German-Cambodian relations

German-Cambodian relations

Germany	Cambodia

Diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Cambodia were established on October 3, 1993; before 1990 the GDR had already maintained diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of Kampuchea . The German-Cambodian relations extend to the areas of politics , economy , development aid and culture . In addition to government initiatives , political foundations and private companies, the cooperation is also promoted and maintained by several non-governmental organizations .

The German embassy is located in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh . Cambodia has an embassy in Berlin .

Political Relations

development

1956-1969

The Kingdom of Cambodia was recognized as a state by the Federal Republic of Germany in November 1956. Initially, however, diplomatic relations were not established because Cambodia pursued a policy of strict neutrality towards divided states, such as the Federal Republic and the GDR at the time . In 1960 and 1962 only agreements on economic cooperation were made. In the spring of 1962 the government in Phnom Penh allowed the GDR to set up a consulate general . In 1964 the General Consulate of the Federal Republic was converted into a representation, whereupon the GDR was also allowed to upgrade its diplomatic status. From July 1967 the GDR also had an agency. After Chancellor Kiesinger recognized the inviolability of Cambodia's borders on September 29, 1967, the Federal Republic was able to convert its representation into an embassy on November 15, 1967, which marked the official start of diplomatic relations. On May 8, 1969, the GDR was recognized by Cambodia under international law and the establishment of diplomatic relations announced.

Since this was directed against the interests of the Federal Republic of avoiding diplomatic recognition of the GDR, the Federal Government decided on June 4, 1969 to recall the German ambassador in Phnom Penh, Hans-Joachim Eick , to cease the activities of the German embassy and to stop the economic and to limit technical assistance to the processing of already concluded contracts; new agreements should no longer be made. Cambodia then broke off diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic on June 11, 1969.

1969-1975

After the break of diplomatic relations, France took over the protective power representation for Germany. Three German diplomats were still active in the French embassy until March 15, 1975. After the Khmer Rouge came to power , the French embassy was evacuated on April 17, 1975 and diplomatic contacts with Cambodia were completely broken off.

The GDR remained Cambodia's diplomatic partner from 1969 to 1975 and from 1979 until the reunification.

1975-1991

During the rule of the Khmer Rouge (1975–1978) under Pol Pot and the occupation of Cambodia by Vietnam , there was no diplomatic relationship between the Federal Republic of Germany and Cambodia until the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1991 . From mid-1976 to May 14, 1977, there was an embassy of the Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) in the GDR.

1991-1993

Germany's interests were represented from July 19, 1991 to February 13, 1992 within the framework of the protective power representation of Hungary . From February 14, 1992, Germany had its own representation at the Supreme National Council (ONR) in Phnom Penh.

1993 – today

After the first democratic elections and the formation of a freely elected Cambodian government, full diplomatic relations were resumed on October 3, 1993 and the German representation at the ONR was converted into a diplomatic representation.

Medical service under UN mandate

Under UN mandate, a group of German medical officers and NCOs of the Bundeswehr took part in the UNAMIC advance mission in 1991/92 , with the task of providing medical care to UN personnel. In the subsequent, actual UNTAC mission, the contract was extended to the operation of a 60-bed hospital in Phnom Penh, where not only UN employees but also the Cambodian population were treated. The Cambodians named the hospital "House of Angels". The mission ended in 1993 according to plan, 95,000 outpatient and around 3,500 inpatient treatments were carried out.

Khmer Rouge Tribunal

Due to the Nazi past , reconciliation and justice are of great importance in the Federal Republic of Germany. That is why Germany has co-financed the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC or Khmer Rouge Tribunal) and the Victims Support Section (VSS) since 2005 with a total of around 17 million euros. In addition, German experts and judges are regularly sent to the tribunal.

Mine and ordnance clearance

Cambodia is one of the most severely mine and dud hit countries in the world. Around 300 people are killed or injured each year.

The Federal Government of Germany has been supporting humanitarian mine clearance in Cambodia since 1998, which is carried out by the international non-governmental organization Apopo . The Federal Foreign Office bears the costs for this at around 1 million euros per year. Mine clearance is intended to ensure that urgently needed land can be repopulated or released for tourism. The approximately 658 square kilometers affected areas are to be cleared by 2019. 4614 landmines have already been defused and 13 million m² of safe land has been returned to the population.

Economic relations

The economic relations between Germany and Cambodia in terms of import and export in 2013 and 2014, tourism , as well as initiatives to promote economic relations between the two countries and to strengthen the economy in Cambodia.

Trade relations

import

In 2013, Germany imported goods worth 836 million euros from Cambodia and thus ranked fifth, after the USA , the People's Republic of China , Singapore and the United Kingdom , as one of the largest sales markets for Cambodian goods. In the following year, 2014, imports rose by 119.8 million euros, which corresponds to 14.3%, to 955.9 million euros. Most of the imported goods consisted of textiles for clothing and shoes from Adidas , Deichmann , Puma , C&A , Aldi , Tchibo and LIDL .

export

In 2014, Germany increased its exports to Cambodia by 28.9% compared to the previous year. Goods with a total value of 72.89 million euros were exported, making Cambodia 76th place among Germany's trading partners. In addition to textiles, Cambodia also exported intermediate products in the electronics and automotive sectors, 11.9% of which were delivered to Germany.

tourism

The number of German immigrants made up only a very small proportion, around 2%, of all foreign immigrants to Cambodia in 2014. In 2014, 84,143 Germans came to Cambodia, in 2013 there were 81,651 Germans.

Promotion of German-Cambodian economic relations

German-Cambodian economic relations are mainly promoted by the German Business Working Group (ADW) and the EuroCham, which was founded by the ADW, among others. Also worth mentioning are the Bangkok Chamber of Commerce Abroad , the East Asian Association in Hamburg and agreements between Germany and Cambodia.

German Business Working Group (ADW)

The German Business Working Group (ADW) was founded in 2001 to create a platform for German business people interested in the Cambodian market. The goals are to create networks to facilitate the exchange of information and know-how, to make it easier for German and Austrian business prospects to enter the Cambodian market, as well as support for foreign delegations. Overall, the business conditions on the Cambodian market are to be improved so that economic relations between Germany and Cambodia can continue to grow.

European Chamber of Commerce in Cambodia (EuroCham)

In June 2011 the European Chamber of Commerce in Cambodia (EuroCham) was opened by the French Chambre de Commerce Franco-Cambodgienne (CCFC), the British British Business Association in Cambodia (BBAC) and the German Working Group on German Business. The aim was to promote economic relations with Cambodia not only nationally but also internationally and to improve the conditions on the Cambodian market for all European members. The EuroCham promotes the representation of European business interests in Cambodia, the simplification of access to the Cambodian market, as well as the formation of networks inside and outside the EuroCham in order to enable a better exchange of information. Together with the Cambodian government, EuroCham is working on conciliation procedures and the formation of sector-specific committees.

Foreign Chamber of Commerce Bangkok and East Asian Association in Hamburg

In addition to the German Business Working Group and EuroCham, the Bangkok Chamber of Commerce Abroad and the East Asian Association in Hamburg are also working on improving economic relations between Germany and Cambodia. The country committee for Cambodia of the East Asian Association meets once a year in this regard.

Agreement between Germany and Cambodia

The bilateral investment promotion and protection agreement, which was concluded between Germany and Cambodia in 2002, applies to protection against expropriation without compensation and protection against the free transfer of foreign currency .

Promotion of the Cambodian economy

The German government has several projects to further support the Cambodian economy, including a better integration of Cambodia in ASEAN . On behalf of the German government, the KfW Banking Group supports small and medium-sized enterprises through local banks. For this purpose, a total of US $ 241 million was invested in local financial institutions from 2009 to 2014 to increase loans to small and medium-sized companies in Cambodia and to provide better access to trustworthy and affordable loans. Thus, these companies can invest and business can grow. KfW also provides technical assistance, promotes responsible principles in dealing with finances , the transfer of knowledge and supports the ACLEDA Training Center, which offers vocational training in the banking sector in Cambodia.

Development cooperation

Cambodia has been a partner country for German development cooperation since 1993 and has since been funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) with a total of 358.77 million euros. A budget of 47 million was approved for 2013/14 alone. For Cambodia, Germany is the fourth most important bilateral donor.

The focus of the cooperation is on rural development and the establishment of the health system, with the cross-cutting issue of “good governance” (promotion of democracy, civil society and public administration) being implemented in all projects. The focus is on the implementation and protection of human rights.

The German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) and the Reconstruction Loan Corporation (KfW) are primarily responsible for implementing and reviewing the projects , but many NGOs are also involved.

Rural development

Land rights program

Under the tyranny of the Khmer Rouge (1975–1979) all land registry data was destroyed. Cambodians have only had the right to land again since 1992. Agriculture is the only source of income for the majority of the population. 80% live in the country and are dependent on self-sufficiency, so land titles are essential. Germany supports the partner government by advising and implementing land planning and fair land titles, in particular to landless people, poor people, women and indigenous groups. By the end of 2014, 3.5 million land titles had been created. With additional training on efficient and sustainable agriculture, the farmers' yield rose to 220%. Since 2008, the poverty rate in rural districts has fallen from 31 percent to 22 percent of all rural households.

Infrastructure

Through the construction of 2,100 km of road network, 72 bridges, 10 regional markets, 48 ​​schools, household transport and travel costs could be reduced and higher incomes could be achieved. Schools and hospitals can now be reached regardless of season or weather. With the help of 700 km of power lines and new transformer stations, 25,000 households were given access to a stable, efficient and affordable power supply. According to KfW, a resulting increase in the regional economy and strengthening of rural development could be recorded.

Healthcare

German aid focuses on poor and vulnerable groups. The partner health ministry is being supported in setting up a public health insurance scheme in which the poor are insured without a contribution, because they cannot afford a private one. The voucher system introduced in 2009 grants mothers, the elderly and the disabled free treatment as well as transport and food. Training for doctors and midwives, advisory family planning, the provision of basic medication and education of people about their rights are also supported. The main objective of these measures is to ensure high-quality emergency mother and child care as well as prevention in the event of illness.

Women's rights

In cooperation with the Cambodian Ministry of Women, the BMZ supports access to rights for women. In cases of gender-based violence, women should be able to take advantage of specially trained female judicial officers, which ranges from free legal advice to women's shelters to psychosocial services. Legal assistance has increased the number of reports and proceedings against the perpetrators, and all cases are registered in databases to ensure better coordination of the support services.

Good governance

Good governance , in English “good governance”, is a guideline for German development cooperation and includes the promotion of democracy , civil society and public administration . Political advice aims to convey the importance of accountability and thus transparent decisions. The reforms that were accompanied and implemented on a pilot basis, mainly in the legal and public administration areas, contribute to the desired decentralization closeto the people. Many of the projects therefore start directly in the communities themselves and encourage people to take initiative.

Cultural relations

Preservation of the cultural heritage of Cambodia

Angkor Wat temple complex and Angkor Park

In order to preserve the Angkor Wat temple complex and the surrounding temples in Angkor Park, the German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) was founded in 1995 under the direction of the Institute for Restoration and Conservation Sciences at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences. The project is responsible for the restoration of the Apsara relief at the Angkor Wat temple and, since 2007, as part of the GARUDA project, also for the implementation of emergency safety programs to preserve the natural stone relief at other temples in the Angkor Park. This project is supported by funding from the Federal Foreign Office's cultural preservation program with a total amount of 3.4 million euros so far, as well as financial resources collected by the Friends of the Angkor Conservation Team (FAKT eV).

Excavations in the Prohear burial ground

Since 2008, the Commission for Archeology of Non-European Cultures of the German Archeology Institute (DAI) has been working with the Memot Center and the Cambodian Ministry of Culture on excavations of late bronze - Iron Age grave fields in the village of Prohear in the Prey Veng province. In November 2010 an exhibition of the work on the burial grounds of Prohear was opened in the National Museum in Phnom Penh. It is the first permanent exhibition of a project from the collaboration of a Cambodian and a foreign team. This was funded by the German embassy in Phnom Penh and the cultural preservation program of the Federal Foreign Office.

Promotion of the education system

German Cambodian Conservation School

The German Cambodian Conservation School was founded in 2013 in cooperation with the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), the German-Aspara-Conservation-Project and the Roman-Germanic Central Museum in Mainz and leads courses on the restoration and conservation of archaeological objects for residents from Southeast Asia.

Stone Conservation Unit

Since 2007, the German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) has been working together with the APSARA (Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap) to set up a department for the conservation of stone monuments, the Stone Conservation Unit. The training program for Cambodian stone restorers lasts two years and aims to train Cambodian specialists to move away from international and towards domestic conservator teams. This promotes the strengthening of local skills, ensures a regular income for the workers and reduces dependence on international projects. So far, the Stone Conservation Unit has successfully worked on eight projects on behalf of international and eleven projects on behalf of domestic partner organizations.

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) promotes the Cambodian higher education sector, among other things by sending a long-term lecturer to the Royal University of Phnom Penh and awarding several short-term and long-term scholarships to Cambodian students. The Royal University of Phnom Penh has had a media and communication studies course since 2002, which was introduced in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation . In 2014 the DAAD made it possible for 36 scholarship holders to stay in Cambodia and 37 Cambodian scholarship holders to stay in Germany.

Science Film Festival

At the Science Film Festival, films are shown in cooperation with local partners to promote scientific education and to raise awareness of scientific, technical and ecological topics. With 580,000 visitors in a total of 13 countries in 2014, it is one of the largest festivals of its kind and offers a platform for intercultural exchange. This is funded by the Goethe-Institut Thailand.

Promotion of cultural understanding and the German language

Cambodian-German cultural society

On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the takeover of power by the Khmer Rouge in April 2015, the Cambodian-German Cultural Society (KDKG e.V.) organized a play together with Youth For Peace and Khmer Art Action to deal with the Cambodian past and to resolve conflicts.

Meta House

The Meta House is a German-Cambodian cultural center in Phnom Penh, which was founded in 2007 by the German filmmaker Nico Mesterharm and his Cambodian team together with the Free University of Berlin . The Meta House supports Cambodian artists in the implementation of liberal ideas in works of art, documentary film productions and photo exhibitions, thereby promoting critical thinking and reflecting on socio-political problems. For events as part of a German cultural program, the Meta House is supported by the German embassy and the Goethe Institute.

Art Plus Foundation

The Art Plus Foundation, which was founded in 2007, is a foundation to promote Western classical art . There is a classical concert every month and an international music festival once a year. This is also funded by the German embassy and the Goethe Institute .

Promotion of the German language

In Cambodia, the German language is promoted by the Phnom Penh cultural society, which offers German language courses. In 2014, 718 Cambodians took part in German courses organized by the cultural society, which is an increase of 46 percent compared to 2011. The German center in Meta House has been offering German courses since 2009, funded by the Goethe Institute.

See also

• List of German ambassadors in Cambodia

literature

• Joachim Samuel Eichorn: Through all the cliffs to success - government practice of the first grand coalition (1966–1969). R.Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58944-3 .
• Rainer A. Blasius, Mechthild Lindemann, Matthias Peter, On behalf of the Foreign Office by Hans-Peter Schwarz (Ed.): Files on the Foreign Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany 1968. Volume IR Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56411- 0 .
• Georg Maria Meyer, Sabine Collmer: Ready for UN operation ?: Bundeswehr soldiers and their new assignment. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 1997, ISBN 978-3-8244-4261-4 .
• Peter Hazdra, on behalf of the Military History Research Office by Bernhard Chiari and Magnus Pahl (eds.): Guide to history - foreign deployments of the Bundeswehr. Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co. KG, Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-76914-5 .

Web links

Commons : German-Cambodian Relations  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Relations between Germany and Cambodia  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
• GIZ projects in Cambodia

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Joachim Samuel Eichorn: Through all the cliffs to success - government practice of the first grand coalition (1966–1969) . R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58944-3 , p. 272 ff . (4th Cambodia Controversy).
2. ^ Rainer A. Blasius, Mechthild Lindemann, Matthias Peter: Files for the Foreign Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany 1968 . Ed .: On behalf of the Foreign Office by Hans-Peter Schwarz. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56411-0 , p. 916 .
3. ^ Cabinet minutes of the federal government. In: www.bundesarchiv.de. Federal Archives, June 4, 1969, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Brief history of the German embassy in Phnom Penh. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ^ Relations with Germany. Federal Foreign Office, March 2018, accessed January 26, 2016 . 
6. ↑ Georg-Maria Meyer, Sabine Collmer: Ready for UN operation ?: Bundeswehr soldiers and their new assignment . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 978-3-8244-4261-4 , p. 56 .
7. ↑ Peter Hazdra: Guide to History - Foreign missions of the Bundeswehr . Ed .: On behalf of the Military History Research Office by Bernhard Chiari and Magnus Pahl. Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co. KG, Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-76914-5 , Chapter: Humanitarian Contribution to Peacekeeping: The UN Mission in Cambodia, p. 42-43 .
8. ↑ ^{a b} Supporting Good Governance and Democracy. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ ^{a b} domestic policy. Federal Foreign Office, September 2015, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
10. ↑ ^{a b} Focus: Rural Development - Developing Economic Potential and Promoting Inclusive and Sustainable Growth. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
11. ↑ Mine and ordnance clearance in Cambodia. Federal Foreign Office, March 25, 2013, accessed January 26, 2016 . 
12. ↑ APOPO Cambodia. (No longer available online.) APOPO, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ↑ Rainer Rohdewohld: Asia-Pacific Economic Handbook 2014–2015. (PDF) (No longer available online.) OAV, archived from the original on January 25, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Relations between Cambodia and Germany. Federal Foreign Office, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
15. ^ German-Cambodian economic relations. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 25, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
16. ↑ Economy. Federal Foreign Office, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
17. ↑ ^{a b} Super User: Business Info Cambodia. (No longer available online.) German Business Working Group, archived from the original on January 31, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
18. ↑ Overview - EuroCham Cambodia. EuroCham, accessed January 28, 2016 . 
19. ↑ ^{a b c} German-Cambodian economic relations. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 25, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
20. ↑ KfW Development Banks . (PDF) Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
21. ^ Relations between Cambodia and Germany. Federal Foreign Office, September 2015, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
22. ↑ German development cooperation . (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, September 2015, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
23. ^ Relations between Cambodia and Germany. Federal Foreign Office, September 2015, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
24. ^ Cambodia - Situation and Cooperation. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
25. ↑ Contribution to securing land rights. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
26. ^ Regional economic development "Green Belt" Siem Reap Province. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
27. ↑ Ways out of poverty and subsistence farming. Reconstruction Loan Corporation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
28. ↑ Social security in the event of illness. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
29. ↑ Focus: Social security in case of illness - better health for people. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
30. ↑ Access to Rights for Women II. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
31. ↑ Decentralization and administrative reform. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 26, 2016 . 
32. ↑ The project. German Apsara Conservation Project, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
33. ^ Bilateral cultural relations. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
34. ↑ GARUDA. German Apsara Conservation Project, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
35. ↑ ^{a b} World Heritage Site and Stone Conservation. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
36. ↑ FACT. German Apsara Conservation Project, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
37. ^ German Archaeological Institute. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
38. ^ Opening of the exhibition in the National Museum. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
39. ↑ Job offers. German Archaeological Institute, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
40. ↑ Conservation of stone monuments in Angkor. German Society for International Cooperation, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
41. ↑ Horng Pengly: Germany's cooperation with Cambodia: a multifaceted commitment. Phnom Penh Post, accessed January 28, 2016 . 
42. ↑ Cambodia. German Academic Exchange Service, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
43. ^ Science Film Festival - Das Festival - Goethe-Institut. Goethe Institute, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
44. ↑ KDKG KHM. (No longer available online.) Institute for Foreign Relations, archived from the original on January 28, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
45. ↑ META HOUSE PHNOM PENH: German Cambodian Cultural Center. Meta House, accessed January 28, 2016 . 
46. ↑ Cambodia. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
47. ^ Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) - META HOUSE German Cambodian Cultural Center. Asia-Europe Foundation, accessed January 28, 2016 . 
48. ↑ ArtPlus Foundation. Kumnooh. Retrieved January 28, 2016 (American English). 
49. ↑ German as a foreign language worldwide data collection 2015. (PDF) Federal Foreign Office, accessed on January 28, 2016 . 
50. ↑ Learning German in Cambodia. (No longer available online.) German Embassy Phnom Penh, archived from the original on January 26, 2016 ; accessed on January 28, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.