Danish-German relations

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German-Danish relations
Location of Denmark and Germany
DenmarkDenmark GermanyGermany
Denmark Germany

The German-Danish relations are mainly characterized by close economic cooperation today. The two neighboring countries are members of the European Union and NATO . They share a common land border of 67 kilometers .

history

The duchies before the German-Danish War

Before 1864 the Danish king ruled in his capacity as duke the duchies of Schleswig (as a Danish fiefdom ) as well as Holstein and Lauenburg (as a German fiefdom or from 1815 as member states of the German Confederation ). Holstein was purely (Low) German-speaking, while in Schleswig German , Danish and North Frisian were widespread, with Danish and Frisian being colloquial languages even further in the south of Schleswig until the language changes in modern times. The language border originally ran roughly between Husum and Eckernförde . In the Schleswig-Holstein War (1848–1851) , Danes and Germans fought for rule over Schleswig and Holstein . Denmark was able to win against the troops supported by Prussia and the German Confederation , so that Schleswig and Holstein remained under Danish sovereignty.

In the German-Danish War (1864) Austrian and Prussian troops defeated the Danish troops in Schleswig and the rest of Jutland. Previously, troops of the German Confederation had occupied the national Holstein without a fight in a federal execution . In the Treaty of Vienna of 1864, the Danish Schleswigers were given the possibility of a Danish option, around 25,000 optants made use of it. In the Treaty of Gastein of August 14, 1865, Prussia received the Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg and the Duchy of Schleswig , while Holstein fell to Austria until the Prussian invasion in 1866. The Treaty of Prague of 1866 named in Article 5 a national referendum in Schleswig, which, however, was only carried out under pressure from the Allies in 1920. In order to resolve the situation of children born to Danish optants in Schleswig before 1898 who were formally stateless, Germany and Denmark entered into the Optanten Treaty in 1907 . In return, Denmark waived the demand for a referendum and recognized the border.

In the First World War, Denmark remained neutral. In 1920, after a referendum, North Schleswig fell to Denmark. The middle and southern part - southern Schleswig - remained with Germany. The border drawn in this way still forms the borderline today.

Disregarding its neutrality and without declaring war, Denmark was occupied by the Wehrmacht of the German Reich from April 9, 1940, as part of Operation Weser Exercise . The country suffered under German occupation until the end of World War II . Like the German minority in the period from 1920 to 1945, the Danish minority demanded that the border be redrawn immediately after the war. The British government gave the Danish in the September note of 9 September 1946 the possibility of moving the border, which the Danish government rejected in the October note of 19 October 1946. On May 9, 1945, the Danish Prime Minister Buhl had spoken out against changing the border. The Morgenthau plan of 1944 also provided for a border revision by running the new border north of the planned international zone around the Kiel Canal.

Territorial changes as a result of the German-Danish War in 1864 - without including the Royal Enclaves

After a positive referendum on October 2, 1972, Denmark became a member of the European Community on January 1, 1973 , of which Germany was a founding member.

Denmark is a founding member of NATO . Since the FRG joined on May 6, 1955, both countries have belonged to the same military alliance .

Today the bilateral relations between neighboring countries are close and intensive. In cultural terms, however, they are stagnating.

economy

17.8 percent of Danish exports go to Germany and even 20.4 percent of Danish imports come from Germany. This makes Germany by far Denmark's most important trading partner. In the significantly larger German economy, Denmark ranks 20th in imports and 17th in exports. Denmark exports industrial products, machines and instruments as well as agricultural products to Germany. Machines and vehicles, semi-finished and finished goods, chemicals and agricultural products are exported in the opposite direction.

Denmark rejected the introduction of the euro in a referendum in 2000. However, the Danish krone is subject to Exchange Rate Mechanism II . The fluctuation against the euro must not exceed ± 2.25% around the fixed central rate of 1 euro = 7.46038 DKK. The exchange rate uncertainty between the two countries is therefore low.

traffic

Ferry in Puttgarden (2005); above: access for cars, below: access for trains and trucks

The road network of both countries connects the European road 45 on the Jutland line , which is formed on the German side by the A7 . About the Vogelfluglinie the Danish island are since 1963 by a ferry Lolland with the Ferry Rødbyhavn and the German island of Fehmarn connected for cars and trains. Deutsche Bahn operates ICE on this route to Copenhagen , plus trains to Esbjerg from Niebüll or Aarhus from Flensburg . There are other ferry connections for motor vehicles between Rostock and Gedser and with the TT-Line from Travemünde via the Swedish ports in Trelleborg or Malmö . The largest bilateral project is currently (2011) the Fehmarnbelt fixed link , a bridge for trains and vehicles on the Vogelfluglinie.

Seven Danish airports have connections to Germany. Copenhagen-Kastrup Airport alone is served by 17 German airports.

border controls

With Denmark's accession to the Schengen Agreement , border controls ceased to exist on December 1, 2000. In 2011, the reintroduction of permanent controls at the Danish borders (which was soon repealed) caused irritation in the German-Danish relationship. As a result of the refugee crisis in 2015 , Denmark reintroduced random border controls in early 2016. In 2016, 2,900 people were refused entry.

Minorities

After the German-Danish War in 1864, the Danish minority developed in what is now Prussian Schleswig. Since the referendum in 1920 there have been national minorities on both sides of the new border; on the German side the Danish , on the Danish side the German minority . Both maintain a large number of kindergartens, schools and clubs to maintain their own culture. The minority problem on both sides of the border was resolved in the 1955 Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations . The model has often been highlighted as a model for the peaceful solution of minority problems.

The Danish minority in Germany comprises around 50,000 members who live in the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig ( Südschleswig ) in the north of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. The South Schleswig Voters' Association has as its political representation of the five-percent hurdle freed in state and federal elections, but still needs to win as many votes as in the allocation of seats for the allotment of the last mandate are necessary.

The German minority in Denmark comprises around 18,000 members in the northern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig ( Nordschleswig ) in the Syddanmark region and is also endowed with extensive rights.

In addition, there is the North Frisian ethnic group on the west coast with corresponding cultural associations and the Nordfriisk Instituut .

migration

The number of German emigrants to Denmark fell in the wake of the economic crisis from 2,208 in 2008 to 1,667 in 2009 to 1,265 in 2010.

Work and life

As part of the free movement of workers , Germans can work in Denmark for six months without a residence permit. For a longer stay, a certificate of residence is required, which is usually issued to EU citizens without any problems if they are employed. A permanent residence permit can be obtained on application after five years of uninterrupted legal residence in Denmark.

Diplomatic missions

See also

Web links

Commons : Danish-German relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl N. Bock: Middle Low German and today's Low German in the former Danish Duchy of Schleswig. Studies on the lighting of language change in fishing and Mittelschleswig . In: Det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab (ed.): Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser . Copenhagen 1948.
  2. ^ Manfred Hinrichsen: The development of language conditions in the Schleswig region . Wachholtz, Neumünster 1984, ISBN 3-529-04356-7 .
  3. ^ Schleswig Party: History of the Schleswig Party
  4. ↑ Grænseforeningen: October note ( memento of the original from November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.graenseforeningen.dk
  5. ^ Daniel-Erasmus Khan: The German state borders. Tübingen 2004, p. 397.
  6. ↑ Kurt Keppler: Death over Germany - The Morgenthauplan . In: Publications of the Institute for German Post-War History . Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen 1971, ISBN 3-87847-023-1 , p. 260 f .
  7. ^ Sophie Wennerscheid: German as a discontinued model-Why Denmark's interest in German culture is dwindling TSP , June 29, 2020, accessed on July 3, 2020
  8. ^ Denmark in the CIA Factbook
  9. ↑ Denmark holds second referendum on the euro at www.finanzen.net, date: November 22, 2007.
  10. ↑ National Banks - Foreign-exchange policy / ERM II ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. www.nationalbanken.dk, accessed on: April 26, 2010.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nationalbanken.dk
  11. ↑ Axel Sell: Introduction to International Business Relations. 2nd Edition. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-486-27370-1 , pp. 97-99.
  12. ↑ Deutsche Bahn starts ICE to Denmark
  13. ↑ Flight connections Germany - Denmark
  14. ↑ Destinations Copenhagen Kastrup Airport
  15. ↑ Foreign Office on the Schengen Agreement
  16. ↑ Again border controls at the German-Danish border . In: Tagesschau (ARD) , May 11, 2011.
  17. ↑ Netherlands plan border controls for all cars. Spiegel Online, accessed November 21, 2011 .
  18. ↑ Border controls: Denmark rejects 2,900 people In: ndr.de , January 4, 2014, accessed on February 15, 2017.
  19. ↑ National minorities in Germany. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Federal Ministry of the Interior, formerly the original ; accessed on August 31, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bmi.bund.de  
  20. ↑ The Danish minority. (No longer available online.) Schleswig-Holstein State Government, archived from the original on August 6, 2012 ; accessed on August 31, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  21. ^ Matthias Theodor Vogt, Jan Sokol, Dieter Bingen, Jürgen Neyer, Albert Löhr (eds.): Minorities as added value. Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60239-3 , pp. 223-227.
  22. ↑ Emigration 2008
  23. ↑ Emigration 2009 ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.auswandern-info.com
  24. ↑ Emigration to Denmark
  25. ↑ German citizens taking up work and taking up residence in Denmark ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 225 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kopenhagen.diplo.de
  26. ↑ Danske repræsentationer i Tyskland (Danish). Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Danish Embassy, ​​Berlin, accessed January 31, 2012 .
  27. ↑ German Embassy Copenhagen. Retrieved November 7, 2011 (German and Danish).