German-Mongolian relations
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| Germany | Mongolia |
Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Mongolia go back primarily to the German Democratic Republic and the Mongolian People's Republic . Thanks to the issuing of many scholarships and large economic aid during the Cold War , German culture is still firmly anchored in Mongolia today . Around 30,000 Mongolians still speak the German language. With a bilateral trade volume of 126 million euros after Great Britain, Germany is also the most important trading partner in the European Union .
history
The first encounter between the German peoples and the Mongols took place in 1241 at the Battle of Liegnitz . Despite a victory for the Mongols, the troops of the Mongol prince Baidar Khan withdrew towards Hungary.
First contacts (1776–1930)
The next meeting took place in 1776, when Peter Simon Pallas published his work "Collection of historical news about the Mongolian peoples". In the following decades more works on Mongolia and its culture were published by various writers.
In 1921, the first German-Mongolian trading company was founded in what was then Urga (now Ulaanbaatar ). In the course of this, German businessmen set up the first trading branches in Mongolia. A little later, diplomats also turned to Mongolia. In the following years mainly German machines were exported to Mongolia.
In 1924 and 1926, the Mongolian minister of education, Erdenij Batukhan, got involved in the Weimar Republic for German studies by Mongolian students.
In the same year, German-Mongolian relations tightened due to allegations of espionage against German merchants. This is mainly due to the spreading Stalinism in Mongolia , which saw Germans as a negative capitalist influence. By 1930 all German merchants had withdrawn from Mongolia.
Relations between the GDR and Mongolia (1950–1990)
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politics
Until 1950 there were no diplomatic relations between the German states and Mongolia. On April 13, 1950, these were resumed by the GDR as part of the Eastern Bloc due to the same orientation of political ideology. The close ties between the two countries are expressed primarily through economic aid and scholarships for Mongolian students in Germany. During the GDR's existence, both sides made numerous state visits to strengthen the relationship between the two states. The GDR thus became Mongolia's most important partner in Europe.
The following is a list of the most important state visits between the GDR and Mongolia:
| date | Surname | Office | Place of visit | reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Otto Grotewohl | GDR Prime Minister | Mongolia | Establishing trade relations |
| 1957 | Jumshagijn Zedenbal | First secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | GDR | Conclusion of the friendship contract |
| 1960 | Heinrich Rau | Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Commerce | Mongolia | |
| 1968 | Willi Stoph | GDR Prime Minister | Mongolia | Conclusion of the extended friendship and cooperation agreement |
| 1969 | Jumshagijn Zedenbal | First secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | GDR | Guest on the 20th anniversary of the GDR |
| 1973 | Erich Honecker | General Secretary of the SED | Mongolia | Extension of the friendship and cooperation agreement |
| 1977 | Jumshagijn Zedenbal | First secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | GDR | Signing of a new friendship and cooperation agreement |
Business, education and science
During the visit of the GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl in 1955, trade relations were established between the two states. These were based primarily on development aid from the German Democratic Republic . In the course of this, many different factories were built between 1960 and 1984, including a match factory, a carpet factory and a meat combine. The GDR and Mongolia also agreed to cooperate in the field of mining. In addition, a committee for economic and scientific-technical cooperation was established in November 1968 and in September 1973 a mutual recognition of school and university degrees was agreed.
Relations between the FRG and Mongolia (1974-2000)
Before reunification (1949–1990)
The Federal Republic of Germany first made contact with Mongolia on January 31, 1974 and tried to establish diplomatic relations. In 1989, around 300 exhibits from Mongolian museums on the "art and culture of the Mongolian horsemen" were exhibited in Munich .
After reunification (1990-2000)
politics
Since the reunification of the reunification of the Federal Republic of Germany , a large number of visits by various high-ranking German and Mongolian politicians and delegations have taken place in order to strengthen diplomatic relations between Germany and Mongolia .
The following is a list of the most important state visits from 1990 to 2000:
economy
On August 22, 1994, the Federal Republic of Germany and Mongolia passed a double taxation agreement in order to avoid double taxation of German and Mongolian nationals.
A year later, in October 1995, the two countries signed a financial cooperation agreement.
A delegation from the Committee for Economic Cooperation and Development of the German Bundestag traveled to Mongolia in March 1998.
culture and education
In the period from May to June 1995, the mixed German-Mongolian Culture Commission met in Ulan Bator under the direction of Peter Truhart .
On September 16, 1997, an agreement on cultural exchange and cooperation was signed between Germany and Mongolia .
Relations between the FRG and Mongolia (from 2000)
The highlights of the diplomatic relations between Germany and Mongolia are the visit of the German President Roman Herzog to Mongolia in 1998 and the Mongolian President Natsagiin Bagabandi in Hanover in 2000 on the occasion of the Expo 2000 .
In 2001 the first conference of the Mongolian-German Forum took place in the Mongolian Foreign Ministry in Ulan Bator , which functions as an interdisciplinary discussion forum for a free exchange of ideas. This should create new opportunities for the future of cooperation between the two countries.
In 2007 the two countries signed an agreement on financial cooperation, which consisted primarily of financial resources and was intended to strengthen Mongolia's economic and financial sector.
The then German Federal President , Horst Köhler , visited Mongolia in 2008 and signed a "Joint Declaration on the Comprehensive Partnership Relationship between Germany and Mongolia". The declaration underpins the efforts of both states to improve political, economic and cultural relations.
In 2011, Angela Merkel was the first German Chancellor to travel to Mongolia, where she signed an “Agreement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of Mongolia on Cooperation in Raw Materials, Industry and Technology”.
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of German-Mongolian relations, the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs Frank-Walter Steinmeier visited Mongolia in July 2014 to strengthen relations between the two countries.
In 2015 Mongolia was the official partner country for the International Tourism Exchange Berlin . On this occasion, the Mongolian President Tsakhia Elbegdorj traveled to Germany and met with Angela Merkel , among others , to discuss the current state of relations. In October 2015, Federal President Joachim Gauck visited Mongolia.
Diplomatic missions
Representations of the Federal Republic of Germany in Mongolia
- German Embassy Ulan Bator (Baga Toiruu-2, Negdsen Undestnii Gudamj 16, Ulan Bator 14201)
Representations of Mongolia in the Federal Republic of Germany
- Mongolian Embassy Berlin (Hausvogteiplatz 14, D-13156 Berlin )
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Consul General of Mongolia:
- Eschersheimer Landstrasse 60-62, D-60322 Frankfurt am Main
- Elbchaussee 54, D-22765 Hamburg
- Naunhofer Strasse 46, D-04299 Leipzig
- Reitmorstrasse 15, D-80538 Munich
See also
- List of German ambassadors in Mongolia
- List of the German ambassadors of the GDR in Mongolia
- Foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
literature
- Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations , published by the German Overseas Institute Overseas Documentation Hamburg in cooperation with the East Asian Association Hamburg, 1st edition, May 2000, Hamburg, ISBN 9783922852834
Web links
- German Embassy Ulan Bator
- Mongolian Embassy Berlin German / Mongolian
- Foreign Office - Mongolia
- German-Mongolian Society eV
Individual evidence
- ^ Daniel Friedrich Sturm: Why the Mongols love Germany , Die Welt, March 3, 2015, accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ Federal Foreign Office: Relations between Mongolia and Germany , as of August 2015, accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations (Hamburg 2000, p. 40, see literature)
- ↑ Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations (Hamburg 2000, pp. 40–41, see literature)
- ↑ Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations (Hamburg 2000, p. 41 f., See literature)
- ↑ Prause, Gerbard, Empire of the Horsemen. The high culture of an old people , Die Zeit of October 13, 1989, accessed on January 27, 2016.
- ↑ Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations (Hamburg 2000, pp. 43–45, see literature)
- ↑ The Mongolian Foreign Minister Tserenpil Gombosuren was accompanied by the President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Mongolia Sed-Ochir Bayarbaatar (Bettina Ehlers: Compendium of German-Mongolian Relations, Hamburg 2000, see p. 43, see literature)
- ↑ International Tax Law - Double Taxation Convention Mongolia , accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ Announcement of the German-Mongolian Agreement on Financial Cooperation of December 8, 1995 ( Federal Law Gazette II p. 1003 )
- ↑ Federal Gazette: Announcement of the German-Mongolian Agreement on Cultural Cooperation of July 29, 1998 ( Memento of the original of January 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Renate Bormann: 30 years of diplomatic relations Germany - Mongolia , Ulan Bator, accessed on January 27, 2016
- ^ Doris Götting: First Conference of the Mongolian-German Forum , Ulan Bator, 4./5. September 2001, accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Announcement of the German-Mongolian Agreement on Financial Cooperation of January 21, 2008 ( Federal Law Gazette II p. 134 )
- ↑ Rachel Gessat: Germany and Mongolia Expand Relationship , October 13, 2011, accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Rachel Gessat: Germany and Mongolia Expand Relationship , October 13, 2011, accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Rachel Gessat: Germany and Mongolia Expand Relationship , October 13, 2011, accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy: Agreement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of Mongolia on Cooperation in Raw Materials, Industry and Technology , October 13, 2011, accessed on January 12, 2018
- ↑ Federal Foreign Office: Relations between Mongolia and Germany , as of August 2015, accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ ITB Berlin: Mongolia: Official Partner Country ITB Berlin 2015 ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , September 30, 2014, accessed January 27, 2016
- ↑ Federal Government: Linked by a long friendship: Mongolian President visits Berlin , March 3, 2015, accessed on January 27, 2016
- ↑ State visits to South Korea and Mongolia , information from the Office of the Federal President of October 16, 2015, accessed on March 10, 2016.
- ↑ German Embassy Ulan Bator ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 27, 2016
- ^ Federal Foreign Office - Mongolian missions , accessed on January 27, 2016
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