Danish-Portuguese relations

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Danish-Portuguese relations
Location of Denmark and Portugal
DenmarkDenmark PortugalPortugal
Denmark Portugal

The Danish-Portuguese relations include the bilateral relations between Denmark and Portugal . The countries have had direct diplomatic relations since 1767.

The relationships are considered friendly and problem-free. Denmark and Portugal are both founding members u. a. the NATO and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , and partners in a variety of European and global organizations, including the EU , the Euro Council , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , or the European Space Agency .

Historically, the paths of the two seafaring nations crossed several times, above all the Portuguese Nordland fishing fleets, which were also used in Danish-controlled areas v. a. caught the bacalhau , which is very important for Portuguese cuisine, before Greenland and Iceland until the 20th century , but were also active in international whaling. To date, Denmark and Portugal u. a. through the Danish-Portuguese family tree of the Sousa Holsteins, the dukes of Palmela , the Danish Krus family who emigrated to Portugal (including Nuno Krus Abecasis , who became mayor of Lisbon) or through the problem-free mutual migration. There are also points of contact in culture, and especially in literature.

history

To 1900

Danish Vikings in 9/10 Century, illustration from the 12th century.

Portugal was Christianized in the course of Roman rule , especially in the 4th century , while in Denmark Christianity v. Chr. a. prevailed from the 8th century.

In the Viking Age , Vikings repeatedly made raids into what is now Portugal. The raids in the year 844, in the course of the Viking raids into the Mediterranean Sea , in which the mouth of the Tejo in the Lisbon area in particular was plundered for thirteen days are particularly worth mentioning . The last notable raids occurred in the 960s. At the same time, Norsemen also traded with Portuguese coastal towns until the 11th century.

The Christian Reconquista , which opposed Moorish rule in Portugal and Spain, was also supported by passing crusaders . Danish knights also worked in Portugal , especially during the Second Crusade in the middle of the 12th century, even though most of the crusaders from Denmark did not go south with them, but fought in the religious war against the Wende at their own borders. In 1250 Portugal completed its Reconquista.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Portuguese colonial empire was the first world empire to emerge. Portugal saw itself as a representative of the Roman Catholic Church . In Denmark, however, Christian III. the Reformation , with which the country now finally removed from the Holy See . The dwindling power of Denmark in favor of Sweden since the Kalmar War (1611-1613), with which a colonial expansion of Denmark was limited to a few areas outside the Portuguese areas of interest (especially the Danish West Indies in the Caribbean and the Danish possessions in the North Atlantic), prevented anything worth mentioning Points of contact between Denmark and Portugal during this time. Although the Danish East India Company competed for Portuguese world trade, it did not play a decisive role in European trade with Asia .

In the meantime, however, there have also been significant convergence. As early as 1473 , João Vaz Corte-Real sailed in a joint Portuguese-Danish expedition to Greenland and presumably on to Newfoundland , which was also called Terra Nova do Bacalhau due to the important stockfish ( Bacalhau ) that was fished here and which is increasing for Portugal .

As part of Portugal's efforts to gain diplomatic support for its independence, which it regained in 1640, and the emerging war of Restoration , King D. João IV sent a diplomatic delegation under Francisco de Sousa Coutinho to the Danish court. However, King Christian IV did not want to endanger Denmark's fragile position in the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War from any side and did not participate in any meeting.

In the War of Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714, Denmark and Portugal fought together on the side of the Grand Alliance against the Bourbon camp.

Alexandre de Sousa Holstein, son of the Danish Princess Maria Anna Leopoldine and the Portuguese aristocratic military man Manuel de Sousa, was the fourth Portuguese ambassador in Copenhagen from 1786 to 1789

Maria Anna Leopoldina of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck was the eldest daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm I , third Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck and descendant of the Danish King Christian III. In 1735 she married the Portuguese officer Manuel de Sousa, Lord of Calhariz (1705–1759), and thus laid the foundation for the Danish-Portuguese family of the de Sousa Holstein . Her son Alexandre de Sousa e Holstein was u. a. Ambassador of Portugal to Denmark, her grandson and Alexandre's son Pedro de Sousa Holstein helped shape Portuguese politics as a multiple head of government and an important foreign policy actor.

After the end of the Great Northern War in 1721 and a deep crisis in its agriculture, the bled-out Denmark experienced a comprehensive reform in the spirit of the Enlightenment between 1751 and 1797 . At the same time, Portugal, especially after the devastating earthquake of 1755 , experienced a profound reconstruction under the sign of the Enlightenment under its Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello , who later became Marquês de Pombal.

In 1767, Denmark and Portugal agreed on permanent mutual representations for the first time. Francisco de Melo e Carvalho headed the Portuguese representation in Copenhagen, which was established in August 1767, and was accredited as the first Portuguese ambassador to Denmark on January 20, 1769.

After the French Revolution of 1789, Denmark initially remained neutral, while Portugal remained with Great Britain, its oldest ally. As a result of its neutrality, Denmark got into armed conflicts with Great Britain and, after the naval war with England in 1810, supported France under Napoleon Bonaparte , who had previously tried several times in vain to conquer Portugal to enforce the continental barrier.

As a result of the continental blockade and the high costs of the war, Denmark fell into another severe economic crisis, which led to the strengthening of liberal forces and finally to the Basic Law of Denmark in 1849 .

After its Liberal Revolution in 1820 and the loss of its most important colony, Brazil, in 1822, Portugal also experienced profound liberal changes, particularly after the election of a new Constituent Cortes in 1837 and the following, extremely democratic constitution.

After that, Denmark's attention was mainly focused on its growing and pushing neighbor Germany, so that the increasing trade remained the determining link between Denmark and Portugal.

In the course of industrialization , which in Portugal did not trigger any economic growth comparable to that in Central European countries, Portugal became increasingly dependent on foreign countries and became increasingly dependent on domestic politics. As a result, republican and socialist currents grew stronger, and the increasing working class began to organize itself more strongly, later increasingly anarcho-syndicalistic .

In Denmark, too, socialist groups grew stronger after the defeat in the German-Danish war in 1864 and the subsequent loss of territory. The Danish Social Democrats were founded in 1871, and the Danish Trade Union Confederation was established in 1898 . Domestically, the situation in Denmark, which was recovering economically, remained more relaxed than in the lagging Portugal, which also saw its old colonies threatened in the “race for Africa”, which further weakened its domestic and foreign policy situation.

In 1896 Denmark and Portugal signed a new trade and shipping agreement.

Since 1900

In the fishing port of Reykjavík around 1915: until the second half of the 20th century, clip fish for the Portuguese Bacalhau was also of great importance for Portugal in Danish-controlled areas. a. Iceland, which was Danish until 1918, was one of them

In 1910 the Portuguese Republic was proclaimed. Domestically, the situation became more and more tense afterwards, with workers' uprisings and right and left bombings and coup attempts.

During the First World War , Portugal had belonged to the Allies since the German declaration of war in 1916 , while Denmark was able to maintain its neutrality.

Since the military coup in Portugal in 1926 and the rise of the semi-fascist economics professor Salazar , the country has oriented itself strongly to the right, while Denmark continued to stabilize and develop liberally after the referendum in Schleswig in 1920.

In 1935, Denmark and Portugal renewed their trade and shipping agreement from 1896.

Denmark and Portugal remained equally neutral during World War II. However, Denmark was occupied by Germany in 1940, while Portugal remained largely untouched, was able to recover somewhat economically, and for refugees from all over Europe, occasionally also from Denmark, became a saving refuge or transit country. Both Denmark, which reluctantly tried to come to terms with the German occupation, and Portugal, which maintained its neutrality between closeness to the Hitler regime and loyalty to the United Kingdom, did not participate in the National Socialist genocide of European Jews, the Holocaust .

After the Second World War, Denmark and Portugal became founding members of the western NATO alliance, but otherwise initially developed very differently: If Denmark was a founding member of the United Nations in 1949 , Portugal, which stuck to its colonial empire and was increasingly criticized internationally for it, did not become a member until December Recorded in 1955. Denmark, which is open and integrated to the west, experienced strong economic and social development, while the authoritarian ruled Portugal lagged behind socially and economically.

2017 EU meeting in Estonia: Denmark and Portugal are now partners in a large number of multilateral organizations

In 1960 Denmark and Portugal were founding members of the Western European Economic Zone EFTA , which triggered a new economic development in Portugal in particular and brought the two countries somewhat closer together. Because of the Portuguese colonial wars that began in the early 1960s, Portugal remained increasingly isolated internationally.

Denmark joined the EU in 1973. After Portugal had shaken off its dictatorship with the left-wing Carnation Revolution in 1974 and initiated steady democratic and economic development, the country also joined the EU in 1986. Since then, Denmark and Portugal have come closer again.

On December 4, 1980, the Portuguese Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro died with his Danish lover Snu Abecassis , his Defense Minister Adelino Amaro da Costa and his wife in an unexplained plane crash near Camarate . The romantic, unfortunate love affair between the charismatic politician and the committed publisher from Denmark attracted some social attention, and the common accidental death then reinforced the legend.

Denmark was the first country in the world to legalize civil partnerships for homosexuals in 1989 , and Portugal followed twelve years later.

In 2002 the two countries signed an agreement to prevent double taxation and tax evasion .

The Portuguese Embassy in Copenhagen

diplomacy

Denmark maintains an embassy in the Portuguese capital, Lisbon . There are no Danish consulates in Portugal.

Portugal has an embassy in the Danish capital, Copenhagen , at Toldbodgade 31. In addition, Portugal has had an honorary consulate in Tórshavn on the self-governing Faroe Islands, which belongs to Denmark, since 2013 .

Town twinning

migration

879 Danes were registered in Portugal in 2018, 451 of them in the greater Lisbon area and 221 in the Algarve . The total of their remittance was 0.40 million euros.

At the beginning of 2019, 2,806 Portuguese citizens were registered in Denmark. In 2018 they returned 3.86 million euros.

economy

The fish market in Copenhagen in 1932: traditionally, fish is Denmark's main export to Portugal

The Danish Chamber of Commerce Abroad ( Trade Council ) maintains a representative office at the Danish Embassy in Lisbon.

The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP has a contact office at the Portuguese Embassy in Copenhagen.

In 2017, Denmark imported goods and services worth EUR 621.5 million from Portugal ( 2016 : 566.3 million, 2015 : 505.0 million, 2014 : 509.1 million, 2013 : 547.9 million Million). The share of goods was 359.0 million, of which 29.8% shoes, 13.3% clothing, 8.1% wood and cork, 8.1% textiles, 6.4% food and 5.4% % Ores and minerals.

During the same period, Portugal imported goods and services from Denmark worth 357.1 million euros ( 2016 : 343.1 million, 2015 : 308.3 million, 2014 : 305.9 million, 2013 : 301.7 million .). Goods accounted for 310.4 million, of which 32.3% were agricultural products (especially fish), 20.5% were chemical and pharmaceutical products, 12.1% were machines and devices, 6.6% were foodstuffs, and 6.0% were metal goods and 4.2% plastics and rubber.

In terms of services, there were 60.7 million in favor of Denmark in 2017, compared to 262.4 million on the Portuguese side. A major factor was the spending by Danish tourists in Portugal.

Culture

Institutions

The Portuguese state cultural institute Instituto Camões does not have any direct activities in Denmark, and its Danish counterpart, Det Danske Kulturinstitut , has no representation in Portugal either. Nevertheless, a large number of cultural activities such as exhibitions, concerts and collaborations are organized, initiated or promoted via the embassies.

music

The Danish-Portuguese musician Mikkel Solnado is the son of the Portuguese actor Raul Solnado and the Danish Hanne-Louise Schmidt. From 1995 to 2000 he was a member of the Danish rock band Mike Sunset , from 2007 to 2010 he played in the group Gabriel Flies . He is also a producer and has also worked with various Danish musicians as a singer and songwriter. a. with the singer and songwriter Erann DD and rappers Jokeren and Pede B . It was only with the death of his popular father in 2009 that he became known in Portugal, where he released his first album in 2012, which hit the sales charts there.

The Portuguese heavy metal formation Moonspell performed several times in Denmark.

literature

Denmark's most important author, Hans Christian Andersen , traveled to Portugal in 1866 and published his impressions in the under the title I Spain. Et Besøg i Portugal published a double volume on it. He met a number of friends living there, two of whom he knew well from their time at the Copenhagen Sea Cadet Academy. He met u. a. the German-born former King D. Fernando II , the author Robert Bulwer-Lytton , whom he knew from his time as a diplomat in Copenhagen and who was now British ambassador to Lisbon, and José Trasimundo Mascarenhas Barreto , the seventh Marquês de Fronteira, his daughter was married to the Baron von Torre de Moncorvo, who was born in Copenhagen in 1829. Andersen traveled a. a. Aveiro, Coimbra, Porto, Setúbal, Sintra and Lisbon with surrounding areas. While Aveiro rather disappointed him, he was enthusiastic about Coimbra, and the cultural and natural attractions in Sintra, Setúbal and Lisbon with its numerous sights delighted him. The changing landscapes of Portugal inspired him to write a series of poems, which he published in his "A visit to Portugal". He enjoyed the peaceful and orderly Portugal, which he called progressive and "home of civilization", while he was still under the impression of the German-Danish War (1964) and wars and unrest raged in large parts of Europe.

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen , one of the most important authors of Portuguese literature , was the granddaughter of a Danish immigrant in Portugal

The Portuguese writer António Feliciano de Castilho (1800–1875) married Ana Carlota Xavier Vidal in 1839, daughter of the Portuguese consul in Helsingør , Manuel Claude Vidal. Castilho then learned Danish and translated a large number of works by Danish authors into Portuguese, including Oehlenschläger , Baggesen and Boye , whose poem "The Church Bell in Farum" gained some fame in Portugal.

The Portuguese writer Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen is one of the most important authors in the country and in 1999 she won the Prémio Camões, the most important literary prize in the Portuguese-speaking world . Her grandfather Jan Henrik Andresen was a Danish immigrant who settled in the trading city of Porto in the second half of the 19th century . His son João Henrique Andresen, Sophia's father, bought the “Quinta do Campo Alegre” in 1895, from which today's Porto's Botanical Garden emerged. There is also the Andresen family's former home, Casa Andresen , which is now a museum that houses the biodiversity gallery of the Museu de História Natural e da Ciência , the nature and science museum of the University of Porto .

The Danish publicist Snu Abecassis married her London school friend Vasco Abecassis in 1962, with whom she came to his native Portugal. In view of the repressive and strongly anti-communist Salazar regime, the liberal-minded Snu Abecassis founded the Edições Dom Quixote publishing house here. With her dedicated program she came under the spotlight of the secret police PIDE , especially after the invitation of the Soviet author Yevgeny Yevtushenko to Portugal in 1967. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, she also met a large number of young politicians in the country's flourishing intellectual life. A relationship developed with the married Francisco Sá Carneiro , which was a social issue as a romantic love affair, but also met with criticism as a non-legalized relationship. Snu Abecassis sat with Francisco Sá Carneiro, who had meanwhile become Prime Minister, and Defense Minister Adelino Amaro da Costa in the plane that crashed on December 4, 1980 near Camarate . All inmates died. To this day, legends and theories surround the misfortune, while the Dom Quixote publishing house still exists today and is one of the country's renowned publishers.

Movie

Filmmakers from both countries are regularly represented at film festivals in the other country and receive awards there. In 2001 Lone Scherfig won the Golden Dolphin with Italian for Beginners at the most important Portuguese film festival, the Festróia in Setúbal. At the Curtas Vila do Conde , the most important short film festival in Portugal, Danish directors have received several awards, such as Jay Rosenblatt (1998) and Nahid Persson (2005).

The popular Portuguese actor and comedian Raul Solnado (1929–2009) was married to the Danish Hanne-Louise Schmidt. The Danish-Portuguese musician Mikkel Solnado emerged from the relationship.

Sports

Soccer

Men

Portugal versus Denmark: qualifying game for the 2010 World Cup in Lisbon's Estádio José Alvalade XXI on September 10, 2008

The Danish national soccer team and the Portuguese national team have played against each other 16 times so far (as of June 9, 2019). They met for the first time on June 21, 1966, the friendly game at Esbjerg Idrætspark ended 3-1 for Portugal. Portugal won a total of 11 games, Denmark remained victorious three times and they were drawn twice.

Denmark and Portugal have been European champions once each , Denmark 1992 in Sweden, Portugal 2016 in France. At the 2004 European Championship in Portugal, Denmark was eliminated in the quarter-finals, the hosts finished second. Denmark has not hosted any EM so far.

Danish players are also occasionally under contract with Portuguese clubs. The Danish national goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel became Portuguese champion and Supercup winner with Sporting Lisbon in 2000 . His son, national goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel also played in Portugal for GD Estoril Praia . The Danish international Per Krøldrup ended his career in 2014 with the Portuguese SC Olhanense .

Women

The Danish national women's football team and the Portuguese women's national team have met 18 times so far, with 15 Danish wins, one Portuguese win and two draws. They played against each other for the first time on March 14, 1995 at the Algarve Cup 2015 , the Danes won 5-0.

Since the first edition in 1994, the Danish selection has participated in the Algarve Cup in Portugal, one of the most important tournaments in women's football. Neither the Danes nor the hosts have won the tournament so far, but the Danes have already reached the final five times and came third twice, while the Portuguese have only achieved third place (as of 2019).

basketball

The Danish national basketball team ( world number 74, as of May 2019) and the Portuguese selection (world number 47, as of May 2019) are both not among the top European teams. Neither country has hosted any major tournaments so far, and while the Danes achieved 14th place at the 1951 European Championship as their greatest success (Portugal was 15th there), they made it to the intermediate round at the 2007 European Championship (9th place at End) the greatest Portuguese success. Neither of them have qualified for a basketball world championship tournament (as of May 2019).

Occasionally, Danish players also compete for Portuguese clubs. The national player Niels Bjerregaard was Portuguese champion with the basketball department of FC Porto in the 1996/97 season .

badminton

In the Portugal International repeatedly won Danish players in the men's first Elo Hansen in 1974 , with the ladies first Pernille Dupont in 1987 . Martin Lundgaard Hansen , Niels Christian Kaldau and Niels Christian Kaldau even won the men's tournament several times.

At the 2011 European Badminton Youth Championships in Caldas da Rainha , Portugal , Denmark won gold and silver in men's doubles.

There have been no Portuguese winners at the Denmark Open (as of 2018).

In the European Badminton Championships in 2017 in the Danish Kolding Portugal was not represented, and also in the European Mixed Team Badminton Championships 2008 in the Danish Herning not.

Web links

Commons : Danish-Portuguese relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Website on Danish-Portuguese relations in the diplomatic portal of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , accessed on July 21, 2019
  2. ↑ a b Document at the League of Nations on the Danish-Portuguese Trade and Shipping Agreement , UN archive, web archive retrieved from August 1, 2019
  3. ↑ a b c d Overview of Portugal's economic relations with Denmark , PDF available from the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP , accessed on June 10, 2019
  4. ^ Notice on the accreditation of the Honorary Consul of Portugal in Tórshavn , website of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed on June 10, 2019
  5. ↑ Overview of the Danish-Portuguese town twinning at the Association of Portuguese District Administrations (ANMP), accessed on June 10, 2019
  6. ↑ List of foreign citizens in Portugal (by district) at the Portuguese immigration office Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, accessed on June 10, 2019
  7. ↑ a b Website on Danish-Portuguese migration at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração , accessed on June 10, 2019
  8. ^ Website of the Danish trade council at the Danish Embassy in Lisbon, accessed on June 10, 2019
  9. ↑ Contact page for the AICEP representative office in Copenhagen , AICEP website, accessed on June 10, 2019
  10. ↑ List of all agencies under "Where we are" , Instituto Camões website, accessed on July 21, 2019
  11. ^ Hans Christian Andersen : Travel pictures from Spain and Portugal. 1988, Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag , p. 290ff, and afterword by Gisela Perlet , p. 363ff
  12. ^ Hans Christian Andersen : Travel pictures from Spain and Portugal. 1988, Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag , p. 306f