Federal execution against the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg in 1863
| date | 1863 - 1864 |
|---|---|
| place | Holstein / Lauenburg |
| Casus Belli | joint November constitution for Schleswig and the Danish Kingdom |
| output | Success for the German Confederation |
| Territorial changes | Duchy of Holstein and Lauenburg to the German Confederation |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
| Commander | |
| Troop strength | |
| at the start of the action: 85,000 190 cannons |
unknown |
| losses | |
|
0 |
0 |
.svg){kind=small}
The federal execution against the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg in 1863 was a military action by the German Confederation against two of its members, the Duchy of Holstein and the Duchy of Lauenburg . Actually it was directed against the Kingdom of Denmark , to whose state the duchies belonged. The federal execution was decided by the Bundestag of the German Confederation , as the Danish king had recently passed a new constitution for the entire state . From the perspective of the Bundestag, this jeopardized the rights of the federal members Holstein and Lauenburg.
The federal execution lasted from December 21, 1863 to December 5, 1864 and thus during the entire German-Danish War . However, this war was waged against Denmark by Austria and Prussia in their own name. The federal execution became practically meaningless after the outbreak of war.
prehistory
When revolutionary uprisings against the ruling powers of the Restoration broke out in several European states in 1848 , this movement also reached the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. Here the general call for freedom, equality and democracy met the unresolved nationality question - both Danish and German national liberals claimed the Duchy of Schleswig for themselves.
Schleswig itself was a Danish imperial fiefdom and, together with the actual Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, which belong to the German Confederation, formed the entire Danish state . In terms of language and culture, the Danish language predominated in the north of Schleswig and the German language in the south . In addition, there were Frisian and mixed-language parts. Until the language change in the 19th century, Danish and North Frisian had extended even further south. The duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, on the other hand, were predominantly German-speaking.
The Danish National Liberals ( Eiderdänen ) wanted Schleswig to be fully integrated into a Danish nation-state to be formed, while the German National Liberals (German Schleswig-Holsteiners) wanted Schleswig and Holstein to be merged and accepted into the German Confederation and later into a hoped-for German nation-state. Both movements were socio-politically and culturally close as well as in the demands for civil liberties. Later the national dividing lines became sharper and this relationship turned into enmity and hatred. In opposition to both movements were the conservative supporters of the state on the Danish side.
The German Schleswig-Holsteiners received support from the other German states in their longing for a political common destiny of all Germans. The Danish National Liberals received support from volunteers from other Nordic countries as part of Scandinavianism . The increasing polarization between Germans and Danes within Schleswig also reached the North Frisians settling in Schleswig , who for the most part positioned themselves on the side of the German Schleswig-Holsteiners. Others such as the Frisian liberal Harro Harring advocated a pan-Scandinavian state from the Eider to the North Cape.
Peace treaties after the First Schleswig War
The German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners sought in the years 1848-1851 in an ultimately failed uprising against Denmark, the membership of the duchies as members of a united, free Germany. The problem of the national division of the Duchy of Schleswig and its affiliation to the Danish state remained open under state and constitutional law. The military events and power-political interests at the European level determined the conflict in the further course.
Prussia , which had strongly sided with the German national liberals in the duchies, renounced in the Olomouc Agreement of November 29, 1850, any further interference in favor of the Schleswig-Holstein cause. With this relenting of Prussia, forced by the great powers Sweden , France and Russia , the way was clear for the London Treaty of 1852 - the German revolutionary efforts had failed. A German nation-state with the involvement of the duchies did not arise. The German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners felt that they had been defeated and abandoned (by the Prussians). But even the Danish movement of the national liberal Eider Danes had not achieved their goal of integrating Schleswig into a Danish nation-state. The core question of membership of the Duchy of Schleswig remained unresolved.
In the London Treaty of May 8th, 1852, the major European powers confirmed the existence and integrity of the entire Danish state as a principle that supports balance in Europe. However, its regulations also contained conflict, since the rights and obligations of the German Confederation for Holstein and Lauenburg were to be preserved at the same time . The most important points were on the one hand - according to the Danish idea - the same succession for the kingdom and the duchies with Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg in the event of the extinction of the Danish male line. On the other hand, an overall state constitution was provided, based on the equality of all parts of the country. This obliged the Danish king "that neither an incorporation of the Duchy of Schleswig nor any steps aimed at the same should be undertaken". This arrangement was to prove indissoluble for the Danish monarch and his leading politicians in the years to come. The shaping of the future of Schleswig-Holstein was prevented in the long term.
The German Confederation, to which the King of Denmark belonged in his function as Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg, for its part strictly watched over his rights, and the German signatory powers of London, Austria and Prussia recognized the strength of a common position in the European field of power that had accrued to them the Schleswig-Holstein question to put pressure on Denmark. Denmark could therefore not solve the problem of the overall constitution without the risk of a conflict with the German Confederation with Austria and Prussia to a result acceptable to all.
Danish measures and reactions of the Bundestag
The national conflict over Schleswig was accompanied by a change of language from Danish to German in the central part of Schleswig. In response to this, the Danish government introduced language rescripts in 1851, with which Imperial Danish (Standard Danish) was anchored as school language and Imperial Danish and Standard German as the church language in those parts of Schleswig where Sønderjysk (Low Danish) was still spoken, but until now Standard German was the only language used in schools and churches Church language was used. In turn, German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners perceived this as encroachment and compulsion, which further intensified the conflict between the two sides. As a result of the language rescripts, German-minded officials, pastors and teachers were harassed and dismissed. The Schleswig Assembly of Estates , which was dominated by German deputies, also spoke out against the language rescripts.
The first attempt to solve the problem was the "Constitutional Law for Common Affairs" of October 2, 1855, which was not submitted to the estates of the three duchies. This overall state constitution included a common representative body for the kingdom and the duchies, but the legislative and financial responsibilities in the duchies were also incumbent on Denmark. Thus, this draft constitution was not in conformity with the London agreements. There was opposition in the Holstein assembly of the estates . At the instigation of Prussia and Austria, the matter came before the Bundestag of the German Confederation, which dealt with it several times until 1858. For the first time there was a threat to initiate federal enforcement proceedings against Denmark. For the time being, the government in Copenhagen was ready to give in and the entire state constitution was repealed for Holstein and Lauenburg on November 6, 1858.
The German Confederation, for its part, suspended the pursuit of the federal enforcement proceedings by a resolution of December 24, 1858. That put the matter on hold for several years. The Crimean War from 1853 to 1856 and the Sardinian-French war against Austria that broke out in 1859 initially diverted attention from the German-Danish conflict in the north. In addition, the conflict between Prussia and Austria worsened and initially prevented joint action against Copenhagen.
But the constitutional law also met with protests within Denmark. The members of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were to receive the same number of seats as the actual Kingdom of Denmark, despite the fact that the imperial Danes made up well over half of the total population.
The resolution of the Federal Assembly of March 8, 1860 brought with it a further threat of federal enforcement proceedings. The German Confederation stipulated that until the London Protocol was drawn up, no law on communal matters, in particular financial matters, should be legally binding without the prior consent of the Holstein and Lauenburg estates. Since the Danish finance minister had already advertised contributions to the state treasury on September 23, 1859, the German Confederation protested after lengthy deliberations and on February 7, 1861 threatened to resume the federal enforcement proceedings that had initially been suspended.
Prussia and Austria joined the demand of the German Confederation that equality of all parts of the state should be carried out quickly. Great Britain, supported by France and Russia, tried to mediate with reference to the London Protocol, but without being able to offer a solution. In order to solve the situation for its part, the Danish government made another attempt to draft a constitution on March 30, 1863 - again, however, not in the sense of the London Agreement and therefore burdened with high risks without European backing.
With this document Holstein and Lauenburg were excluded from the state constitution, legislation on the position of the two duchies in the empire and a separate Danish-Schleswig constitution was announced instead. Schleswig was to become a permanent part of the Danish kingdom. The ties with the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg with the exception of the head of state (monarch), the navy and foreign policy were no longer there. Holstein and Lauenburg were to have their own financial administration and even their own army. This would have made Rendsburg a German federal fortress, Kiel and Neustadt in Holstein could have become German war ports on the Baltic Sea coast - a danger that was recognized in Denmark, but went unnoticed in the subsequent parliamentary debates in November 1863.
Prussia and Austria agreed on joint steps and finally presented two identical protest notes in Copenhagen on April 17, 1863. On July 9, 1863, following a request from the Kingdom of Hanover, the Federal Assembly requested the royal Danish-Holstein-Lauenburg government to cancel the announcement and to initiate measures within six weeks to unite the duchies with the kingdom in a similar association. Otherwise, as in 1861/1862, the execution process threatened. The Danish ambassador to the Bundestag, Bernhard Ernst v. Bülow (later Foreign Minister in Bismarck's cabinet) declared in the Bundestag session on August 27 that his government was unable to revoke the March 30 patent. Therefore, on October 1, 1863, the federal government decided to carry out federal enforcement proceedings.
Danish November Constitution 1863
As early as September 29, 1863, the government in Copenhagen had submitted the proposal for the new constitution for Denmark and Schleswig to the Imperial Council . It was adopted in the 3rd reading on November 13 with 40:16 votes (3 yes votes more than necessary) against the emphatic warning of several level-headed men such as Bluhme and Tschernigg and known as the November Constitution. The law was to come into force on January 1, 1864.
Denmark's government under Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall had recognized the danger of an impending conflict, but underestimated it. A close agreement with Sweden to provide 20,000 men for defense failed because of the extremely cautious government in Stockholm , which only wanted to sign if at least one neutral superpower would join the treaty - which was not the case.
On November 15, 1863, King Frederik VII of Denmark, the last male representative of the ruling royal family, and Prince Christian of the Glücksburg line as Christian IX, died in Glücksburg . acceded to the throne according to the provisions of the London Treaty. On November 18, 1863, he signed the constitution, which, however, contradicted his own intention to achieve a compromise. "... he is only forced to sign because he is afraid it will lead the country into its misfortune, but since he sees it as an inheritance that his glorious predecessor has given him and because he is convinced that they have signed the constitution if he would see it as his duty, ”states the state record. Theodor Fontane writes soberly, briefly and accurately: "He signed the new constitution reluctantly and reluctantly ... he preferred to forfeit half a crown as a result of a war rather than the whole as a result of an uprising."
The great powers Great Britain, France and Russia advised the Danish government to withdraw the November constitution and made it clear that military aid on their part could not be expected in an upcoming conflict. Hall saw no more prospects and submitted his resignation on December 24, 1863.
Preparation for federal execution
The session of the Bundestag on December 7, 1863, achieved a majority of 10: 7 votes in favor of the federal execution. The governments of Hanover , Austria , Prussia and Saxony were called upon to take the necessary measures immediately.
A commission of military experts from the four commissioned states had been formed to prepare for the federal execution. Prussia was taken over by Lieutenant General and Chief of the General Staff v. Moltke , Austria by Major General v. Rzikowsky , Hanover by Major General Schultz and Saxony by Major v. Brandenstein represented. After some differences of opinion about composition, strength and stationing, the following provisions of execution troops and reserves were agreed: Saxony and Hanover 6,000 execution troops each, Prussia and Austria 5,000 reserve each (also intended for the invasion of Holstein and Lauenburg), as well as 25,000 or 15,000 men in the second line. Hanover also provided 9,000 men as immediate reserves.
The exact line-up of the execution troops was as follows:
- Royal Saxon-Hanoverian troops: 12 battalions , 12 squadrons , 32 guns
- 13,176 men, 4,139 horses
- Royal Prussian troops : 37 battalions, 29 squadrons, 110 guns
- 45,136 men, 13,656 horses
- Imperial Austrian troops : 20 battalions, 10 squadrons, 48 guns
- 27,050 men, 4,838 horses
- Total: 69 battalions, 51 squadrons, 190 guns
- 85,362 men, 22,633 horses
On December 10, 1863, the King of Saxony appointed Lieutenant General v. Hooked Colonel v. Commander in Chief of the Executioning Forces and his Chief of Staff . Fabrice .
The Saxon troops were moved by rail from Leipzig to Boizenburg from December 16 to 18, 1863 and housed in Mecklenburg territory between the Elbe, Sude and on the border with Lauenburg. Hanover began gathering its troops on December 8th in the area of Lüneburg , Winsen and Harburg on the southern bank of the Elbe. The deployments were completed by December 19th. The Austrian Brigade Gondrecourt was on 17./18. Set in motion from Prague on December 20th, met by rail transport on December 20/21. December in Harburg, crossed the Elbe on a steam and train ferry and was united in Hamburg on December 21st. From December 17th to 19th, the Prussian Cannstein Brigade moved by rail from their garrisons to the Hagenow and Wittenberge area with forward posts to the Lauenburg border. Furthermore, the provision of the reserve troops second line of Austria and Prussia were carried out without them leaving their home bases.
On December 14, 1863, the Bundestag decided on the instructions for the civil commissioners (subordination to the administration required by the German Confederation). Already on December 7th, the Saxon Real Secret Council v. Könneritz and the Hanoverian Secret Government Councilor Nieper were appointed as federal commissioners. In addition, the Bundestag approved the costs of federal execution in the amount of 17 million guilders , which were covered with an allocation .
A final demand made by these four executing powers on Denmark to evacuate the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg within seven days passed unnoticed on December 15, although it had been personally handed over to Prime Minister Carl Christian Hall. This began on the evening of December 22nd, 1863 in the headquarters of the federal troops in Boizenburg with the preparations for the immediate invasion.
course
The federal execution against Denmark began legitimately as a domestic German measure in accordance with the provisions of the German Federal Act against unconstitutional acting or behaving member states without direct foreign policy effect. It had the character of a kind of "higher police action" to pacify and restore the original state under federal constitutional law. It explicitly included the recognition of the Danish King Christian IX. as Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg. A permanent occupation was not planned, as this, as a violent occupation, as well as the non-recognition of the monarch, would inevitably lead to an international conflict with other European powers. The two German great powers Austria and Prussia had made a binding commitment in the London Agreement of 1852 to preserve the existing (Danish) claim to the throne and the succession.
On December 21, 1863, the headquarters of the federal troops received the news that the Danish troops had begun to evacuate Holstein and Lauenburg without a fight in order to avoid a possible conflict. Denmark had decided to take this measure because the British Foreign Office had not made a promise of assistance. In addition, Denmark had apparently underestimated the determination of the German Confederation, led by Austria and Prussia. Although the army was mobilized from October 1, 1863 according to a royal order of September 23, 1863, hostilities were not expected to start before March 1, 1864 due to the weather.
Now, however, on December 23, 1863, Saxon and Hanoverian troops crossed the border to Lauenburg near Büchen - “the population behaved completely indifferent. It was a cold, unfriendly winter day. The roads and especially the bridge over the Stecknitz, which forms the border here, had become so smooth as a result of the snowfall that General von Hake and the officers of his staff felt compelled to dismount ... The commander-in-chief took his first night's quarters at the famous Schwarzenbeck railway station. "
On December 23, the federal commissioners took over the administration of the two duchies on behalf of the German Confederation, temporarily abolishing the previous sovereign rights. The official seat of the commissioners was Altona .
“When the two federal commissioners moved in with the troops in an open car around 2 o'clock (in the afternoon), a real storm of long restrained cheers raged around them. Thousands of joyful people of all ages, class and sex welcomed them with loud shouts and showered them with flowers and wreaths ”.
The occupation of the duchies of Lauenburg and Holstein took place quickly with the following stations:
- December 23, 1863: Büchen, Schwarzenbek , Wandsbek
- December 24, 1863: Altona, Pinneberg , Uetersen , Trittau
- December 25, 1863: Bad Oldesloe
- December 26, 1863: Elmshorn , Itzehoe , Bramstedt , Ahrensbök
- December 27, 1863: Segeberg
- December 28, 1863: Glückstadt , Neumünster , Plön
- December 29, 1863: Kiel -Nortorf
- December 30, 1863: Jevenstedt
- December 31, 1863: Rendsburg
At the end of the year the Eider line was reached. The occupation of the larger towns usually took place in such a way that the last Danish units withdrew at one end of the town, while the federal troops moved in at the other end. The population reacted cautiously as long as the Danish troops were still there, but received the German soldiers with some enthusiastic cheers. In Altona, as elsewhere, the Schleswig-Holstein song was played and sung. The Schleswig-Holstein and German colors were hoisted everywhere where the federal troops moved in. In Rendsburg, the southern city gate and the gate guard were also decorated with Hanoverian and Saxon flags.
On January 7, 1864, General v. Hooked the Federal Assembly to Frankfurt am Main that the mission of the execution troops had been fulfilled. In this report he also set out his fears about the troops of around 20,000 men drawn together by Denmark on the border between Schleswig and Holstein, because he believed that he would not be able to withstand a Danish attack that he regarded as likely. The concerns of Hakes were certainly not unfounded, but the Danish High Command was far from any offensive thought. The events with the direct intervention of Prussia and Austria, which led to the war with Denmark on February 1, 1864, also took a course which saved the German federal troops from any such danger.
Preparation for the German-Danish War
On January 16, 1864, the two great powers Austria and Prussia issued an ultimatum to Denmark to repeal the November constitution within two days . That was not possible without a coup in Denmark within the given deadline. The Danes declared that they would annul the constitution in accordance with a constitutional process. Prussia and Austria did not go into this. Instead, the Austrian "Gondrecourt" brigade and the Prussian "Cannstein" brigade were detached from the federal troops on January 22, 1864 in order to be deployed against Denmark outside the federal execution. The units had hitherto been kept in reserve and were now advancing from their billeting to the Eider. The Federal Assembly protested and thereupon reserved the right to call other reserves and made it clear that the occupation of Holstein and Lauenburg territory was reserved for the federal troops.
The march through the federally administered country provoked the protest (partly tangible, e.g. with the storming of the Schwartau barrier ) of the German small and medium-sized states. The exception was Hanover, which shied away from the conflict with Prussia.
In order to appease the middle states, the two great powers issued a declaration on January 19, 1864 that their measures should not impair the execution ordered by the German Confederation for Holstein and Lauenburg.
General Hake also wanted to put a stop to the Austro-Prussian intervention troops, which on January 21, 1864 - before the actual outbreak of war - had already entered Altona, Lübeck and southern Holstein en route to the Eider Line, but he has already received one A day later, the Saxon envoy and Foreign Minister Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (1809–1886) instructed the armies to pass.
“Nonetheless, Hake did everything possible to facilitate the Allied army's passage. He wrote to Roon that by January 22nd (1864) the entire eastern part of Holstein up to the road from Altona via Elmshorn, Itzehoe and Hohenweststedt to Rendsburg would be cleared by federal troops, but that Altona and Rendsburg would remain occupied until further notice. As a result, the Saxon occupation also withdrew from Kiel and on January 25th the Prussians moved into the city - in order not to leave them again. "
In the following weeks, however, the Austro-Prussian army was hindered, which was an expression of a policy of the medium-sized states directed against the great powers. Billing and telegraph traffic were made more difficult, deliveries and transports delayed. The actions of the Prussian and Austrian troops, combined with disregarding words of Bismarck, aroused the suspicion of the German states that the federal authority in Holstein and Lauenburg should be removed in cold blood in favor of the great powers. To obscure this impression, the Prussian King Wilhelm I dispatched Lieutenant General v. Manteuffel with a personal letter to the courts in Dresden and Hanover. The mission played an essential part in not overly straining the tense relationship. The formal continuation of the federal execution was guaranteed - the military sovereignty of the German Confederation in the duchies was confirmed and expanded (e.g. to protect the Holstein coast of the Baltic Sea) - and remained in full force even during the German-Danish War.
Prussia and Austria were thus able to complete their war preparations as planned.
The end of federal execution
With the warlike action of the Austro-Prussian troops in Schleswig and Denmark from February 1864, the federal execution became more and more meaningless, so that it was ultimately only a meaningless form with no practical meaning. It had become obsolete through the Allied action. Accordingly, the German Bundestag repeatedly criticized the policies of Austria and Prussia as unlawful and tried to establish a sovereign one in the duchies by sending its own representative to the London Conference from April 25 to June 25, 1864 in the person of the Saxon Foreign Minister von Beust German medium-sized state to be able to enforce, which however did not succeed.
It still took a few steps to formally end the federal execution. On December 5, 1864, the Bundestag voted on the motion of the great powers to withdraw the execution troops from Holstein and Lauenburg. The motion was accepted with 9: 6 votes. Without waiting for the federal decree, Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, as Commander-in-Chief of the Allied troops, had already issued an announcement on the same day , in which u. a. the top administration previously headed by the federal commissioners was canceled and provisionally transferred to the civil commissioner for Schleswig. The change took place on December 7th, 1864. In their place came the Austrian and Prussian civil commissioner v. Lederer and v. Zedlitz . The ducal state government established by the federal commissioners in Kiel on January 12, 1864 for the duchies and Lauenburg , which had replaced the Holstein government in Plön, which had already been dissolved on December 27, 1863, as the central instance, was then repealed and on February 1, 1865 a Schleswig- Holstein state government established in Gottorf Castle .
With the federal resolution, the withdrawal of federal troops from Holstein and Lauenburg began. The Hanoverian units crossed to the southern bank of the Elbe from December 10th to 13th, 1864, the Saxon troops left Harburg by rail on December 14th - but not directly via Magdeburg through Prussian territory, but via Hanover, Kurhessen and Bavaria to Saxony.
literature
- Eckardt Opitz: Schleswig-Holstein - The state and its history in pictures, texts and documents. 3rd revised edition. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-8319-0084-1 . P. 196 ff.
- Road Skovmand, Vagn Dybdahl, Erik Rasmussen: History of Denmark 1830-1939. Translated by Olaf Klose . Neumünster 1973, ISBN 3-529-06146-8 .
- Gerd Stolz: The German-Danish fateful year 1864. Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5 .
Web links
- Schleswig-Holstein history ... (not) a case for those in a hurry , on: geschichte-sh.de
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl N. Bock: Middle Low German and today's Low German in the former Danish Duchy of Schleswig. Studies on the lighting of language change in fishing and Mittelschleswig . In: Det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab (ed.): Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser . Copenhagen 1948.
- ^ Manfred Hinrichsen: The development of language conditions in the Schleswig region . Wachholtz, Neumünster 1984, ISBN 3-529-04356-7 .
- ^ Progrescript from 1851 (Regenburgske). Grænseforenignen, accessed on August 17, 2018 .
- ↑ Politics Etbinds Danmarkshistorie (2005), p. 232.
- ↑ Gerd Stolz: The German-Danish fateful year 1864. Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5 , p. 15.
- ↑ Road Skovmand, Vagn Dybdahl, Erik Rasmussen: history of Denmark from 1830 to 1939. Translated by Olaf Klose . Neumünster 1973, p. 167.
- ^ Theodor Fontane: The Schleswig-Holstein War in 1864. Berlin 1866, p. 29. (Reprint Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Vienna 1978, paperback edition 1984)
- ↑ Gerd Stolz: The German-Danish fateful year 1864. Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5 , p. 17.
- ↑ Gerd Stolz: The German-Danish fateful year 1864. Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5 , p. 29.
- ^ W. Von Hassell: History of the Kingdom of Hanover. Part II, Section 2: From 1863 to 1866. Leipzig 1901, p. 114.
- ^ W. Von Hassell: History of the Kingdom of Hanover. Part II, Section 2: From 1863 to 1866. Leipzig 1901, p. 116.
- ^ Gerd Stolz: The German-Danish fateful year 1864. 2nd edition. 2013, Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5 , p. 32.
- ^ Heinrich Gustav Friedrich von Hake. Biography. on: dresden.stadtwiki.de
- ^ W. Von Hassell: History of the Kingdom of Hanover. Part II, Section 2: From 1863 to 1866. Leipzig 1901, p. 135.
- ↑ Jürgen Müller: The German Confederation 1815-1866 . Oldenbourg, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-486-55028-3 , pp. 46-47 .