German-Portuguese relations
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The German-Portuguese relations describe the intergovernmental relationship between Germany and Portugal . Both countries are members u. a. the Council of Europe , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the OECD , NATO , the European Space Agency , the European Union , the Eurozone and the Schengen Area .
The bilateral relations are shaped by the economic relations, the cultural exchange and the emigrant communities in the other country.
In mid-2013 there were around 25,000 German citizens living in Portugal, particularly in the Algarve . In 2015 there were 133,929 Portuguese citizens living in Germany who are generally considered to be inconspicuous and well integrated. The largest group with around 9,000 Portuguese lives in the Hanseatic city of Hamburg, which in Germany has the oldest and most diverse connections to Portugal. a. in the municipal medal of honor Portugaleser , the statue of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama inaugurated on the Kornhausbrücke in 1903 or the former Portuguese training ship Rickmer Rickmers , which has been a museum ship in the port of Hamburg since 1983 . The German professor Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos was educated in both Hamburg and Freiburg i. Br. Was awarded the honorary doctorate. Numerous streets in Germany are named after her. In Porto, a school and the associated subway station bears her name. In October 2003, the Amália-Rodrigues-Weg was inaugurated here, named after the Portuguese singer Amália Rodrigues . Other Portuguese communities in Germany have also developed some presence since the 1960s, for example through gastronomic activities or religious festivals with mostly folk influences, such as the Fátima procession in Werl , Westphalia , which has been taking place around May 13th since the 1970s.
Some buildings by Portuguese architects are in Germany. Particular mention should be made of Emanuel Herigoyen , who left his mark in Aschaffenburg , Regensburg and Munich at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries , and Siza Vieira , who designed a number of buildings in Germany, including the “Bonjour Tristesse” residential building at the Schlesisches Tor in Berlin or the Vitra factory in Weil am Rhein .
The German architect Andreas Mörschel realized numerous objects in Portugal, including the João Rocha sports hall, the new clinic in Braga and other public buildings.
After the Portuguese titular Queen Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern the eponymous castle's Queen Augusta Victoria Park in Umkirch at Freiburg named.
The city of Düsseldorf presented in its history with Marie Sophie von der Pfalz (* August 6, 1666 at Benrath Castle in Düsseldorf; † August 4, 1699 in Lisbon) and Stephanie von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (* July 15, 1837 in Krauchenwies; † 17 July 1859 in Lisbon) two Portuguese queens.
With the American film Willkommen, Mister B. , shot in Portugal , the melody Beddy Bye, composed by the German Bert Kaempfert , became a global hit as Strangers in the Night in 1966.
In the German language, there are some loan words from Portuguese , such as albatross , jam , baroque or palavern . In the opposite direction, there are also linguistic traces of German origin in Portugal , such as the words kindergarten, fear or tanks.
history
To 1900
In the course of the fall of the Roman Empire in the early 5th century AD, Germanic tribes conquered the Iberian Peninsula , including the Vandals . So the Suebi established an empire in what is now Portuguese territory.
Heinrich from Bonn is the most famous figure among the crusaders from the Rhineland (participants in the Second Crusade ) who supported Afonso Henriques in the fight against the Arabs. He played a crucial role in the siege of Lisbon in 1147 and was declared a martyr. He is the only German character to have entered Die Lusiaden by Luís de Camões and therefore serves as a popular starting point in bilateral diplomatic oratorio.
With Eleonore Helena of Portugal in 1452 a Portuguese princess became the wife of the German emperor Friedrich III .
When the Jews were also expelled from Portugal in the 16th century , some of the merchants went to Hamburg among them (see also History of the Jews in Hamburg ). In 1652 about 1250 Portuguese lived here, who continued to devote themselves mainly to trade and were buried in the Portuguese cemetery opened in 1611 . The city owes its economic and cultural boom in the 17th and 18th centuries to a large extent to Portuguese merchant families such as the Teixeiras, Curiels, Lurias and Coutinhos. This legacy continues to have an impact today in Hamburg, where the most important Portuguese community in terms of numbers is now located. With the Portuguese quarter at the harbor there is also a Portuguese-influenced café and restaurant district. Specialties such as the Pastel de Nata or the Galão are best known in Germany today and belong in Hamburg for example. T. already to everyday culture.
In 1687 Marie Sophie von der Pfalz married the King of Portugal Peter II (Portugal) in his second marriage, initially on July 2, 1687 by procuram in Heidelberg , while the actual wedding took place on August 30 in Lisbon Cathedral .
The Lisbon earthquake in 1755 changed the worldview in Europe. In Germany, too, this unpredictable natural disaster met with great sympathy. It also employed many scholars of the Enlightenment , including those of Goethe , Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Immanuel Kant . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published accounts of the Lisbon earthquake. In Kleist's story Das Erdbeben in Chili (1807) through Reinhold Schneider's story Das Erdbeben (1932) to its use in Peter Sloterdijk's novel Der Zauberbaum (1985) and a radio essay for children penned by Walter Benjamin , the Lisbon earthquake became a symbol for the Ask about God's justification in the face of evil in the world.
In 1762, when the war broke out in the service of Portugal, Count Wilhelm (Schaumburg-Lippe) played a decisive role in Portugal's military success against Spain. The following year, the king was on his advice before Elvas the "Fort Lippe" in today's world heritage UNESCO ambience of the largest preserved bastion build -Befestigungsanlagen the world.
In 1815, Count Pedro de Sousa Holstein , of German descent, represented Portugal at the Congress of Vienna , where Europe was reorganized.
On August 2, 1829 married Peter I (1798-1834) Emperor of Brazil, the German Amélie of Leuchtenberg in Munich, in the chapel of the Palais Leuchtenberg marrying by proxy . Her uncle Karl von Bayern was Pedro's representative. On July 25, 1829, her honorary guardian, King Ludwig I (Bavaria), ratified the previously negotiated marriage contract. Her brother Auguste de Beauharnais and the renowned naturalist and Brazil expert Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius accompanied her on her journey from England to Brazil, which began in Portsmouth on August 30, 1829 and ended in the port of Rio de Janeiro on October 16, 1829 .
It was a very troubled time, as shortly afterwards it gave active support to the civil war, the so-called Miguelistenkrieg (1832-1834) between the supporters of King Michael I , the Friedrich Prince of Hesse and the Rhine , and the supporters of his brother, the ex-king Peter IV and his daughter Maria II came.
In 1836 the Duke of Palmela in Lisbon was elected Prime Minister by the new Cortes after the end of the Miguelistenkrieg .
On April 9, 1836, the Portuguese Queen Maria II married the German nobleman Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha . As a result, the Portuguese branch of this German aristocratic family, which can be traced back to the House of Wettin and the Margraves of Meissen , came to the throne in Portugal.
Her daughter-in-law Stephanie von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1837-1859) sailed to Lisbon accompanied by her brother Leopold von Hohenzollern and the Prussian chief master of ceremonies Rudolf von Stillfried-Rattonitz , where she married her eldest son, King of Portugal Peter V (1837-1861). .
In Düsseldorf and later also in Lisbon, the charitable Stephanie was known to people as the “angel of the poor”. Just one year after her death, a memorial was erected for her in Düsseldorf: the bust of the queen on a black marble column was created by Schadow's student Julius Bayerle . The monument to Princess Stephanie von Hohenzollern was renewed in 1890 by the sculptor Josef Tüshaus . In 1859, the lyricist Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter wrote a poem lamenting Stephanie's death. Every year on the second Sunday in May, Düsseldorf's shooters commemorate the queen on St. Stephen's Day. In the center of Düsseldorf, Stephanienstraße (Klosterstraße to Leopold-Straße) is reminiscent of the Hohenzollern family, and a hospital in the center of Lisbon is named after Stephanie. Citizens of Düsseldorf and Lisbon donated a bust to what is now the Portuguese Foreign Ministry . A memorial plaque is on the garden front of Jägerhof Palace in Düsseldorf.
Leopold von Hohenzollern married Antonia Maria of Portugal in Lisbon in 1861, and in 1899 the prince had Sigmaringen Castle redesigned. He also had the so-called “Portuguese Gallery” built there.
The Braganza house is closely linked to the Thurn und Taxis family . From 1851 until his death in 1866, the former Portuguese King Michael I (Portugal) lived in exile in Bronnbach . Michael I married the German Adelheid von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg in 1851. This marriage resulted in seven children, Michael II married Princess Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis (1860–1881) in 1877 in Regensburg Cathedral . Franz Joseph von Thurn und Taxis married Elisabeth von Braganza ; his brother Karl August von Thurn und Taxis married their sister Maria Anna von Braganza , from this marriage they had three children.
The Palácio Nacional da Ajuda is the royal palace of Portugal, the Sala Saxe is impressive , a wedding gift from the King of Saxony to Queen Maria Pia in 1861, in which all furniture is decorated with Meissen porcelain .
The Portuguese ophthalmologist Gama Pinto (1853–1945) worked at the University of Heidelberg . During his time in Germany published it in German language , before returning in 1885 to Lisbon.
Since 1900
- First World War
With the First World War , anti-German sentiments arose in Portugal for the first time, which was further fueled by French war propaganda. After the bombing of Reims Cathedral, a protest by Portugal against German vandalism , which was carried out by a League Anti-Germânica , appeared on October 4, 1914 . Teófilo Braga was one of his first signatories . At the request of Great Britain in December 1915, the Portuguese government under Afonso Costa confiscated on February 24, 1916 the 72 German ships that were at that time in Portuguese ports. On behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II , the German diplomat Friedrich Rosen submitted a complaint to the Portuguese government on February 27 to obtain the clearance of the ships. The government initially pretended not to have received such a letter and declined the request on March 4. Germany then declared war on Portugal on March 9th. This made Portugal the eleventh opponent of Germany. In Portugal, on April 20 and 23, 1916, decrees were issued that not only ultimately expelled resident Germans, but also revoked naturalizations. Economic and scientific relations were hit hard by this measure. A Portuguese expeditionary corps entered into a first direct military conflict with German troops at the Fourth Battle of Flanders in April 1918 (apart from the previous battle for Naulila in Africa, in December 1914), which ended in a defeat that was traumatic for Portugal and the anti-German mood against O Monstro Alemão (the title of a pamphlet by Guerra Junqueiro ) continued to ignite. During the First World War, around 5,000 Portuguese prisoners of war were temporarily held in Germany, most of them in the specially built Breesen prisoner-of-war camp, but occasionally in other camps such as Soltau-Ahlften .
Among the ships confiscated in 1916 was the German Rickmer Rickmers . From 1924 it served the Portuguese Navy as a sailing training ship until it was decommissioned in 1962 and lay as a depot ship in the Alfeite naval port near Lisbon. It was replaced by the sailing ship Sagres , also built in Germany in 1937 . The Rickmer Rickmers came back to Hamburg in 1983 and has been a museum ship in the Port of Hamburg at St. Pauli Landungsbrücken since 1987 .
- Second World War
During the Second World War , Germany was supplied with tungsten for weapons production by the Portuguese Salazar regime. The Portuguese cargo and passenger ship Serpa Pinto transported Germans abroad to Germany under changeable circumstances and in return brought numerous refugees out of Germany and Europe.
During the last three years of the Second World War, Portuguese were also deported to German concentration camps, mostly from occupied France. Several dozen of them perished there.
Before that, around 150 Portuguese volunteers within the Spanish Blue Division had gone to war on Nazi Germany's side in 1941 . Most of them were former members of the Viriato Legion and fought on the Eastern Front .
- After 1945
In 1964 the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal was signed. It laid the foundation for Portuguese guest workers in Germany. In September 1964, the Portuguese Armando Rodrigues de Sá was welcomed by the then German Interior Minister Hermann Höcherl as the millionth guest worker in Germany.
From 1965 to the end of 1993, the German Bundeswehr maintained its Air Force Tactical Training Command in Portugal , stationed at Beja Airport in the southern Alentejo .
Germany supported Portugal's accession to the EC in 1986.
After German reunification in 1990, Portugal advocated the exemption for the new federal states from the EC admission ban for new states that was in effect at the time.
Germany and Portugal met the EU convergence criteria for the introduction of the euro in 1999 and both introduced it as cash in 2002 .
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In the course of the global financial crisis, Portugal got into a severe economic crisis from 2007 . Germany was one of the most determined advocates of a tough austerity course in which the measures monitored by the Troika led to wage cuts, tax increases and deep social cuts in Portugal, which until before the crisis had a lower national debt ratio than u. a. Germany exhibited. As a result, voices arose in Portugal that criticized German politics, especially Chancellor Merkel and Finance Minister Schäuble, and accused them of an anti-social power politics that unilaterally burdened the people in favor of the financial sector, which was the cause of the crisis. In this context, civil society groups in Portugal occasionally recalled the solidarity of Portuguese support for Germany in its unilaterally declared debt relief after reunification in 1990 or the breach of the new debt limit in 2005, in which Portugal was one of the supporters of suspending the planned sanctions against Germany.
As a result of rising unemployment after the economic crisis in Portugal, immigration from Portugal to Germany has increased again, especially since the 2010s. In contrast to the first generation of the 1960s, it was mostly highly qualified people who came across a large number of vacant positions, especially as engineers and in health care.
The Braganza dynasty has now replaced that of the Duchy of Saxony-Coburg and Gotha in Portugal.
Johannes von Thurn und Taxis married the Gloria Countess von Schönburg-Glauchau at St. Emmeram Palace in 1980 and they had three children: Maria Theresia Ludowika Klothilde Helene Alexandra Princess of Thurn and Taxis (* 1980), Elisabeth von Thurn and Taxis (* 1982) and Albert von Thurn and Taxis (* 1983).
Economy and tourism
Trade and business
In 1954 the AHK German-Portuguese Chamber of Industry and Commerce was founded.
Portugal's foreign trade volume with Germany is 13 percent of both its imports and exports, which makes Germany Portugal's second most important foreign trade partner after Spain. The renowned Fraunhofer Institute in Porto also coordinates bilateral relations between customers in both countries. The IT conference Web summit has been taking place in the Altice Arena in Lisbon since 2016 . 60,000 visitors from over 160 countries attended in 2017.
Three German companies are among Portugal's ten largest exporters. An important factor is Volkswagen Autoeuropa at Palmela , where for example the VW Sharan / Seat Alhambra , VW Eos and VW T-Roc are built. Among the numerous other German companies in Portugal are u. a. Bosch (including in Lisbon, Braga and Aveiro ). In 2015 alone, twelve patents were issued in factories and laboratories.
Siemens that has been represented with a large number of locations since 1876. Floor parts made from Portuguese cork are built into the Siemens Inspiro subway. As an automotive supplier for Audi and Mercedes, the Azemoldes company in Oliveira de Azeméis produces plastic cast parts.
The only Portuguese tire manufacturer Mabor from Lousado is a partner company of Continental .
The Kirchhoff Automotive produced in the ovary (Portugal) for the automotive industry Automotive parts and operates a logistics center. Daimler Trucks has a production plant in Tramagal for the first fully electric light truck, the Fuso Ecanter and Canter.
The Salvador Caetano Group is a Portugal-based company that manufactures buses and trucks. This includes Cobus Industries from Wiesbaden, the world market leader in airport apron buses.
The regional shoe store Kämpgen from Cologne produces "Kämpgen handemade" in Portugal, plus the Ara shoe factory in Seia and Grohe, which manufactures sanitary fittings in Albergaria-a-Velha .
The German textile company Falke from the Sauerland also has production in Portugal.
In addition, the Sociedade Zickermann (1895) looks after companies based in Portugal.
The German camera company Leica produces and assembles in Famalicao , and the computerized numerical control precision parts supplier Sisma in Maia (Portugal) is nearby . The German software manufacturer SAP is based in Porto Salvo .
The world's largest cork producer is Corticeira Amorim , whose German subsidiary is based in Delmenhorst. The German shoe company Birkenstock purchases cork for their shoes through a subsidiary.
The German discounter Lidl has a strong presence in Portugal. Lidl announced that it would import 6,500 tons of Rocha pears and sell them in German branches.
The most important Portuguese companies in Portugal include Inapa's subsidiary Papier Union , Sonae Industria and Sonae Sierra . Sonae Sierra operates several shopping centers in Germany, including the Alexa Berlin , the LOOP5 in Weiterstadt and the Münster-Arkaden . The Martifer Group from Oliveira de Frades , a company for renewable energy and metal construction, is the majority owner of Senvion , the former German wind turbine manufacturer REpower Systems. Some Portuguese banks are also represented in Germany, including Caixa Geral de Depósitos with its own branch in Berlin. In 2011, the international Portuguese hotel group Pestana opened its first hotel in Germany, the four-star hotel “Pestana Berlin Tiergarten”. There are also many companies that Portuguese operate in Germany. Around 1,300 companies are listed in the “Portuguese-German Business Directory 2016” published by Portugal Post . In addition to a number of medium-sized and some large companies, these are often small companies, only part of which is organized in the Association of Portuguese Companies in Germany (VPU), which was founded in 1996 .
tourism
Portugal is a popular travel destination for German holidaymakers and is the third most visited by Germans after the British and Spanish. In 2012 there were 813,248 tourists, which is an increase of 9.9 percent compared to the previous year. The total increase in tourists was 3.9 percent. The majority of German tourists visit the Algarve , followed by Lisbon and Madeira .
Germany ranks 6th among the most popular destinations for Portuguese tourists, with a market share of 5 percent. By far the most popular destination is Berlin (65,445 overnight stays in 2014). Frankfurt / Main (28,887) and Munich (27,108) follow, which is also due to the increasing number of business travelers and trade fair visitors.
The place Lourinhã is called " dinosaur capital" because of its traces and fossil finds. The city opened an amusement park in 2018 to showcase these legacies to the world.
15 sites in Portugal are UNESCO World Heritage Sites , including two in the Azores and one in Madeira .
The three Germans Kopke , Burmester and Andresen made a decisive contribution to the development of port wine for the international marketing of port wine from the oldest wine-growing region Alto Douro from the 17th century .
The palaces with parks near Sintra and Portugal's largest palace and monastery complex in Mafra were planned by the German builders von Eschwege and Ludwig .
The "Fort Lippe" of Count Wilhelm (Schaumburg-Lippe) was built in Elvas , also as a World Heritage Site, based on the Wilhelmstein Fortress in the Steinhuder Meer near Hanover.
Off the Algarve , Setúbal , Tróia and the Madeira and Azores archipelagos, there are opportunities to see both dolphins and whales in the wild.
Education, science and research
The German School in Lisbon was established in Lisbon in 1848, followed by the German Association (clube almao em Lisboa) in 1870. Several German and Portuguese universities maintain a joint exchange. In 1999, at the University of Minho , the master German-Portuguese Studies by Erwin Koller established, which existed until 2009, at the initiative of Orlando Großegesse again in partnership with the academic year 2016-17 Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main starts.
With the German School in Lisbon in 1848 and the German School in Porto in 1855, there are two German meeting schools that are attended by a total of around 1,700 mostly Portuguese students, 1,125 of them in Lisbon. In addition, the German School Algarve ( Escola Alemã do Algarve ) has existed in Silves since 1996 , but it is not one of the ZfA schools abroad.
In Germany there are projects at a large number of schools, from supplementary mother tongue lessons to Portuguese as a high school diploma, for example at the Max Planck Gymnasium in Dortmund since 1980 . A large number of schools in both countries also maintain contacts, either directly or through institutional initiatives such as the EU's Comenius program . One of the Portuguese schools where German is taught is the Escola Secundária Fernão Mendes Pinto from Pragal in the Almada district , a partner school of the Max Planck Grammar School in Dortmund.
There are two Goethe Institutes in Portugal, in Lisbon and Porto. The Portuguese equivalent , the Instituto Camões , maintains a language center in Hamburg and a cultural center in Berlin, along with a number of collaborations and lectureships .
In 2009, a subsidiary of the Fraunhofer Society in the field of key technologies was established in Porto. In 1987, the renowned Portuguese computer scientist José Luis Encarnação founded the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics in Darmstadt .
Volkswagen Group IT and MAN Truck & Bus AG opened a development center in Lisbon on November 7, 2018 , where 300 developers will work on cloud-based software solutions.
The Portuguese archaeologist Aníbal do Paço Quesado worked particularly in Germany since 1960, and especially during the Roman and medieval excavations in Mainz, where he lived until his death in 2011.
The Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) has a diplomatic mission in Lisbon and awards grants.
António Sommer, of German descent, set up the Champalimaud Foundation , a biomedical research foundation .
Diplomatic relations
Portugal has an embassy in Berlin and consulates general in Düsseldorf , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Osnabrück and Stuttgart .
Germany operates an embassy in the Palácio Valmor in Lisbon . Honorary consuls work in Faro , Funchal (on Madeira ), Ponta Delgada (on the Azores island of São Miguel ) and in Porto .
AICEP is the State Agency for Investment and Foreign Trade of Portugal, responsible for export promotion, internationalization of Portuguese companies and foreign investments. It is also based in the embassy building in Berlin.
Bilateral meetings from 2011
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- In February 2011, German President Christian Wulff made an official state visit to Portugal.
- On September 1, 2011, the Portuguese Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho traveled to Berlin.
- Foreign Minister Paulo Portas visited Berlin on September 9, 2011 .
- On December 9 and 10, 2011, Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle held talks with the Portuguese President, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in Lisbon.
- On January 19, 2012, Passos Coelho traveled to the German capital.
- On October 29, 2012, Federal Council President Horst Seehofer held talks as part of a bilateral meeting with Passos Coelho and President Aníbal Cavaco Silva .
- On November 12, 2012, Chancellor Angela Merkel paid an official visit to Portugal in Lisbon. She had advocated the austerity measures of the Portuguese government, which led to protests from the population during her visit. The meeting was used by the Portuguese government and national companies to appeal to German companies to invest more in Portugal.
- On March 1, 2018, the German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier made an official state visit to Portugal.
German-Portuguese institutions
In 1964 the German-Portuguese Society (DPG) was founded in Cologne, which today has eleven regional associations in Germany and three in Portugal. The German-Portuguese Society of the GDR, founded in 1974, merged with the West German DPG in 1990. In 1981, the Associação da Cooperação RFA-Portugal (German: Cooperation Association BRD-Portugal) was founded in Lisbon , inspired by the DPG in the Federal Republic.
The Portuguese-Hanseatic Society formed an association in Hamburg in 1996 in order to maintain the centuries-old connection between Portugal and the Hanseatic city of Hamburg.
Most of the Portuguese cultural associations in Germany are organized in the Federação das Associações Portuguesas na Alemanha (Federal Association of Portuguese Associations in Germany).
The Association of Portuguese companies in Germany sees itself since its inception in 1996 as an intermediary between entrepreneurs, managers and professionals from both countries, with a range of services and information services in both countries.
There are 25 city partnerships between German and Portuguese towns (as of May 2019). The first was founded in 1976 after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, and the youngest has been in existence since 2019.
German-Portuguese media
In Germany, the predominantly Portuguese-language newspaper Portugal Post has been published since 1993 and is based in Dortmund .
The German-language magazine Discover Algarve has been published in Portugal since 1991.
There are also a number of German-language websites on Portugal in general and on individual regions in particular, such as the Algarve, Madeira or the Azores.
The website Football Leaks is operated by unknown whistleblowers from Portugal, Der Spiegel reported on the revelations and Spiegel reporter Rafael Buschmann shared over 18.6 million documents with around 60 journalists in Europe at the beginning of 2016.
Various regular specialist publications in Lusitan Studies, which appear at various German faculties and institutes, particularly in Trier, Tübingen and Cologne, should also be mentioned. Corresponding series of publications on German studies appear in Portugal , particularly in Coimbra and Lisbon.
The German wave started in October 1954 their foreign language programs, which since the Portuguese-speaking include broadcasts.
Culture
There is constant exchange between the two countries at all levels.
Visual arts
Works by classical and modern German artists can be seen in various Portuguese museums. There are also a large number of Portuguese works in German museums, such as Vieira da Silvas (1880–1918) in the North Rhine-Westphalia art collection in Düsseldorf. She had already participated in documenta 1 (1955) and subsequent documentas .
The Portuguese painter Alfredo Keil (1850–1907) was of German descent. He was also known as the composer of the Portuguese national anthem .
Other examples include rather unusual works such as the Portuguese wax bust in the Museum of European Cultures in Berlin or the replica of a windmill from the Algarve coast , which has been on view in the International Mill Museum in Gifhorn since 1993 .
Blue-and-white ceramic objects from the 17th century, which are shown in various collections and museums, but are of Portuguese origin, are also known as "Hamburg faience ". Clay and ceramics friends in Germany have increasingly discovered the Portuguese art of pottery in recent times, and so Portuguese potters and ceramic craftsmen are now working in German studios and workshops.
In 1995 the German nobleman Count Nikolaus von und zu Sandizell founded a world-leading underwater archeology company; the only silver Portuguese astronomer from 1645 was found near Cape Verde . It can be viewed in the museum in the USA.
literature
Some of the German authors who have addressed Portuguese subjects in some of their works include: a. Hans Magnus Enzensberger , Thomas Vogel , Titus Müller or Erich Maria Remarque , especially his novel " The Night of Lisbon " , which was later filmed . The Portuguese dictatorship and the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the Lisbon earthquake in 1755 , Lisbon as a place for spies and refugees in World War II or Portugal's history as a seafaring nation provide the most common points of reference.
Most recently, Portugal also served as a background for German crime writers, such as Holger Karsten Schmidt (under his pseudonym Gil Ribeiro) or Oliver Kern (under his pseudonym Luis Sellano).
- Portuguese literature in Germany
A large number of manuscripts from Portugal are in German libraries and museums. In his publication Manuscritos Portugueses da Biblioteca Estadual de Hamburgo , published in 1946 by the then Portuguese Instituto para a Alta Cultura (existed 1936–1952), Luís Silveira reported on the Portuguese holdings in the Hamburg State Library . In the Commerzbibliothek zu Hamburg there is one of only four copies of a font by Damião de Góis printed in 1540 . Medieval manuscripts from Portugal are also in the Freiburg University Library and in a collection of the Bavarian State Library .
Portugal was the guest country of the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1997. The most important authors from both countries are published in the other country. Among the contemporary authors in Germany, António Lobo Antunes , Lídia Jorge and Agustina Bessa-Luís were particularly well-known. The Nobel Prize for Literature, José Saramago, can be considered the most widely read and most popular Portuguese author, while Fernando Pessoa is most frequently referred to in Germany in connection with Portuguese literature. Among the younger authors are José Eduardo Agualusa or the crime writer Francisco José Viegas .
The TFM-Verlag from Frankfurt am Main emerged from the Center for Literature and Music from the lusophone-speaking area founded in 1980. Since 1982 he has dedicated himself to the local dissemination of Portuguese and Portuguese-language literature (today also music and film). The TFM-Verlag operates the bilingual information service Nova Cultura (newsletter and own homepage) and a German-language press service on Portuguese-language journalism as a blog.
The names of important translators and multipliers of Portuguese literature in Germany include Curt Meyer-Clason (1910–2012), Maralde Meyer-Minnemann , Barbara Mesquita and Michael Kegler (* 1967).
Occasionally, German authors refer to Portuguese writers, such as Ludwig Tieck in his novella " Tod des Dichters ", which refers to Luís de Camões.
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- German literature in Portugal
The important author Aquilino Ribeiro had many connections with Germany. Among other things, a number of newspaper articles were published in Portugal from his trip through Germany in 1920, which were then published as a collection in a book and also appeared in German translation under the title Germany 1920 . The German author Ilse Losa (1913–2006) lived in Portugal and, as a translator, contributed to the spread of German literature in Portugal.
There are also more unusual examples of the spread of German authors in Portugal. So did the film E Don't se pode exterminá-lo? 1979 Karl Valentin's plant in Portugal. And the eccentric, award-winning director João César Monteiro (1939–2003) repeatedly cited German classics in his films, occasionally also in the original.
José Saramago (Nobel Prize 1998) and Günter Grass (Nobel Prize 1999) were on friendly terms. Saramago's last, unfinished novel, Alabardas, Alabardas, Espingardas, Espingardas , was published in Portugal in 2014 with illustrations by Grass.
Movie
Former UFA actor Artur Duarte (1895–1982) was responsible for some of the most popular comedies in Portuguese film to date . He worked with the German director Max Nosseck (1902–1972), who shot several times in Lisbon. Other German filmmakers also worked in Portugal, not only directors but also technicians and cameramen, such as Willy Goldberger , who worked here in at least three films in 1938 and 1939. The German director Wim Wenders (* 1945) shot here several times, including the highly acclaimed Lisbon Story in 1994 , on the occasion of the Lisbon European Capital of Culture .
Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015) was considered to be one of the most important auteur filmmakers in Europe. He cites Walter Ruttmann's film Berlin - The Symphony of the Big City from 1927 as the initial spark for his turn to film directing . Oliveira acquired his knowledge of color film and his first corresponding equipment in 1955 in Germany.
In Germany, the Portuguese film is mainly known among film buffs , not so much outside of those in the know. Names like Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro (1939–2003) or João Botelho (* 1949) are evidence of this. Portuguese contributions were featured several times at the Oberhausen Short Film Festival . In 2011, Sandro Aguilar's film Mercúrio won the main prize there. Portuguese directors are also frequent guests at the Berlinale . So was Miguel Gomes for his film Tabu - A story of love and guilt in 2012 there by Bauer Prize Alfred excellent. In contrast, Portuguese films are relatively seldom shown in purely commercial contexts in Germany. Taboo was one such example, as was the Franco-Portuguese integration comedy Portugal, mon amour , which was launched in August 2013 .
music
New music / classical / jazz
The Portuguese composer Vianna da Motta (1868–1948) lived in Germany for 30 years. First he studied in Berlin, Weimar and Frankfurt am Main, where he a. a. Was a pupil of Franz Liszt in Weimar in 1885 . Then he worked here himself and took u. a. 1905 published ten piano pieces for the Welte-Mignon reproduction piano , including three of his own compositions. His work at the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin should also be mentioned.
Seven scores of sacred music by the Portuguese composer Francisco António de Almeida from the 18th century are in Berlin, Dresden and Kassel, and copies of Almeida's libretti can be found in various locations in Germany.
In Portugal, too, the classical German composers belong to the educational canon, besides Bach in particular Beethoven and other names of the Viennese classical music , but Wagner is also frequently performed.
Maria João Pires , Pedro Burmester and Mário Laginha are world-class pianists. The latter composed for the NDR big band and the HR big band .
The bass player Carlos Bica studied in Würzburg and has lived in Berlin since 1994. With Frank Möbus and Jim Black he founded the Trio Azul .
Pop / rock
Portugal is involved in the international music scene in largely all genres of music, despite its small domestic market and its peripheral location. There are numerous examples in which there is a connection to Germany. Portuguese groups such as the accordion project Danças Ocultas , the early reggae band Ratazanas or the folk rock band Dazkarieh regularly tour Germany. The well-known heavy metal band Moonspell achieved their international breakthrough with albums that were released on the Dortmund label Century Media , which were also followed by numerous concerts in Germany. The Ratazanas' first two albums were also released on Grover Records , a Münster-based label . Publications by groups such as the folk-pop band OqueStrada , the Oi / punk band Mata-Ratos or the sophisticated hip-hop-house-reggae formation Cool Hipnoise have also appeared as German editions.
The most famous German groups in Portugal were recently Rammstein and Tokio Hotel . The Scorpions and a number of German heavy metal bands are also well known among music lovers there.
In 2017, the Portuguese Salvador Sobral , who has German ancestors, won the Eurovision Song Contest . In 2018 the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 took place in the Altice Arena in Lisbon.
Fado
A large number of female fado singers also give regular guest performances in Germany, such as Cristina Branco , Mariza or Ana Moura . The important fado singer Carlos do Carmo not only speaks German, he has also given numerous guest performances here, including a live album published in 1983 at the Alte Oper Frankfurt .
There are also fado singers and fado groups in Germany itself, mostly Portuguese people living here. Some notoriety have u. a. reached the Berlin trio Fado and the formation Sina Nossa from Unna and Dortmund, both live and with recorded music. Also worth mentioning is Telmo Pires , who was born in Portugal, became known in the Ruhr area in the early 1990s as a fado and chanson singer and now lives in Berlin and Lisbon. A large number of his recordings have already been released in Germany.
Sports
Soccer
The Portuguese national soccer team and the German national team have met 18 times so far, for the first time on February 27, 1936 at a friendly in Lisbon's Estádio do Lumiar . In front of 25,000 spectators, the German selection won 3-1. Germany last played against Portugal on June 16, 2014 during the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. Portugal conceded their biggest defeat to date against a German selection with 0: 4 at the Arena Fonte Nova stadium in Salvador . A total of five German wins, three Portuguese wins and ten draws have been counted so far (as of January 2017).
German and Portuguese clubs also meet again and again in European club competitions. The more memorable encounters include Borussia Dortmund's surprising 5-0 victory in the 1963/64 European Cup against the then top European team Benfica Lisbon or the dramatic 2-1 victory of FC Porto in the final of the 1986/87 European Cup against FC Bayern Munich in Vienna. In the Arena Auf Schalke in Gelsenkirchen , FC Porto won the 2003/04 UEFA Champions League in the final against AS Monaco .
Some German-Portuguese footballers have achieved some notoriety, including the Portuguese European champion in 2016 Cédric Soares or Sérgio Pinto (former Schalke 04, Hannover 96) several times at the European Championships in 2016 in the TV program Beckmann's sports school was to see the Reinhold Beckmann broadcast from the Malente sports school after every match day .
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Portuguese players are not as often under contract in Germany as in Spain or England, but occasionally also play for German clubs, such as Paulo Sousa at Borussia Dortmund or Hugo Almeida at Werder Bremen. Three Portuguese are currently under contract in the Bundesliga : Renato Sanches from Bayern Munich , Raphaël Guerreiro from Borussia Dortmund , and Bruma at RB Leipzig .
German players are even rarer under contract in Portugal, including goalkeeper Robert Enke , who played for Benfica Lisbon for a few years under German coach Jupp Heynckes . In the winter transfer period 19/20, the German international Julian Weigl moved from BVB Dortmund to Portugal to the record champions Benfica Lisbon.
Handball
The German national team and the Portuguese selection have played against each other 13 times, with eleven German and two Portuguese victories.
At the European handball championship in Portugal in 1994 , the host was twelfth, the German selection came ninth. The two teams did not meet each other. At the 2003 World Cup , host Portugal also came in 12th, Germany came second.
Portugal was just as unable to qualify for the 2007 World Cup in Germany as it did at the previous World Cup in Germany (FRG: 1982 and 1961 , GDR: 1974 and 1958 ). An EM has not yet been held in Germany.
The Portuguese international João Ferraz plays for the Bundesliga club HSG Wetzlar .
The greatest success of a Portuguese club team was achieved by FC Porto , who eliminated SC Magdeburg in the European Cup EHF 18/19 and thus qualified for the group stage.
Roller hockey
Roller hockey is much more popular in Portugal than in Germany, which, however, hosted the first roller hockey world championship in history in 1936 . Portugal finished third, Germany did not make it into the last four. At the second German World Cup, in 1997 in Wuppertal, Portugal was only fourth, while Germany did not achieve any placement.
Portugal hosted a total of ten world championships, at which it won 10 of its 15 world championship titles. The best German placement came in 1974 with fourth place.
tennis
Portugal's best tennis player is Maria João Koehler , who is of German origin .
While no German player has won a tournament in Portugal for the men and no Portuguese has yet won a German tournament, the women’s most important Portuguese tournament, the WTA Oeiras (previously Estoril Open), has won several German women , most recently Gréta Arn at the Estoril Open 2007 .
badminton
At Portugal International , German players have won several times, including the first one in 1965 ( Otto Hecker ). After two further German victories in 2001 and 2011, Dieter Domke was last able to finish the 2012 tournament as the winner. The German women have not won a title there so far. (As of January 2017)
At the German Open there has not been a title for either men or women from Portugal.
Cycling
The Tour of Portugal has not yet been won by any German racing cyclist , nor has there been a Portuguese title in the Germany Tour . In 2011 and again in 2013 Tony Martin was the only German so far to win the Algarve Tour .
At the indoor cycling world championships held in Portugal in 1999 and 2009 , the German team won the most medals both times. At the numerous indoor cycling world championships that have taken place in Germany , Portugal has not yet been able to win a gold medal.
surfing
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The Portuguese west coast is a world-renowned surfer's paradise with designated surf spots for windsurfers, surfers and kite surfers, e.g. B. the surf spot Nazaré . The waves at Nazaré are a paradise for surfers worldwide and are listed as monster waves in the Guinness Book of Records .
The scene of international surfing competitions and ASP World Championships (WQS) is the picturesque town of Ericeira further south of Nazaré . Every year the best surfers can show who can ride the giant waves best.
Sebastian Steudtner , a big wave surfer with German and Austrian citizenship, is often in the fishing village of Nazaré throughout the year, because you can expect waves around 30 meters here at any time and you can be brought up to the big waves by a jet ski or helicopter can (this technique is called tow-in surfing ).
Table tennis
Portugal won 3-1 against Germany in the Altice Arena , the 2014 European Table Tennis Championships . The four Portuguese top players Tiago Apolónia , João Monteiro , Marcos Freitas and João Geraldo all played for various clubs in the table tennis Bundesliga .
volleyball
Portugal was a founding member of the World Volleyball Association FIVB in 1947 and one of the best Portuguese players João José (captain) played in the Bundesliga 2003-2014 at VfB Friedrichshafen . He became German champion seven times with the club and won the 2006/07 Volleyball Champions League in 2007 .
golf
There are almost 100 golf courses in Portugal. The 18-hole course (white 6,303 m, par 71) including the clubhouse and training facilities was built under the condition that the habitat of protected plants and animals was not impaired, for which the resort was awarded the internationally recognized "Audubon International Gold Signature". Today the area offers new and protected habitat for flora and fauna.
Both on the Portuguese mainland near Lisbon and in the Algarve : In 2001, Sven Strüver from Bremen was the best German at the Open Portugal. The Portugal Masters and in Madeira and the Azores there are regular tournaments of the golf elite.
chess
Patrick Zelbel from Dortmund came second in 2017 at the eleventh edition of the Torneio Internacional de Xadrez da Figueira da Foz , the international chess tournament in the Portuguese seaside resort of Figueira da Foz .
Personalities
A large number of well-known personalities were or are connected to both countries or have rendered outstanding services to their relationships, in fields as diverse as politics, culture, sport, science and business, but also through emigration to the other country or family connections. The royal families of both countries were linked to one another through marriage and offspring. Portuguese scientists such as the computer scientist José Luis Encarnação (* 1941) or the archaeologist Aníbal do Paço Quesado (1931–2011) worked in Germany, while Germans such as the cartographer Martin Behaim (1459–1507) or the underwater archaeologist Nikolaus von und zu Sandizell (* 1959) worked in Portugal.
The Portuguese builder Emanuel Herigoyen (1746–1817) was active in Germany, while the German builder Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1673–1752) worked in Portugal. German trading families like the Kopkes settled in Portugal, while Sephardic trading families from Portugal went to Hamburg , where they made a significant contribution to the development of the trading city.
There are also people of German origin in Portugal such as Alfredo Keil (1850-1907), who composed the melody of the national anthem A Portuguesa , or Herman José (* 1954), one of the most famous television faces in Portugal, while German directors such as the Countries - People - Adventure -Author Lourdes Picareta (* 1958) or the Tatort -Director Miguel Alexandre (* 1968) come from Portugal.
The Portuguese writer Aquilino Ribeiro (1885–1963) lived in Germany for a long time and was married here. His reports contributed significantly to the perception of Germany in Portugal. Today people like the German-Portuguese journalist Miguel Szymanski (* 1966) contribute to the mutually mediated perception.
See also
- Relations between the German Democratic Republic and Portugal
- List of German-Portuguese town and municipality partnerships
- Portuguese in Germany
- Foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
- Portugal portal (provides access to over 13,000 articles on German-language Wikipedia with reference to Portugal)
literature
German-language selection
- João Barrento, Klaus Pörtl (Ed.): Entanglements . Germany and Portugal. TFM-Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-925203-89-3 .
- Michael Studemund-Halévy : Portugal in Hamburg. Ellert & Richter Verlag , Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8319-0267-5 .
- Peter Koj : Português, meu amor. Butterfly Verlag , Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-89657-875-4 .
- Uli Jürgens: Ziegensteig into Paradise: Portugal, a country of exile. Mandelbaum Verlag , Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-85476-471-7 .
- Eduardo Lourenço : Portugal - Europe: Myth and Melancholy. Essays. TFM-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-925203-58-3
Portuguese-language selection
- Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille: Portugal - Alemanha: Memórias e Imaginários (Primeiro Volume da Idade Média ao Séc. XVIII). Edições Minerva, Coimbra 2010, ISBN 978-972-798-208-0 .
- Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille: Portugal - Alemanha: Memórias e Imaginários (Segundo Volume Séc. XIX e XX). Edições Minerva, Coimbra 2010, ISBN 978-972-798-288-2 .
- Fernando Ribeiro (Ed.): Alemanha: Portugal . Edições Humus, Ribeirão 2014, ISBN 978-989-755-025-6 .
- AH de Oliveira Marques : Portugal - Alemanha - Africa: do Imperialismo Colonial ao Imperialismo Político. Edições Colibri, Lisbon 2007, ISBN 978-972-8288-28-0 .
- Luísa Coelho (Ed.): Encontros Por Contar Alemanha e Portugal. Orfeu, Brussels 2014, ISBN 978-2-87530-044-7 .
Web links
- Information from the German Foreign Office on relations with Portugal
- Website of the Portuguese Embassy in Germany (German)
- Blog on the relations between Germany and Portugal (German)
- Overview of diplomatic relations with Germany of the Diplomatic Institute in the Portuguese Foreign Ministry
Individual evidence
- ↑ Article from September 22, 2013 in the newspaper Diário As Beiras , on the occasion of the Germans who gathered in Portugal for the election evening on September 22, 2013, accessed on September 30, 2013.
- ↑ Website on German-Portuguese migration (Table A.2) at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração , accessed on March 5, 2017
- ↑ a b 50 years of the Portuguese in Germany: The silent neighbors , article from September 13, 2014 by Deutschlandfunk , accessed on March 5, 2017
- ^ "Portuguese people populate pilgrimage city" , article from May 12, 2013 in Soester Anzeiger , accessed on March 5, 2017
- ↑ Michael Studemund-Helévy: Portugal in Hamburg . Ellert & Richter Verlag, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8319-0267-5 .
- ↑ a b c Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006, p. 788
- ↑ The Portuguese in the First World War
- ^ German declaration of war on Portugal
- ↑ Portuguese officers in Breesen in 1917 ( Memento of the original from November 24, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Article dated September 11, 2017 in the archive of the German-Portuguese Society , accessed on July 18, 2018
- ↑ Information in the entry on the prisoner of war cemetery in Soltau - Ahlften , website of the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge , accessed on July 18, 2018
- ↑ Portugueses nos campos de concentração - “Portuguese in the Concentration Camps” , dossier researched in 2013 in the Público newspaper , accessed on July 18, 2018
- ↑ Os portugueses que combateram no exército de Hitler - "The Portuguese who fought in Hitler's armies" , article from February 12, 2013 in the Portuguese news magazine Visão , accessed on July 18, 2018
- ↑ Portuguese blog article with images of Spanish and Portuguese newspaper articles , accessed July 18, 2018
- ↑ History of Foreign planet-wissen.de,
- ^ Bastian Hallbauer: The Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal in the Age of Decolonization (1960-1974) . Hamburg 2016, urn : nbn: de: gbv: 18-77004 .
- ↑ see list of countries by national debt ratio # Countries by national debt ratio
- ↑ Ich bin Ein Berliner ... , video clip on YouTube , accessed on April 21, 2017
- ↑ Emigration to Merkelândia , article of March 29, 2014 on the Deutschlandfunk broadcast of the same name , accessed on April 21, 2017
- ↑ Information on German-Portuguese economic relations on the website of the Federal Foreign Office , accessed on November 16, 2016
- ↑ www.verkehrsrundschau.de
- ↑ www.ccila-portugal.com ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Portugal: Positive tourism balance for 2012 , Reisenews-online.de
- ↑ www.dinoparque.pt ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Radio report of the WDR ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the Max-Planck-Gymnasium, accessed on February 21, 2015.
- ↑ Overview of the activities in Germany , website of the Instituto Camões, accessed on March 5, 2017
- ^ Embaixada de Portugal na Alemanha (German and Portuguese). Retrieved January 6, 2012 .
- ↑ Welcome to the Lisbon embassy (German and Portuguese). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 31, 2011 ; Retrieved January 6, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ German institutions in Portugal (German and Portuguese). Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
- ↑ Portugal advertises German companies , Manager magazine from November 12, 2012.
- ^ Crisis country Portugal calls on German companies to invest more , Focus from November 12, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.dw.com/de/steinmeier-wertigt-reformen-in-portugal/a-42785984
- ↑ Brief portrait on the bilingual website of the Associação da Cooperação RFA-Portugal ( Memento of the original of October 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed October 12, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), p. 789
- ^ Mariner's Astrolabe , Navigation Museum.
- ↑ Jose Saramago: Alabardas. Porto Editora , Porto 2014 ( ISBN 978-972-0-04695-6 )
- ↑ see list of international matches of the Portuguese national soccer team # international match balance sheets
- ↑ Program information on Beckmanns Sportschule on the ARD website, accessed on March 5, 2017
- ↑ see list of international matches of the German men's national handball team # Länderspielbalanzen
- ↑ Torneio Internacional de Xadrez da Figueira da Foz - Polaco Krzysztof Jakubowski venceu 11a edição - "International chess tournament of Figueira da Foz: the Pole Krzysztof Jakubowski won the 11th edition", article from November 8, 2017 (page 3) in the local newspaper A Voz da Figueira
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