relationship of trust that existed between the GDR and Vietnam, strong partnerships should continue to develop in the future. The Hanoi Declaration , which was signed in October 2011 by the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng , represents an important basis for cooperation between the two countries . After the kidnapping of the Vietnamese Trinh Xuan Thanh by the Vietnamese foreign secret service in Berlin, the strategic partnership between the two countries was suspended by Germany in October 2017.

history

In 1949 the first contacts between the GDR and North Vietnam were made due to their common socialist orientation. During the Vietnam War , the Federal Republic of Germany showed solidarity with the USA.

After the unification of North and South Vietnam in 1975, cooperation between the GDR and the newly founded Socialist Republic of Vietnam continued. Development projects in the areas of energy supply and agriculture were particularly funded . In addition, the establishment and further development of technology and craftsmanship was supported by extensive advice. As part of this development policy , 2000 apprentices, 200 students and 50 postgraduates from Vietnam were trained in the GDR each year .

The German hospital ship Helgoland in Vietnam in 1970.

The German motor ship Helgoland was used by the German Red Cross as a hospital ship in South Vietnam on behalf of the federal government from 1966 to 1972 and the medical equipment was handed over to medical Vietnamese facilities after the end of the mission.

In 1967 the German chemical and pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim supplied 720 tons of trichlorophenolate liquor to a subsidiary of Dow Chemical in New Zealand, which the company used to manufacture Agent Orange for defoliation in the Vietnam War. The sale was in 1991 by a report in Der Spiegel known and later confirmed another year of Boehringer Ingelheim. The trade caused a sensation because the future Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker had been a member of the company's management until the year before the delivery.

In 1976 the West German embassy in Hanoi was registered. Apart from that, the FRG provided development aid after the end of the Vietnam War , but initially acted cautiously because of Vietnam's communist attitude and its own alliance with the USA . Vietnam's tendency to orientate itself towards its socialist brother state, GDR, confirmed the low level of economic exchange. Relations between the two countries deteriorated because of the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia . There was also an incident in which German merchant ships were shot at by Vietnamese warships after taking Vietnamese refugees on board. As a consequence, the FRG stopped state development aid. These tensions were defused in 1986 by a visit by a business delegation from the Eastern Committee of German Business .

Bronze plaque at the Johannisbollwerk in Hamburg with thanks for the Vietnamese refugees of the Cap Anamur ships

At the 1979 Indochina Conference, the Federal Republic committed itself to accepting Vietnamese asylum seekers who were rescued by German ships. From the same year, the German aid committee A Ship for Vietnam used the Cap Anamur as a hospital ship for the rescue and medical care of thousands of refugees, whereupon protests arose from the federal states.

“With the completion of German unity and with the ' legacy ' of many development-policy activities of the GDR in Vietnam , the Federal Republic of Germany began in 1991 with friendly and intensive development cooperation that continues to this day, in which [...] political foundations were significantly involved. The most important priority areas of development cooperation between the Federal Republic of Germany and Vietnam have been the promotion of economic reforms and the development of market economy structures from the start. "

A positive result of the reform process was the development from a planned economy to a market economy with a “ socialist orientation”. The relationship between the two countries normalized, so that development aid in the areas of education , energy and the environment as well as economic relations were resumed. Furthermore, Germany is involved in the implementation of the Vietnamese legal system reform and conducts the German-Vietnamese rule of law dialogue. The bilateral relations are cultivated through state visits from both sides.

economy

Germany is Vietnam's largest trading partner and both countries “see considerable potential for the expansion of their trade and economic relations, including investments .” Chancellor Angela Merkel stated in 2011 that Vietnam had received around 1.5 billion euros in loans from the Federal Republic of Germany since 1990 and project financing has been supported. For example, exports from Germany to Vietnam from January to July 2011 amounted to a trade volume of 1.8 billion US dollars, while exports from Vietnam to Germany amounted to 1.1 billion dollars.

In the Hanoi Declaration of 2011, both countries express their will to discuss central economic and trade policy issues, such as trade development, open markets and fair competition, and to improve economic, social and ecological standards in Vietnam through partnership . Various projects, which were commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) , among others , started on these points even before the Hanover Declaration. One example of this is the project for training in responsible business management for sustainable economic development, which ran from 2003 to 2014.

In 2014, Germany was Vietnam's largest EU trading partner with a trade volume of 7.8 billion US dollars . The imports rose by 5.3% to 5.18 billion US dollars, exports fell by 6.5% to 2.62 billion US dollars. Germany’s main import goods from Vietnam are shoes, textiles , agricultural products, seafood, furniture and electronics. German exports to Vietnam mainly consist of machines, vehicles, equipment and chemical products. The delegation of German business has offices in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City and is part of the network of the German Chamber of Commerce (AHK). Over 160 German companies have come together to form the German merchants' group, which is trying to found a German-Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce. In November 2015, a letter of intent between the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce and Industry laid another cornerstone for the establishment of the German-Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce . In 2014, German companies invested around USD 169 million , an increase of 40%. This puts them in 16th place on the global list of investors. Since many investments are made through subsidiaries abroad, which are not statistically assigned to Germany , this number is too low. Vietnam is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Asia Free Trade Area (AFTA), the Asia Pacific Economic Conference ( APEC ) and the World Customs Organization ( WCO ). This results in global cooperation, including with the EU , for example as a member of the ASEAN states (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). The EU is Vietnam's third largest trading partner.

politics

As part of political cooperation, there is a lively exchange between Germany and Vietnam at all levels. Since 2011, more meetings have been held to improve cooperation in project funding, including in the areas of political and strategic dialogue, business, trade and investment, justice and law, development cooperation and environmental protection, education, science, technology, culture , media and society. There were already individual declarations of intent in many areas.

Mention should be made here of the " Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Law and Justice " (Rule of Law Dialogue) signed by the foreign ministers of both countries in 2008 , which aims to contribute to the implementation of the rule of law thinking and acting by Vietnamese law is modernized and adapted to current international legal norms. Respect for human rights is a central issue, as is private, criminal and public law. In the following year, the justice ministries of both countries decided to implement the joint declaration and signed the first three-year program, which was followed by the second three-year program in 2012 and the third in 2015. Core contents are, for example, the promotion of human rights, strengthening of civil society and professionalization of the judiciary and legal professions. Although the justice ministries of Germany and Vietnam serve as coordination offices, many other ministries and political foundations , such as the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) or the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation e. V. (IRZ), made contributions in the form of joint events for dialogue. This is done by advising the Vietnamese Ministry of Justice and the People's Public Prosecutor's Office as well as seminars, specialist conferences, study trips, etc. A total of around 80 public and private institutions from the German side are participating in the German-Vietnamese rule of law dialogue. During a state visit by the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung in 2014, the President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert criticized the development of democracy and the rule of law , which lag behind the development of market economy structures.

Further state visits in 2013 agreed on the areas of vocational training, energy and the environment for future development policy. Federal Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble and Federal Economics Minister Sigmar Gabriel traveled to Vietnam for different reasons in 2014 , and Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung also visited Berlin the following year.

An important project that highlights the good bilateral relationship is the construction of the “German House” in Ho Chi Minh City . After the planned completion in 2017 it will serve as common quarters for the consulate general , German institutions, representatives of the German economy and interested German entrepreneurs. It is intended to improve the working conditions of the German representatives and the exchange between Germans and Vietnamese.

Diplomatic exchange

Visits to Germany
1993	Prime Minister Vo Van Kiet
1993	Chairman of the National Assembly Nông Đức Mạnh
October 10-14, 2001	Prime Minister Phan Van Khai
1. – 5.3. 2004	Secretary General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nông Đức Mạnh
March 2008	Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung
2012	Foreign Minister Phạm Bình Minh

Visits to Vietnam
04/04/1993	Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel
November 16-19 1995	Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl
October 14-17 2000	Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
December 2-6 2001	Bundestag President Wolfgang Thierse
May 14-15, 2003	Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
2.3.2004	Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
March 2007	Bavarian Prime Minister Edmund Stoiber
May 21-22 2007	Federal President Horst Köhler
3-8.9. 2007	Federal Council President Harald Ringstorff
March 2008	Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier
June 2011	Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle
October 2011	Chancellor Angela Merkel
2012	Economics Minister Philipp Rösler

The government of the Federal Republic of Germany established an embassy in Saigon on June 12, 1957 , which was converted into an embassy on April 25, 1960 . The Socialist Republic of Vietnam operates an embassy in Berlin .

Official visits

Former MP Erik Blumenfeld at a reception for a Vietnamese delegation in Bonn

Klaus Kinkel , Foreign Minister in the Kohl cabinet, visited Vietnam on April 4, 1993 and promised the country financial support for economic development. In June 1993, the then Vietnamese Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt was on a three-day visit to Germany and met the then German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Bonn. Helmut Kohl again traveled to Vietnam from November 16-19, 1995. He was accompanied by the German entrepreneur Lars Windhorst . Windhorst had planned the implementation of a larger real estate construction project in Vietnam. Further construction projects from Mercedes-Benz, Siemens and Triumph were also announced.

The then Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul visited in October 2000 alongside Cambodia and Vietnam, saying the country DM 15 million aid for the flood victims to.

The then President of the Bundestag Wolfgang Thierse traveled to Hoh-Chi-Minh-Stadt and Hanoi in December 2001 to hold talks with Vietnamese parliamentarians and government representatives.

The then Chancellor Gerhard Schröder visited Vietnam on May 15, 2003 as the last stop on a trip to Southeast Asia and signed several economic and financial agreements there with the then Vietnamese Prime Minister Phan Van Khai . Schröder expressed himself positively about the opening of the socialist country and also spoke at the Technical University of Hanoi to students who had studied at German universities.

At Schröder's invitation, Nông Đức Mạnh , the then General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam , visited Germany in March 2004 and met the then Federal Chancellor and the then Bavarian Prime Minister Edmund Stoiber . During the visit, Schröder promised to support Vietnam's membership of the World Trade Organization, which was applied for in January 1996, because of Vietnam's economic reforms, and welcomed the activities of German companies in the construction and transport sectors. Germany also wants to support student exchanges between the two countries.

Horst Köhler was the first German President to visit Vietnam in 2007. Among other things, he complained about the human rights situation in Vietnam and took part in a wreath-laying ceremony at the memorial of the Vietnamese national heroes and martyrs .

In the same year, the then Prime Minister of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Harald Ringstorff, went on a six-day visit to Vietnam and met the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng there . Dũng again went on a trip to Germany in March 2008 and, in a conversation with the then German Minister of Economic Affairs, Michael Glos, expressed his interest in further expanding German-Vietnamese economic relations, in particular through investments by German companies in Vietnam. Siemens was particularly interested in the delivery of trains, signaling and control systems for a subway construction in Ho Chi Minh City. German Chancellor Angela Merkel was involved in the meeting to sign an agreement that included a financing package for the subway in the amount of 240 million euros, of which 86 million were non-repayable. During his visit to Germany, Nguyễn Tấn Dũng also met the then Federal President Horst Köhler and the President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert , paid a return visit to Harald Ringstorff and held talks with representatives of Deutsche Bank in Frankfurt am Main.

After Gerhard Schröder visited Vietnam in 2004, a visit from a German head of government did not take place there until 2011, when Angela Merkel traveled to Hanoi to sign several agreements. The contracts served to develop economic relationships and scientific collaboration. The visit was also Merkel's first business trip to a socialist country.

The then Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle also visited Vietnam in 2011, and the former Economics Minister and native Vietnamese Philipp Rösler in 2012. In the same year, the Vietnamese Foreign Minister Phạm Bình Minh traveled to Germany.

Development Assistance

The Federal Republic of Germany's first development aid project was initially approved by the Federal Foreign Office - before the BMZ was founded: from 1961, a team of German doctors built up the medical faculty at the University of Huündete, which had been founded a few years earlier . The project under the direction of Prof. Horst-Günther Krainick was sustainable. Today it has become the Medical and Pharmacological University of Huế with 12,600 students. The mission of the doctors ended tragically in 1968, during the Tet offensive three doctors and Krainick's wife were kidnapped and murdered. German aid was then discontinued. Up to 1966 the FRG had spent approx. 100 million DM for Vietnamese development aid in the form of internship training, technical and economic experts. With the hospital ship “Helgoland” finally arriving in Saigon (today: Ho Chi Minh City ) in September 1966 after long negotiations about a deployment, an important project for on-site help was realized. By 1972 over 10,000 operations had been performed and around 200,000 patients treated. It can therefore be said that “1966 […] is rightly regarded as the key year for West German aid to Vietnam .” After the Vietnam War in 1975, millions of members of Vietnamese minorities fled to Malaysia and Thailand and waited there without help receive. They were called " boat people ". The Federal Republic saw himself obliged under a wave of indignation, humanitarian aid in the form of asylum to afford. The initial quota of 10,000 refugees was increased to 38,000. Together with the development policy of the GDR , these events contributed to the fact that today's relations between the two countries are very positive. According to the Federal Foreign Office, around 125,000 Vietnamese or Germans of Vietnamese descent live in Germany today . Around 100,000 people speak German in Vietnam.

Despite the extensive reform program, there are still many deficits in Vietnam in terms of wealth distribution , infrastructure , social security systems, needs-based vocational training opportunities and constitutional structures, etc. Vietnam is one of the Federal Republic's most important development partners. That is why the Federal Republic of Germany has contributed 1.8 billion euros to development projects in Vietnam since 1990. The main focus is on sustainable economic growth and the promotion of qualified specialists for industry in order to remain competitive in the Asian region . The focus here is particularly on vocational training , the environment ( biodiversity and coastal protection ) and energy ( energy efficiency and renewable energies ). To this end, the two state implementing organizations KfW - Development Bank and the German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) are acting on behalf of and with funds from the Federal Government .

environment

In Vietnam, driving economic development has created significant environmental problems . Deforestation , poisoned soils, air and water pollution are just a few of them. In addition, large parts of the coast are threatened by the increasing number of typhoons as a result of climate change . Germany helps with typhoon prevention , climate change adaptation, natural forest management, reforestation and biodiversity . The use of renewable energies and energy efficiency are other important areas of activity in Germany's commitment. The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development has commissioned the German Society for International Cooperation to contribute to the Vietnamese government's “Green Growth Strategy”.

Vietnamese in Germany

Tuition for Vietnamese students in Leipzig 1958

Around 100,000 to 125,000 people of Vietnamese descent live in Germany, including around 40,000 with German citizenship. A migration from Vietnam to the Federal Republic took place especially from the 1970s.

education

After 1986/87 of comprehensive reforms of the government had been initiated, primarily the economy developed positively. The education system could not keep up with this rapid change, so that university education in particular fell short of the requirements of demand-oriented vocational training. As a result, currently only 15% of the Vietnamese population have completed formal vocational training. In order to achieve the goals of industrialization , modernization and improvement of social prosperity, one aligns with the German education system and strives for lasting cooperation. The aim is to improve the quality of training, meet the specific reform needs of Vietnam and guarantee general access to education for all social classes . In 2011, the heads of state of both countries renewed their efforts to continue the cooperation at this level, with the Vietnamese-German University playing a special role.

In Ho Chi Minh City is located Vietnamese-German University , which was founded in 2008 to a cooperation agreement between Vietnam and the German state of Hesse is due and recognized by the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany and officially funded German School Ho Chi Minh City .

From 1970 to 1993, the Humboldt University in Berlin offered the Vietnam Studies course, followed by Indonesian and Southeast Asian Studies as the Southeast Asian Studies course. The Asia-Africa Institute at the University of Hamburg has offered Vietnam Studies since 1982 .

religion

Pagoda midfield in Hanover

There are eight Vietnamese Buddhist pagodas in Germany (see, for example, the Viên Giác Pagoda ).

German institutions in Vietnam

Friedrich Ebert Foundation (founded: 1990)

Initially, the commitment in Vietnam was limited to the advancement of economic reforms and economic development, the project “ Rehabilitation and Promotion of Crafts and Small Industry” should be mentioned here . In the meantime, the foundation also supports political participation and further education of its partners, stimulates the exchange of international experiences and discussions, publishes studies, organizes seminars and organizes study trips to Germany .

Konrad Adenauer Foundation (founded: 1993)

The Konrad-Adenauer -Stiftung supports “the German-Vietnamese rule of law dialogue , the decentralization reforms of the Vietnamese government, the introduction of the social market economy , the professionalization of the media and the independence of the National Assembly ”.

Goethe-Institut (founded: 1997)

"The Goethe Institute [organizes and supports] a wide range of cultural events to convey German culture and to intensify the cultural dialogue between the countries."

Vietnamese-German Center (VDZ) (founded: 1999)

“The center is a joint facility of the DAAD [(German Academic Exchange Service)] and the TU Hanoi . As a cross-faculty central facility of the Vietnamese university, it should serve the scientific and technological exchange and be a meeting place for German and Vietnamese science and business representatives. ”Since 2003 the VDZ has been acting as a branch of the DAAD.

Vietnamese-German University (VDU) (founded: 2008)

The VDU is a joint project of the Hessian Ministry for Science and Art , the Ministry for Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg and the Ministry of Education and Training. The university is designed according to German university standards and is an application-oriented, multidisciplinary university with a strong research focus. The technical language is English, German is only taught during the course.

Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (founded: 2009)

"Focus of regional labor [the Rosa Luxembourg Foundation] include the promotion of participation in democratic processes, support new approaches to sustainable development paths and strengthening exchanges between civil society and state actors."

Hanns Seidel Foundation (founded: 2011)

The goals of the Hanns Seidel Foundation are to improve environmental policy , for example by promoting environmental awareness, as well as improving the economic and social structure, for example by promoting knowledge about the social market economy .

Friedrich Naumann Foundation (founded: 2012)

The Friedrich Naumann Foundation aims to liberalize politics and the economy in order to promote the development of a social market economy .

Foreign missions

German Embassy in Hanoi

German Consulate General Ho Chi Minh City
German Embassy Hanoi
Vietnamese General Consulate in Frankfurt
Vietnamese Embassy Berlin

literature

Alexander Troche: "Berlin is being defended on the Mekong". The East Asian Policy of the Federal Republic in China, Taiwan and South Vietnam 1954-1966 . In: Günter Buchstab et al. (Ed.): Research and sources on contemporary history . tape 37 . Droste, Düsseldorf 2001, ISBN 3-7700-1885-0 , p. 241, 413, 421-422 .
Dirk Braun-Friderici: Vietnam - Development Perspectives of a Promising Emerging Market in Southeast Asia . In: Marion Grein (ed.): The Asian economic area. A market and its possibilities. China, the Chinese Special Economic Zones, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Vietnam . Liber Verlag, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-88308-070-5 , p. 252-254 .
Hans-Jörg Bulliger: German-Vietnamese joint ventures. Development opportunities for small and medium-sized companies . Gabler, Wiesbaden 1995, ISBN 3-409-13248-1 , p. 46 .
Hellmut Kapfenberger: Berlin-Bonn-Saigon-Hanoi. On the history of German-Vietnamese relations . Verlag Wiljo Heinen, Berlin and Böklund 2013, ISBN 978-3-95514-006-9 , pp. 403 .
Status and prospects of cooperation with universities in Vietnam . Workshop at the University Rectors 'Conference on July 15, 1998. In: University Rectors' Conference. Red .: Daniela Reichert, Christian Tauch (ed.): Materials for university cooperation . tape 13 . Bonn November 1998, p. 18, 24 .
Norbert von Hofmann: Cooperation with trade unions and promotion of economic and social development . With a foreword by Ernst J. Kerbusch. In: Pia Bungarten et al. (Ed.): History of the international work of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation . tape 7 . Dietz, Bonn 2012, ISBN 978-3-8012-0427-3 , pp. 257 .
Norbert von Hofmann: Promotion of Democracy under Difficult Conditions. The activities of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Venezuela, Vietnam and Zimbabwe . With a foreword by Ernst J. Kerbusch. In: Pia Bungarten et al. (Ed.): History of the international work of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation . tape 12 . Dietz, Bonn 2014, ISBN 978-3-8012-0448-8 , pp. 148 .
Nicolaus Schmidt , Viet Duc - German-Vietnamese biographies as a mirror of history , Bielefeld 2017 ISBN 978-3-7356-0484-2

Web links

Commons : German-Vietnamese Relations - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Vietnam Chamber of Commerce
Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the FRG
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Country Info
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development News
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development press release
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development press release
Federal government
German Embassy Hanoi
German Embassy Hanoi Germany and Vietnam
German Embassy Hanoi Rule of Law Dialogue
German Embassy Hanoi Speech by Federal President Gauck
German Society for International Cooperation
German Society for International Cooperation Project overview Vietnam
German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation
German-Vietnamese Society
German Business Association
Hanoi Declaration 2011 (PDF)
KfW Development Bank
KfW Development Bank ex-post evaluation reports
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
lia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vietnam
Independent institute for environmental issues
Vietnam Business Forum
Robin Alexander: Merkel's fateful laugh in Vietnam. In: Die Welt Online. October 12, 2011, accessed February 12, 2016 .

Individual evidence

↑ Files on the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany: January 1 to June 30, 1976, Volume 1

↑ 40 years Germany-Vietnam. German Embassy (Hanoi), accessed on January 28, 2016 .

^ Hans-Jörg Bullinger et al .: German-Vietnamese Joint Ventures. Development opportunities for small and medium-sized companies . Gabler, Wiesbaden 1995, ISBN 3-409-13248-1 , p. 46.

↑ Germany and Vietnam. German Embassy (Hanoi), accessed on January 28, 2016 . Hanoi Declaration. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 25, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Press release from the Federal Foreign Office of September 22, 2017, accessed on October 25, 2017

↑ tagesschau.de: Kidnapped Vietnamese: Diplomatic dispute comes to a head. Accessed January 5, 2018 (German).

↑ Dirk Braun-Friderici: Vietnam - Development Perspectives of a Promising “Emerging Market” in Southeast Asia . In: Marion Grein (ed.): The Asian economic area. A market and its possibilities. China, the Chinese Special Economic Zones, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Vietnam . Liber Verlag, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-88308-070-5 , p. 254.

^ Contribution to the discussion by Manfred Blum from March 3, 2008 at einestages

^ Economic and social aid to Vietnam, Republic of Vietnam, Ministry of foreign affairs, Report for the period from July 1, 1964 to December 31, 1968 (PDF) p. 39

↑ Cordt Schnibben: The death from Ingelheim . In: Der Spiegel . No. 31 , 1991, pp. 102 ff . ( online ).

↑ An unfortunate story . In: Der Spiegel . No. 48 , 1992, pp. 64 ff . ( online ).

^ Hellmut Kapfenberger: Berlin Bonn Saigon Hanoi. On the history of German-Vietnamese relations . Verlag Wiljo Heinen, Berlin and Böklund 2013, ISBN 978-3-95514-006-9 , p. 403.

↑ Dirk Braun-Friderici: Vietnam - Development Perspectives of a Promising “Emerging Market” in Southeast Asia . In: Marion Grein (ed.): The Asian economic area. A market and its possibilities. China, the Chinese Special Economic Zones, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Vietnam . Liber Verlag, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-88308-070-5 , pp. 252-253.

↑ Vietnam refugees - bulkheads tight . In: Der Spiegel . No. 43 , 1981 ( online ).

^ Norbert von Hofmann: Promotion of democracy under difficult conditions. The activities of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Venezuela, Vietnam and Zimbabwe . With a foreword by Ernst J. Kerbusch. In: Pia Bungarten et al. (Ed.): History of the international work of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation . tape 12 . Dietz, Bonn 2014, ISBN 978-3-8012-0448-8 , pp. 148 .

↑ KfW: Vietnam. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Relations between Vietnam and Germany (as of 09/2015). Federal Foreign Office, accessed on January 28, 2016 .

↑ Merkel strengthens cooperation with Vietnam. In: Zeit Online. October 11, 2011, accessed January 28, 2016 .

↑ Germany and Vietnam. German Embassy (Hanoi), accessed on January 28, 2016 . Hanoi Declaration (p. 3). (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 25, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ State visit: Merkel strengthens cooperation with Vietnam . Time online