Azerbaijani-German relations
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| Germany | Azerbaijan |
The Azerbaijani-German relations can look back on a long history, although the motives of the relationship between Azerbaijan and Germany have changed over time.
As early as the beginning of the 19th century, Germans emigrated to what is now Azerbaijan to escape poverty and hunger in Germany. Nowadays, German business enterprises in particular find incentives to settle in Azerbaijan. In most cases, the origin of the economic interest is the wealth of natural resources in the region or the capital that is generated and in circulation. After all, Azerbaijan is a major geopolitical factor due to its location between Europe and Asia and the natural gas and oil reserves on the Caspian Sea . This fact brings Azerbaijan into international political and economic interest. Not only the former conflict parties in the Cold War are sounding out their influence on Azerbaijan, which has only been independent since 1991. Writes Zbigniew Brzezinski , the US president has advised on foreign policy as a Polish-American political scientist:
“An independent Azerbaijan can give the West access to the oil-rich Caspian Basin and Central Asia. Conversely, a subjugated Azerbaijan would mean that Central Asia would be sealed off from the outside world and thus politically exposed to Russian pressure for reintegration. "
On the basis of this quote, it is possible to understand what advantages a good bilateral relationship between the West and Azerbaijan can offer. However, it can also be seen what risks a neglect of the relationship entails.
Azerbaijan is traditionally very closely tied to Russia . The country emerged from the Russian Empire on May 28, 1918 as the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan . Just 23 months later, it became part of the Soviet Union . It was not until 1991 that it regained its sovereignty.
Since then, Azerbaijan has managed the political balancing act of maintaining relations with Russia in the north on the one hand and strengthening bilateral relations with other, mostly western countries, on the other. The Azerbaijani goals are obvious: they are striving to manifest themselves as an independent country and to become more independent from Russia. At the same time, however, they also know about Russia's power and do not want to upset their former brother state. The EU states , in which Germany, as one of the strongest economic and political states, plays a pioneering role, can offer the economic and political independence Azerbaijan is looking for. The EU, and thus Germany as part of the international community, is trying to curb its own dependence on Russia's energy supply through the partnership with Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan is already Germany's sixth largest oil supplier. But Azerbaijan also benefits from the increasing diversification of its own economy, which results from European and German support and investments by German companies.
History of Azerbaijani-German Relations
The German explorer Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716) visited Azerbaijan as early as the 17th century. On 17 December 1863 he reached Shemakha , capital of the then still under Iranian standing rule region Shirvan . Kaempfer used the one-month stay there to visit the Fontes Naphta oil wells in Badkubeh (now Baku ), which he was the first European to explore and describe in more detail. Exhibition boards in the Baku Museum still commemorate Kaempfer's visit.
German settlements of the 19th / 20th centuries Century rural and industrialization in Baku
In Germany, the beginning of the 19th century was a time of poverty and hunger. Numerous families were therefore looking for a new home in which they could survive and do business.
The then Tsar of the Russian Empire, Alexander I , invited the Germans to his country to build a new life there. Hundreds of families, mainly from Swabia , made the trip. The first German colony in Azerbaijan was Alt Katharinenfeld in 1818 (was given up again in 1819), another shortly afterwards on the other side of the Schamchor River in Annenfeld . Helenendorf , today's Göygöl , was founded in 1819 by 194 Swabian families. They came to Azerbaijan via the North Caucasus and Tbilisi. Helenendorf became the largest German settlement in Azerbaijan. The first Evangelical Lutheran church in the country was built there in 1857. Many winemakers were active in the German settlements. German settlers thus have a large share in the history of Azerbaijani viticulture. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first German cooperatives were formed, such as the "Hilfe" cooperative, which was used to produce wine and cognac and was located in Helenendorf. German names such as Hummel, Vohrer and Votteler became the epitome of quality products. Hummel and Vohrer were known for their wine, Votteler for the manufacture of horse-drawn carriages. Also in Helenendorf, the first installation of an electrical lighting system in Azerbaijan was carried out later by the Berlin company AEG . Between 1888 and 1914, six other German communities emerged: Georgsfeld (1888), Alexejewka (1902), Grünfeld and Eichenfeld (1906), Traubenfeld (1912) and Jelisawetinka (1914). In the 1920s, the German villages Marxowka and Kirowka were added. Its founders came from the original communities around Helenendorf and Annenfeld. In the 1920s there were several German-language communist newspapers that also received state support, including Lenin's Way and Bauer und Arbeiter .
They made the fertile foothill steppe arable. From 1860 they concentrated on viticulture. At the end of the 19th century, 58% of the wine in the Elisabethpol governorate was made by the Vohrer and Hummel brothers from Helenendorf.
The people were fine; they integrated quickly. They practiced agriculture in a traditional but also Azerbaijani way. With their success, they quickly created jobs. At that time, Baku , the capital of Azerbaijan, was shaped by the German culture and way of life. This was essentially done through Nikolaus von der Nun . The German-born engineer shaped the development of the city from 1889 to 1902 as mayor of Baku. Due to the rural exodus , Baku experienced enormous growth at that time. He also helped the city to become more prosperous by promoting the energy sector.
Gold has been mined in the Kedabeg region since the tsarist times . The copper mine in Kedabeg was bought in 1864 by the brothers Carl and Werner von Siemens , at the suggestion of their brother Walter, who was in charge of building the telegraph lines in the Caucasus. It was operated - overcoming some difficulties - as a private business separate from Siemens & Halske , at times under the personal management of the younger brothers Walter and Otto Siemens. Werner von Siemens visited Kedabeg three times in 1865, 1868 and 1890. He built his own smelting furnaces that ran on naphtha because the wood in the surrounding forests was running low despite reforestation. For this purpose, he had Mannesmann tubes laid, with which the naphtha delivered from Baku was pumped up to the high-lying mine. In this context he took part in the establishment of the German-Austrian Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG in Berlin in 1890 . The mining in Kedabeg has now been stopped.
World War I, Interwar Period, World War II & its aftermath
During the First World War (1914–1918) the Caucasian Germans faced the difficult situation that the land of their ancestors, Germany, fought against their present homeland, Russia. After the formation of independent republics in the South Caucasus after 1917, the German colonists united to form the Transcaucasian German National Council with its seat in Tbilisi, which linked the Germans in Azerbaijan and Georgia . After the First World War , the young Azerbaijani government promised the Germans a secure seat in parliament . This was enshrined in the "Law on the Formation of the Azerbaijani Parliament". With the invasion of the Red Army and their takeover of power in 1920, the Germans lost not only their property but also their previously acquired rights and privileges. To compensate for their losses, some families formed production collectives. The best known, because most successful, collective was the “Concordia”. With increasing success, this association was sanctioned and eventually banned completely. The German language was banned from classrooms and city names. After the occupation of Georgia and Azerbaijan by the Soviet Union, Helenendorf was renamed Xanlar. In the 1930s, the German colonists in the Caucasus were particularly exposed to political persecution. In 1935, 600 Germans from Azerbaijan were deported to Karelia.
In 1941 there were more than 23,000 colonists in Azerbaijan. In the same year, Stalin relocated all Caucasian Germans who were not married to local residents to Kazakhstan and Siberia within a few months. The basis was an ordinance of the State Defense Committee "On the resettlement of Germans who inhabit the territory of the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani Soviet Republics" of October 8, 1941. Over 45,000 Caucasian Germans were deported between October 15 and November 12, 1941. The houses of the German settlers were given to migrants from other regions of Transcaucasia.
In the course of the Second World War , German troops did everything in 1942 to advance to Baku. For Germany, the oil reserves around the Caspian Sea were strategically crucial. Opposite Field Marshal Erich von Manstein said Adolf Hitler : "If we do not get the oil in Baku, the war is lost." Thus was 1942, the focus of the German offensives as part of Operation Blue Operation mentioned on the conquest of the Caucasus region.
The 5th SS Panzer Division "Wiking" managed to take Maikop on August 9, 1942 , but the actual goals, the fields near Grozny and above all Baku , were never reached. In Maikop, the Technical Brigade Mineral Oil (TBM) created especially for this purpose immediately started repair work on the oil systems there, but this was only achieved to a negligible extent. This was mainly due to the fact that the Red Army destroyed the facilities when they withdrew and set the Maikops fields on fire.
The overstretching of the front and unbalanced losses as well as the defeat of Stalingrad endangered the entire troops in the Caucasus. Therefore, the Caucasus had to be completely cleared in January 1943 to prevent encirclement, and the Maikop oil fields also had to be cleared. The unsuccessful operation contributed to the final turn of the war.
Only a few Caucasian Germans returned to the Caucasus in the post-war period. Until 1955 they were forbidden to leave Central Asia and Siberia
In 1979, of the once 20,000 Germans, only just under 1,000 remained in Azerbaijan. More people of German origin returned to Germany after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Bilateral cultural influences
In the following section, the current mutual cultural influences of the states Azerbaijan and Germany are discussed.
Dede Korkut in Saxony
The only complete manuscript of the work Dede Korkut , which the Azerbaijanis regard as a national epic, is kept in the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library .
Goethe and Nezāmi
Goethe judged the Persian poet Nezāmi , who was born in Gəncə , to be the "teacher of all poets".
Friedrich von Bodenstedt and Mirza Schaffy Wazeh
The writer Friedrich von Bodenstedt (1819-1892) from Peine traveled to Tbilisi in 1843 , where he was introduced to the languages of the Caucasus by the Azerbaijani poet Mirzə Şəfi Vazeh (1794-1852). In 1846 he returned to Germany. His songs by Mirza Schaffy (1851) were a great success; after their first publication (with translations) they had over 160 editions. In a statistical analysis, Ludwig Ammann comes to the conclusion that The Songs of Mirza Schaffy was the most successful and popular orientalist publication of the 19th century. They first appeared as "Hegire" from the turmoil of 1848 in the book A Thousand and One Days in the Orient (1850), in which Bodenstedt describes his travel experiences in Caucasus and Armenia. In the collection of songs from Mirza Schaffy's estate (1874, 17th edition 1891), Bodenstedt explains how his poems were created.
Bodenstedt had initially given the impression that he had translated poems (or “songs”, as he called them) by Vazeh , but later withdrew this statement under public pressure and admitted that he had actually composed the “songs” himself (except for very few verses, which are perhaps adaptations of oriental originals, but which do not necessarily have to come from Vazeh).
Lev Nussimbaum and the German enthusiasm for the Orient
Lew Abramowitsch Nussimbaum (1905–1942), who grew up in Baku, lived partly in Berlin and published under the pseudonyms Essad Bey and Kurban Said the "most widely read Oriental books of the 1920s and 30s" in Germany. Due to the beginning of Nazi rule, he lived in Austria or Italy until the end of his life.
Pop culture on the Rhine & the Caspian Sea
The in Dusseldorf held Euro Vision Song Contest 2011 won the by Ell & Nikki put forward Azeri Post Running Scared . Thus, Baku was chosen as the venue for the following competition in 2012 . On this occasion, the country on the Caucasus was in the focus of the global public and thus the precarious human rights situation in Azerbaijan in Germany was also discussed.
German cultural heritage
Even today, the formerly German settlements are shaped by the origins of their former residents. With the help of donations, old buildings and churches were renovated so that they can be used again. This allows the bilateral cultural relationship in these cities to be presented.
In the 1990s, for example, the chapel house in Baku was restored. Then in 1997 the "German-Azerbaijani Cultural Association Kapellhaus" was formed. Cultural events as well as exhibitions and film evenings take place in these rooms with the financial support of the Goethe-Institut.
German as a foreign language in Azerbaijan
After Russian and English , German is the most important foreign language in Azerbaijan today. It is taught in around 230 schools. A German reading room with around 8000 media has existed at the Foreign Language University in Baku since 1998. In 2009 the language learning center opened, at which the 23,000 German learners find the best opportunity to develop. Since 2015 there has also been an institute for German studies at the Slavic University in Baku, where 300 students study. There are four schools and universities of the partner school initiative that offer an annual exchange for students and teachers. In addition, several foundations promote joint research. The German Academic Exchange Service and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation are leading in this regard .
Town twinning relationships
City partnership relationships are maintained between Ludwigshafen and Sumqayıt and between Baku and Mainz .
2008 year of culture
In 2008, Azerbaijan showed the German population by organizing a year of culture that it offers a wide range of tourist and cultural opportunities. The events were mainly financed by the Azerbaijani Ministry of Culture. Traveling exhibitions and concerts, but also festivals, showed people all over Germany the diversity and beauty of culture under the motto “Land of Fire”.
Berlin City Palace
The Haydar Aliyev Foundation funded the reconstruction of the Berlin City Palace in 2011 with 50,000 euros.
Political Relations
With the preservation of Azerbaijan's sovereignty, extensive diplomatic relations between Germany and Azerbaijan were possible for the first time. Azerbaijan has had an embassy in Berlin since 1992 . Germany also has an embassy in Baku . The state visit by German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel to Baku on December 22, 1995 was the cornerstone of the bilateral relationship. As part of this meeting, Kinkel and Azerbaijan’s Foreign Minister Hasan Hasanow , initially temporarily seals the relationship between the two states on the basis of the existing Soviet-German treaties. For the purpose of further rapprochement with Europe, Foreign Minister Hasanov signed the Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation with the European Union on April 22, 1996. This was another step of Azerbaijan towards independence from Russia.
The foreign policy direction of the third President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev , focused on intensifying the new relationship. During his first state visit to Germany from July 1st to 4th, 1996, he signed extensive contracts with the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl . Among other things, a cooperation for cooperation in the education and technology sectors was agreed. Further state visits deepened cooperation and contributed to Azerbaijan being included in the European Neighborhood Policy in 2004. Another milestone in the direction of Europe was achieved.
The Azerbaijani President Ilham Alijev , son of Heydar Alijev, who had been replaced a year earlier, also visited German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in August 2004 . He assured Aliyev that he would help Azerbaijan to find a peaceful solution to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh . Gerhard Schröder also suggested that the OSCE participate in conflict resolution. In 1993, the chairman of the Caucasian commission of the Bundestag, Willy Wimmer, traveled to Azerbaijan and noticed during his trip to Azerbaijan that Germany was taking its solution principles as the basis of the OSCE. Willy Wimmer emphasized: Anyone who wants to change the borders by force must know that Germany will never support them in this way.
Finding a peaceful solution is still important today. On the one hand, peace in the countries of the European neighborhood policy, including Azerbaijan, is essential for a stable EU. It is feared that parts of the enlarged EU could be drawn into the conflict. Furthermore, stability is essential for a lasting trading relationship . With a view to the oil in the Caspian Sea and the associated import targets for Germany, peace in the region is a prerequisite. Furthermore, Germany has a great interest in avoiding further trouble spots in order to avoid additional refugee flows from Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus region .
In addition to the assurances of peaceful conflict resolution, Schröder and Aliyev also concluded other economic agreements. The double taxation agreement was also among the ratified treaties .
Caviar diplomacy
The European Stability Initiative (ESI) revealed in a report, released in 2012, entitled "How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe" (to German: How Azerbaijan brought the Euro Council to silence) , as since Azerbaijan's entry into the euro Europe every year 30 to 40 MEPs are invited to travel to Azerbaijan and are showered with gifts, including expensive caviar (kilo price 1400 euros), valuable silk carpets, gold, silver and large sums of money. Numerous members of the German Bundestag also had luxury trips to Baku financed and in return acted as lobbyists in asserting the interests of the Azerbaijani government. In addition to the ESI, the anti-corruption organization Transparency International also criticized Azerbaijan's approach, which is referred to as "caviar diplomacy".
Council of Europe Presidency 2014
On May 14, 2014, Azerbaijan took over the presidency of the Council of Europe for six months . Since the Council of Europe is supposed to promote social progress, among other things, the award of this post sparked a debate on the observance of human rights in Azerbaijan. Germany, too, sees it as its duty to point out to Azerbaijan its deficits in respect of human rights. This was done both by the German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier on his state visit to Baku in October 2014 and by Chancellor Angela Merkel at the reception of President Ilham Alijev in Berlin in January 2015.
Visa requirements
German citizens need a visa to enter Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani citizens can also only enter Germany with a visa.
Joint membership in international organizations
Azerbaijan and Germany are members of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Council of Europe , the International Monetary Fund , the NATO Partnership for Peace , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the United Nations and the World Bank .
Under the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), Azerbaijan primarily receives financial and economic support from the European Union . From an economic point of view, Azerbaijan is an important partner of the EU, because the EU countries are the largest buyers of Azerbaijani oil . The parliamentary cooperation committee between the EU and Azerbaijan, which includes high-ranking politicians on both sides, believes that Azerbaijan's accession to the EU is possible.
Bilateral economic relations
In 2011 the bilateral trade volume between Azerbaijan and Germany was 2.3 billion euros. Germany mainly exported machines and motor vehicles with a total volume of 847 million euros. This put Germany in third place among the countries from which Azerbaijan imported. The German import from Azerbaijan, on the other hand, had a volume of around 1.5 billion euros. This makes Azerbaijan one of the few countries with which Germany has a trade deficit . The import to Germany consisted of 99% petroleum. This makes Azerbaijan Germany's sixth largest oil supplier.
In general, Germany is more dependent on Russian gas and oil imports than other EU member states. In total, 98% of the oil and 75% of the natural gas are imported. Oil imports from Azerbaijan are now possible via existing pipelines and diversify the German oil supply. Neither the funding options nor the scope of the delivery quantities have so far been exhausted. The situation with natural gas is more problematic: it is assumed that there will be a shortage of supply. The reason for the prognosis is the dwindling deposits in the North Sea . In addition to the dependence on Russia, there are further dependencies on unstable importing countries outside the EU. Because of this, Germany has been trying for a long time, but especially since the Russian-Ukrainian gas conflict , to increase the diversity of its gas imports. Gas imports from the Caspian Sea , off the coast of Azerbaijan, would guarantee the stability of the supply throughout Europe. The gas currently being extracted is only exported to the markets of the neighboring countries, since the infrastructure for export to the EU is still in the planning or under construction. In the foreseeable future, however, the planned “Southern Corridor” gas route from the gas fields in the Caspian Sea via the Trans-Anatolian TANAP pipeline to the Trans-Adrian TAP pipeline is expected to deliver Azerbaijani gas to Germany.
In addition to the nations of Azerbaijan and Germany, various German companies also benefit from the natural gas and oil. For example, Germany's largest oil and gas producing company Deminex has a stake in the state-owned Azerbaijani oil company SOCAR . Germany’s largest energy company, E.ON, is also doing business in Azerbaijan and is involved in expanding the gas pipelines.
Not only companies in the energy sector, but a total of more than a hundred German companies are now active in Azerbaijan in the agriculture, banking, health and construction sectors. More than 500 German specialists and several German construction companies were also involved in the construction of the Crystal Palace , which opened in 2012 and where the Eurovision Song Contest later took place in Baku.
Traffic routes
Road connections lead u. a. via Ukraine and Russia or via Turkey and Georgia. It should be noted that for all types of travel, the Armenian-Azerbaijani border is closed for political reasons.
There are rail connections from Germany with a change in Moscow . There is a direct connection from the Russian capital via Volgograd , Astrakhan and Makhachkala to Baku (travel time almost 55 hours). From Kiev , Ukraine , you can get to Baku in about 60 hours with a change in Charkov .
There are direct flights between Baku Airport and Berlin or Frankfurt. For transfer connections u. a. Russia and Turkey into consideration.
The port of Bakus is connected to the Baltic Sea and thus to German ports via the Caspian Sea , the Volga , the Volga-Baltic Sea Canal and the Neva .
As part of the European Union, Germany participates in the Europe-Caucasus-Asia transport corridor . It is a traffic and communication project that connects Europe and Central Asia and is intended to revive the west-east routes of the historic Great Silk Road as the “New Silk Road” .
Foreign Chamber of Commerce
As early as 1999, the German-Azerbaijani Trade Association represented companies from both countries on site and advised them on their decisions. The Chamber of Foreign Trade founded on March 14, 2012 by Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle and his Azerbaijani colleague Elmar Mammadyarov in Baku , which emerged from the original German-Azerbaijani Business Association, is an important step towards strengthening economic relations between Germany and Azerbaijan . On November 12, 2012, the Chamber of Foreign Trade was opened in the capital Baku. About 120 German and Azerbaijani companies are members.
Funding programs
- On October 12, 2009, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the Ministry for Economic Development of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed a joint declaration on cooperation in the training of Azerbaijani executives. This manager training program has enabled 258 Azerbaijani managers to successfully train in Germany to date. The program is financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy .
- The EU's twinning program supports countries in the European Neighborhood and potential EU accession candidates in establishing and expanding administrative structures. The aim is for the nations mentioned to be able to establish comparable administrative structures based on the EU model. Germany supports Azerbaijan with eight projects in the EU's twinning program. This makes Germany the most active and successful country in terms of administrative structure funding in Azerbaijan.
- In November 2013 Azerbaijan was granted a preferential loan of 370 million euros by the Reconstruction Loan Corporation . This was earmarked for the expansion of renewable energies, as well as the improvement of the water supply and waste treatment.
- On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development , the German Society for International Cooperation has been supporting Azerbaijan since 1995 in the project to build a market economy and democracy based on the Western model. The main focus here is on advising companies and authorities outside the oil and gas sector in order to ensure prosperity in the country even after the oil supplies are exhausted. The creation of business plans as well as development and market analyzes are among the services offered. In addition to cooperation in the economic sector, the German Society for International Cooperation also provides support in dealing with environmental protection , renewable energies and sustainability.
Academy exchange
The National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan works u. a. with German scientists.
Sports
In the controversial Wembley goal of 1966 in the final between Germany and England, the decisive goal for England was confirmed by the Azerbaijani-Soviet linesman Tofiq Bəhramov (wrongly according to new investigations) and only then recognized by referee Gottfried Dienst .
Berti Vogts coached the Azerbaijani national soccer team from 2008 to 2014 .
See also
Web links
literature
Also, Eva-Maria (Ed.): Small Handbook Azerbaijan: Country Report of a Student Excursion. - Berlin: Humboldt University, 2016. - ISBN 978-3-9814384-2-0
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f "History of the Germans in Azerbaijan" Website of the Azerbaijan Embassy in Berlin. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ a b c "German-Azerbaijani AHK opens in Baku" website "OWC-Verlag für Außenwirtschaft GmbH". Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ Historical overview ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the Azerbaijan Embassy in Berlin. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ Nahida Ahmadova In: The role of Azerbaijan in the Caucasus and Central Asia policy of the European Union. University of Siegen 2006, p. 190.
- ↑ Münkler, Herfried, Wir sind Hegemon Website of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", August 21, 2015, accessed on January 24, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e Speech by Prof. Dr. Rainer Lindner for the Azerbaijan Business Day as part of the Global Business Week document. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Transcript of the press conference during the visit of Aliyev in Berlin website of the federal government. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ↑ a b "Foreign Home, Far Land" website "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Nikolaus von der Nun", Russian website Baku. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ Werner von Siemens: Memoirs at Zeno.org .
- ^ Website of the mining company
- ↑ Wolfgang Gründinger: The energy trap: Review of the petroleum age. CH Beck-Verlag, Munich 2006, p. 144
- ↑ a b c d Auch (ed.): Kleines Handbuch Azerbaijan, 2016.
- ↑ Ludwig Ammann: Eastern mirrors. Views of the Orient in the Age of Its Discovery by the German Reader, 1800–1850. Hildesheim u. a. 1989. p. 17.
- ↑ Diethelm Balke: Orient and oriental literatures . In: Werner Kohlschmidt, Wolfgang Mohr (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeschichte . Vol. 2, Berlin 1965, pp. 816–869, here: p. 845.
- ↑ PD Dr. Michael Reinhard Heß: Interview with PD Dr. Michael Reinhard Hess. In: Alumniportal Azerbaijan. Retrieved on October 20, 2019 (de.).
- ↑ "Bilateral Cultural Relations" ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the German Embassy in Baku. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ↑ a b "Relations with Germany" website of the Foreign Office. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ "Founding of the first institute for German studies at the Slavic University in Azerbaijan" ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the German Embassy in Baku. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ↑ "Year of Azerbaijan in Germany 2008" ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website commissioned by Azerbaijan on the Year of Culture. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ↑ "Caucasian Fire Circle" website "Tagesspiegel". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ Heydar Aliyev Foundation
- ↑ a b c d "Bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Germany" ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the Azerbaijan Embassy in Berlin. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ↑ "Homepage of the German Embassy in Baku" ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the German Embassy in Baku January 26, 2016.
- ^ "Federal Law Gazette 1996 Part II, page 2471" Law Archive of the University of Saarland. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Agreement between the European Communities and Azerbaijan, ... website of the European Commission. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ↑ "Visit of the Federal Foreign Minister in the South Caucasus" ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the Presidency of Germany in the European Union 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Nagorno-Karabakh: The special role of Germany. Retrieved May 14, 2017 .
- ^ Willy Wimmer on the reawakened proxy war between Armenia and Azerbaijan . In: RT German . ( rt.com [accessed May 14, 2017]).
- ↑ Rizvan Nabiyev In: Oil and gas policy in the Caspian region. Publishing house Dr. Köster 2003, p. 383f.
- ↑ Azerbaijan: The Caviar Diplomacy . The daily mirror . October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2013
- ↑ Lobbying in the Bundestag: Money from Azerbaijan for German MP Michael Fuchs . The daily mirror . June 2, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ↑ Caviar Diplomacy - How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe (PDF; 841 kB). European stability initiative . May 24, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ↑ LOBBYISM - Dictator's Dream . The mirror . January 2, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2013
- ^ Europe's caviar diplomacy with Azerbaijan must end . EUobserver . November 26, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ^ "Chair of the Committee of Ministers - Azerbaijan" website "Council of Europe". Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Visit to Azerbaijan: Steinmeier's sensitive human rights mission" website "Spiegel Online". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ↑ "Merkel urges Aliyev to respect human rights on the " Deutsche Welle "website. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Message: Visa requirements
- ↑ VIS introduction ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e "Business Guide Azerbaijan 2013" ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ↑ Rizvan Nabiyev In: Oil and gas policy in the Caspian region. Publishing house Dr. Köster 2003, p. 79f.
- ↑ Rizvan Nabiyev In: Oil and gas policy in the Caspian region. Publishing house Dr. Köster 2003, p. 61f.
- ↑ Rizvan Nabiyev In: Oil and gas policy in the Caspian region. Publishing house Dr. Köster 2003, p. 100f.
- ↑ "The South Corridor: The Decision" ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "Energlobe" website. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Economic development of Azerbaijan 2014/15" website "Germany Trade & Invest". Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Rizvan Nabiyev In: Oil and gas policy in the Caspian region. Publishing house Dr. Köster 2003, p. 127.
- ↑ http://www.bahn.de/
- ↑ http://info.flightmapper.net/airport/GYD
- ^ "Azerbaijan: Interesting entry opportunities" website "Chamber of Commerce and Industry". Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ "Partner Country Azerbaijan" website "Manager Program". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Twinning for the administrative structure" website "Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ↑ "Azerbaijan and Germany: Partnership with a View into the Future" website of the Azerbaijan Embassy in Berlin. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Azerbaijan" website of the German Society for International Cooperation. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ↑ "Economic Cooperation" ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the German Embassy in Baku. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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