German-Czech relations

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German-Czech relations
Location of the Czech Republic and Germany
Czech RepublicCzech Republic GermanyGermany
Czech Republic Germany
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History before 1918 is completely missing; the article deals almost exclusively with the subject of the Sudeten Germans
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The Czech Republic and Germany share an 817-kilometer national border .

The Czech Republic has an embassy in Berlin , two consulates general (in Dresden and Munich ), a consulate in Düsseldorf and six honorary consuls (in Dortmund , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Nuremberg , Rostock and Stuttgart ). There is a German embassy in Prague .

history

The Czech Republic and Slovakia belonged to the end of the First World War to Austria-Hungary . After that, Czechoslovakia became independent as a multi-ethnic state. The border area ( Sudetenland ), which has been predominantly German-speaking since the Middle Ages , also belonged to this. The Czechs and the victorious powers of the war avoided exercising their right to self-determination . In the interwar period, the relationship between the majority and the German minority was ambiguous: on the one hand, the Germans had, among other things, a parliamentary representation and their own school system, but on the other hand they had no autonomy.

Occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938

The situation worsened after the takeover of the Nazis in 1933 and the rise of the Sudeten German Party in Czechoslovakia, which increasingly Adolf Hitler leaned program. In the Munich Agreement of 1938, which was passed without the involvement of Czechoslovakia, Great Britain , France and Italy agreed to the cession of the Sudeten German territories to the Third Reich . As early as 1939, Hitler broke his promise from Munich to " smash the rest of the Czech Republic ", whereby the peoples' right to self-determination was openly trampled underfoot for the first time. The so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created, whose population suffered massively from the German occupation until the end of the Second World War in 1945 (for example in the notorious Lidice massacre after the Czech assassination attempt on the "Deputy Reich Protector in Bohemia and Moravia" Reinhard Heydrich , through the extermination of many Czech Jews in the Holocaust or the expulsion of the Czech population into the interior). At the end of the war, the Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia . The Czech side also carried out massacres of Germans, for example in the Brno death march . Quite a few Germans were allowed to stay in Czechoslovakia; these were not only skilled workers but also German families unencumbered by the Nazi regime.

With the February revolution in 1948, a communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia. As a result, the country remained separated from the neighboring state of the Federal Republic of Germany until the fall of communism by the Iron Curtain , especially by the Czechoslovak Wall , and ideological opposites.

Normalization of relations after the Second World War

Already shortly after the end of the war there was rapprochement between the GDR and the ČSR. In June 1950, the two states passed the so-called Prague Declaration, in which both states renounced territorial claims. In addition, the Munich Agreement was declared invalid and the forced resettlement of Germans was declared irrevocable, just and finally resolved. As a result of the new Ostpolitik adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 onwards , on December 11, 1973, the Federal Republic of Germany concluded an international agreement with Czechoslovakia, in which the Munich Agreement was declared null and void and the common border inviolable and the contracting parties agreed to respect each other for territorial issues Committed to integrity (“ Prague Treaty ”). Immediately afterwards, the two states established diplomatic relations with each other, and embassies in Prague and Bonn were opened. The suppression of the “ Prague Spring ” in 1968 by the Warsaw Pact states was also supported by the GDR government. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the relations between the reunified Germany and Czechoslovakia, or from 1993 the Czech Republic, could be put on a new basis, whereby the coming to terms with the past played a major role. Fundamental to the change in relations after the end of the Cold War are, for example, the German-Czech neighborhood treaty of 1992 and the German-Czech declaration of 1997. The German-Czech discussion forum and the German-Czech were also created on the basis of the German-Czech declaration Future fund. However, the Beneš decrees legitimizing the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans are still in force in the Czech Republic.

The elimination of the Munich Agreement

The elimination of the Munich Agreement was one of the central concerns of Czechoslovakia. The boundaries established there separated important industrial locations from the remaining Bohemia and Moravia. It reduced the capacities of industries and took 90 power plants away from Czechoslovakia. The most important industrial agglomerations were separated from one another; Railway lines were cut and border fortifications fell to the German Reich. The gradual elimination of the Munich Agreement began with the British government declaring in 1942 that the Munich Agreement had been repealed. In the same year, the French National Committee, through its chairman Charles de Gaulle, declared that the Munich Agreement was ineffective from the start. In 1944 the Italian government declared Pietro Badoglio that the Munich Agreement was void. In the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the ČSSR of March 17, 1967, the GDR declared that the Munich Agreement was null and void from the outset, with all the consequences arising from it. From 1969 onwards, the Federal Government and the parties supporting it were of the opinion that relations with the Eastern European states had to be normalized. This could help ease the East-West conflict and alleviate the division of Germany. In the Prague Treaty of December 11, 1973, the Federal Republic and Czechoslovakia declared the Munich Agreement null and void. The nullity should not affect the legal position of third parties, in particular not the citizenship of Sudeten Germans. The nullity of the Munich Agreement was confirmed in the preamble to the German-Czechoslovak Neighborhood Treaty of February 27, 1992 in a cautious formulation, but not restricted. However, it was specified that the Czechoslovak state never ceased to exist. In the German-Czech declaration on mutual relations and their future development of January 21, 1997, Germany acknowledged its role in a historical development that led to the Munich Agreement. Even this cautious formulation does not result in any restriction of the Prague Treaty of 1973.

Territorial claims

The border between Bohemia, Saxony and Bavaria is an "old border" that was severely disrupted by the Munich Agreement, but only for a short time. According to the will of the Allies, who took over the supreme power of government in Germany after the armistice in 1945, Germany should no longer go beyond the borders of 1937 from the outset. From the point of view of the victorious powers, there was no open border question between Germany and Czechoslovakia. In 1950, Czechoslovakia and the GDR agreed that they would not make any territorial claims against each other. In 1952, the Federal Republic of Germany agreed with the three Western powers in the Germany Treaty that responsibility for Germany as a whole, including above all border issues, would remain with the three Western powers. In 1954, Germany declared to the other NATO states that it would never change the current borders of the Federal Republic of Germany by force. In the Prague Treaty of 1973, the Federal Republic and Czechoslovakia declared that they have no territorial claims against each other and will not make them in the future either. In the two-plus-four treaty of 1990, the parties agreed on the transfer of full sovereignty to Germany that Germany has no territorial claims to other states and will not raise them in the future either. In the German-Czechoslovak Neighborhood Treaty of February 27, 1992, the German-Czech border was confirmed and the exclusion of territorial claims confirmed. A bilateral treaty should confirm the course of the border, which is effective under international law. From 1955 onwards, marketing deficiencies were rectified in mixed Bavarian-Czechoslovak working groups and recorded in writing. In the German-Czech declaration of January 21, 1997, a general reference is made to the neighborhood agreement. The German-Czech border has been completely surveyed and marketed since 1999.

Citizenship Issues

The annexation of the Sudeten areas and the incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia as a protectorate into the German Reich created a confusing situation. The resulting problems were not resolved through intergovernmental agreements, but through unilateral domestic legislation and administrative measures in both states. Czechoslovak citizens residing in the Sudeten regions were stripped of their Czechoslovak citizenship and German citizenship was granted by way of collective naturalization. After the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, persons of German nationality living there acquired German nationality and retained the rights of the nationals of the Protectorate. After the end of the Second World War, this group of people was stripped of their Czechoslovak citizenship by a Czechoslovak constitutional decree. This could have been harmless for most of the victims because they did not attach any importance to Czechoslovak citizenship before or after the expulsion. In the German western zones, however, the opinion was held that collective naturalizations of former Czechoslovak citizens of German ethnicity were ineffective and that ethnic Germans were stateless. This view became administrative practice in the western zones. In 1946, the state parliaments of the provinces of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania decided outside of their jurisdiction that resettlers should acquire German citizenship on the basis of their residence in the states. The other countries followed later; Resettlers did not become stateless. Starting in 1949, the Basic Law in West Germany determined that refugees or expellees of German ethnicity are Germans. A legal regulation was based on a judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of May 28, 1952, according to which German people who became German citizens in Czechoslovakia were also German citizens under the law of the Federal Republic of Germany. There was no need for a special administrative procedure. This removed the danger of statelessness and legally secured the integration of the displaced. Around 200,000 people were not expelled from Czechoslovakia, but held back as skilled workers. You were initially stateless. In order to counter the risk of emigration, the remaining Germans were given the option of naturalization in 1948 and were compulsorily naturalized by law in 1953. The Prague Treaty does not contain any intergovernmental amendments or additions, but expressly leaves it with the unilaterally agreed regulations.

Expropriations without compensation

In particular, with Presidential Decrees No. 12 of June 21, 1945 and No. 108 of October 25, 1945, the Beneš Decrees , the Germans, who were largely expelled, were expropriated without compensation. According to occupation law, Germany was not allowed to raise any objections to this. The Federal Republic of Germany promised the Western powers USA, Great Britain and France to adopt this regulation in federal law and undertook not to raise any objections to these expropriation measures, not to allow any lawsuits against the expropriation measures, and to ensure that the Federal Republic compensates the expropriated . German courts cannot rule on Czechoslovak expropriations in the territory of Czechoslovakia. Even if objects that have been expropriated in Czechoslovakia reach the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, the expropriated cannot sue the owner for surrender. In this case, the Federal Republic of Germany does not provide legal recourse to any questions arising from the war and occupation, and rejects the action as inadmissible. With this extended exclusion of German jurisdiction, the Federal Republic of Germany went beyond the respect of state immunity required by international law. However, this was a consequence of Germany's special status under occupation law after the Second World War. The waiver of objections and the extended exclusion of the place of jurisdiction remain in effect after a government agreement with the Three Western Powers even after German unification. The European Convention on Human Rights does not prevent the refusal of legal recourse, because the Treaty on the Regulation of War and Occupation Issues of October 23, 1954 was concluded so that the Federal Republic of Germany could regain its sovereignty. The international court of justice did not take a position in a similar legal dispute on the question of the ineffectiveness of the Beneš decrees, since the international court of justice for the plaintiff, the Principality of Liechtenstein, did not have jurisdiction until February 18, 1980, and the expropriation took place in 1946. Whether and how the consequences of the Beneš decrees are to be regulated is solely a matter for Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak restitution regulations do not apply to the Beneš decrees, but only to expropriations from 1948 onwards.

Reparations

Czechoslovakia was one of the eighteen participants in the Paris Reparations Conference of the Western States in 1945. The participants agreed that the reparations that were not yet quantifiable should initially be divided up as a percentage. Czechoslovakia was to receive 4.3% of the productive assets to be distributed. There was also no payment plan at the end of 1945. The war damage that occurred in Czechoslovakia could not be quantified. It was estimated, however, that the reparations could cover a maximum of one percent of the war damage. The contribution of the property expropriated in the territory of Czechoslovakia to compensate for the war damage was estimated to be higher in October 1945 than the hardly predictable contribution of the reparations. At the Paris Reparations Conference, Czechoslovakia succeeded in having the confiscation of German property internationally recognized. She further enforced that she did not have to put up with the usual offsetting of confiscated property against the reparation sum. Czechoslovakia received $ 5.4 million by February 1948 and $ 3 million thereafter, for a total of $ 8.4 million. Czechoslovakia made no further demands. In the Prague Treaty it was agreed that the nullity of the Munich Agreement does not constitute a legal basis for new reparation claims.

Reparations

Reparation payments are those that a damaging state directly provides to those affected who do not live in Germany. Reparations were first promised in the German-Czech declaration of January 2, 1997. The German-Czech Future Fund was able to pay out a total of DM 90 million to Nazi victims by 2007. Between 2000 and 2006, 423 million DM were paid out to victims of slave and forced labor.

Offenses

During the expulsion of the Germans there were many incidents that would have been punishable under Czechoslovak law. Due to a special amnesty regulation, these acts are not to be regarded as unlawful. This regulation has not been repealed and is still valid today. Even if the amnesty were lifted, the statute of limitations would prevent prosecution. The amnesty provision created a condition of trust for criminals, which would also stand in the way of prosecution for offenses that are not statute-barred. In the German-Czech declaration, the Czech Republic regretted that offenses committed in the context of resettlement and displacement were not punished.

Relations with Bavaria

In December 2010 and November 2011, Horst Seehofer was the first Bavarian Prime Minister to travel to the Czech Republic, which was seen as an important visit to achieve understanding in the dispute over the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans after the end of the Second World War. In February 2013, the then Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas paid a return visit to the Free State of Bavaria as the first Czech Prime Minister and, in his speech in the Bavarian State Parliament, regretted the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans.

On December 4, 2014, the Bavarian Prime Minister Horst Seehofer opened the representation of the Free State of Bavaria in the Czech Republic in the presence of the Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka . In his speech, Prime Minister Seehofer praised the establishment of a Bavarian representative office in the Czech Republic as a symbol of the friendship that has grown between Bavaria and the Czech Republic and of a common Europe. The Bavarian representative office should be a place for dialogue, friendship and togetherness.

Relations with Saxony

In June 2012, the Free State of Saxony opened a liaison office in Prague with which the state's relations with the Czech Republic are to be further deepened. In addition, there has been a free communal association called Fünfgemeinde since autumn 2000 .

See also

literature

  • Walter Kosglich, Marek Nekula, Joachim Rogall (eds.): Germans and Czechs: History - Culture - Politics (= Beck's series . 1414). 2nd revised edition, Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 978-3-406-45954-2 .
  • Lukáš Novotný: Discourses of the Past between Germans and Czechs. Investigation of the perception of history after 1945 (= extremism and democracy . Vol. 19). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8329-4248-9 .
  • Samuel Salzborn : Shared memories. German-Czech relations and the Sudeten German past (= The Germans and Eastern Europe . Vol. 3). Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-631-57308-2 .

Web links

Commons : German-Czech relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Prague (German and Czech) . Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  2. ^ Embassy of the Czech Republic in Berlin (German and Czech) . Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 28, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.prag.diplo.de
  3. ↑ See Schwarz, Wolfgang: DDR and ČSSR: A socialist marriage of convenience with relationship crises. In: Kosglich, Nekula, Rogall (ed.): Germans and Czechs. History, culture, politics. Munich. 2001
  4. ^ Robert Luft: "Old Borders" and Cultural Geography. On the historical constancy of the borders of Bohemia and the Bohemian countries, in: Hans Lemberg (Ed.): Borders in East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Current research problems. Marburg 2000, pp. 95-136 [132].
  5. ↑ Jan Gebhart: The Sudeten Germans during the Second World War In: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš Decrees, Münster 2005, pp. 191 - 201 [192 f.]
  6. ↑ Jindřich Dejmek: The Munich Agreement, In: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: The Beneš Decrees, Münster 2005, p. 143 f.
  7. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: The foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1945 to the present, 1st edition Munich 1999 p. 125.
  8. ↑ Birgit Hofmann: The Prague Spring and the West, Göttingen 2015, p. 112.
  9. ↑ Article 7 of the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the German Democratic Republic and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of March 17, 1967; Documents on the foreign policy of the German Democratic Republic 1967, edited by Werner Hänisch and Heinz Willumeit, Volume XV, 2nd half volume, Berlin 1970, pp. 1036-1040.
  10. ↑ Peter Wulf: Germany after 1945 in: Martin Vogt (Hrsg.): Deutsche Geschichte, 3rd edition Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 850 f.
  11. ↑ Art. I of the Treaty on Mutual Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of December 11, 1973 (Prague Treaty), Federal Law Gazette 1974 II, p. 989 ff.
  12. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: The foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1945 to the present, 1st edition Munich 1999 p. 126.
  13. ↑ Art. II sentence 1 of the treaty on mutual relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of December 11, 1973 (Prague treaty), Federal Law Gazette 1974 II, p. 989 ff.
  14. ↑ Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on good neighbors and friendly cooperation of February 27, 1992, Federal Law Gazette 1992 II, p. 463 ff.
  15. ^ German-Czech declaration on mutual relations and their future development from January 21, 1997 [1] .
  16. ^ Robert Luft: "Old Borders" and Cultural Geography. On the historical constancy of the borders of Bohemia and the Bohemian countries in: Hans Lemberg (Ed.): Borders in East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Current research problems, Marburg 2000, pp. 95-136 [96].
  17. ↑ Art. 13a of the declaration in view of the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme governmental power with regard to Germany on June 5, 1945; Peter März: Documents on Germany, 2nd edition Munich 2000, pp. 76–79.
  18. ^ Protocol on the zones of occupation in Germany and the administration of Greater Berlin from September 12, 1944 in: Peter März: Documents to Germany, 2nd edition Munich 2000, p. 69 f.
  19. ^ Daniel-Erasmus Khan: The German State Borders, Tübingen 2004, p. 300.
  20. ^ Daniel-Erasmus Khan: The German State Borders, Tübingen 2004, p. 300.
  21. ↑ Art. 2 Clause 1 of the Treaty on Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Three Powers (Germany Treaty) of May 26, 1952.
  22. ^ Resolution of the North Atlantic Council on the approval of the other parties to the North Atlantic Treaty on the declarations of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Three Powers of October 20, 1954. Bundestag printed paper 1953 II / 1061 Annex Association No. 33, pp. 66-69.
  23. ↑ Art. IV Paragraph 4 of the Treaty on Mutual Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of December 11, 1973 (Prague Treaty), Federal Law Gazette 1974 II, p. 989 ff.
  24. ↑ Treaty on the final regulation with regard to Germany as a whole of September 12, 1990, Federal Law Gazette 1990 II, p. 1318 f.
  25. ↑ Art. 3 Paragraph 1 of the Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on good neighbors and friendly cooperation of February 27, 1992, Federal Law Gazette 1992 II p. 463 ff.
  26. ↑ Art. 3 Paragraph 3 of the Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on good neighbors and friendly cooperation of February 27, 1992, Federal Law Gazette 1992 II p. 463 ff.
  27. ^ Daniel-Erasmus Khan: The German State Borders, Tübingen 2004, p. 302.
  28. ^ Preamble to the German-Czech declaration on mutual relations and their future development of January 21, 1997.
  29. ^ Daniel-Erasmus Khan: The German State Borders, Tübingen 2004, p. 307 f.
  30. ↑ Karin Schmid: Citizenship Issues in Czechoslovakia, Berlin 1979, p. 27.
  31. ↑ § 1 of the contract between the German Reich and the Czechoslovak Republic on citizenship and option issues of November 20, 1938 (RGBl. 1938 II, p. 896 ff.)
  32. ↑ § 1 of the ordinance on the acquisition of German citizenship by former Czechoslovak citizens of German ethnicity of April 20, 1939 (RGBl. 1939, p. 815 ff.)
  33. ↑ Ref § 3 of the Ordinance on the Acquisition of German Citizenship by Former Czechoslovak Citizens of German Ethnicity of April 20, 1939 (RGBl. 1939, p. 815 ff.)
  34. ↑ § 1 paragraph 1 of the constitutional decree of the President of the Republic of August 2, 1945 on the regulation of the Czechoslovak citizenship of persons of German and Hungarian nationality (No. 33/1945 Sb).
  35. ↑ Karin Schmid: Citizenship Issues in Czechoslovakia, Berlin 1979, p. 40.
  36. ↑ Walter Schätzel: The German citizenship law. Commentary, 2nd edition Berlin 1958, p. 112.
  37. ↑ Art. 116 para. 1 GG, BGBl 1949, p. 1 ff
  38. ↑ BVerfGE Volume 1 p. 332 ff.
  39. ↑ § 1 paragraph 1 of the law regulating questions of nationality of February 22, 1955 (BGBl. 1955, p. 65 ff.)
  40. ↑ Voigt: Law regulating questions of nationality of February 22, 1955. ZaöRV Volume 16, 1955/1956, pp. 661–676 [p. 662].
  41. ↑ Karin Schmid: Citizenship Issues in Czechoslovakia, Berlin 1979, p. 44.
  42. ↑ Art. II Paragraph 2 of the Treaty on Mutual Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of December 11, 1973 (Prague Treaty), Federal Law Gazette 1974 II, p. 989 ff.
  43. ↑ Christopher James Prout (Lord Kingsland): Expert opinion on the Beneš decrees and the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union of October 1, 2002 in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš decrees, Münster 2005, p. 522-541 (523).
  44. ^ Hans Kutscher in: Bonner contract , Munich and Berlin 1952, p. 219.
  45. ↑ Act No. 63 on the clarification of the legal situation with regard to German foreign assets and other German assets recorded by way of reparation or restitution of August 31, 1951 ; Official Journal of the Allied High Commission for Germany 1951, pp. 1107 - 1110 [1109.]
  46. ↑ Art. 3 Paragraph 1 of Part Six of the Treaty Regulating Issues Arising from War and Occupation of October 23, 1954, Federal Law Gazette II 1955, p. 440.
  47. ↑ Art. 3 Paragraph 3 of the Sixth Part of the Treaty Regulating Issues Arising from War and Occupation of October 23, 1954, Federal Law Gazette II 1955, p. 440.
  48. ↑ Art. 5 paragraph 1 of the sixth part of the contract regulating issues arising from war and occupation of October 23, 1954, Federal Law Gazette II 1955, p. 440.
  49. ^ Christian Tomuschat: The Beneš Decrees and the European Union in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: The Beneš Decrees, Münster 2005, pp. 455-481 (455).
  50. ↑ Christopher James Prout (Lord Kingsland): Expert opinion on the Beneš decrees and the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union of October 1, 2002 in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš decrees, Münster 2005, p. 522-541 (531).
  51. ↑ Christopher James Prout (Lord Kingsland): Expert opinion on the Beneš decrees and the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union of October 1, 2002 in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš decrees, Münster 2005, p. 522-541 (531).
  52. ↑ Jiří Dienstbier: Germans and Czechs - a new beginning in: Walter Kosiminal / Marek Nekula / Joachim Rogall (eds.): Germans and Czechs. History - culture - politics. Munich 2001, pp. 430 - 442 (439).
  53. ↑ § 3 paragraph 3 of the sixth part of the contract regulating issues arising from war and occupation of October 23, 1954, Federal Law Gazette 1955 II p. 440 ff.
  54. ^ European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v Germany; Judgment of July 12, 2001, Az. 42 527/98, p. 18, section 59. [2]
  55. ↑ Announcement of the agreement of 27./28. September 1990 on the Treaty on Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Three Powers as well as the Treaty on the Regulation of War and Occupation Issues of October 8, 1990, Federal Law Gazette 1990 II, pp. 1386-1389.
  56. ↑ Christopher James Prout (Lord Kingsland): Expert opinion on the Beneš decrees and the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union of October 1, 2002 in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš decrees, Münster 2005, p. 522-541 (531).
  57. ^ European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v Germany; Judgment of July 12, 2001, Az. 42 527/98, p. 18, section 59. [3]
  58. ↑ International Court of Justice: Liechtenstein v. Germany, judgment of February 10, 2005, general list no. 123, p. 21 f. [4]
  59. ↑ Jiří Dienstbier: Germans and Czechs - a new beginning in: Walter Kosiminal / Marek Nekula / Joachim Rogall (eds.): Germans and Czechs. History - Culture - Politics, Munich 2001, pp. 430 - 442 (438).
  60. ^ Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, judgment of March 8, 1996, Pl. US 14/94; [5]
  61. ↑ Jaroslav Kučera: The shark will never be so strong again. Czechoslovak policy on Germany 1945-1948, Dresden 2001, p. 88.
  62. ↑ Jaroslav Kučera: The shark will never be so strong again. Czechoslovak policy on Germany 1945 - 1948, Dresden 2001, p. 79.
  63. ↑ Jaroslav Kučera: The shark will never be so strong again. Czechoslovak policy on Germany 1945 - 1948, Dresden 2001, p. 86 f.
  64. ↑ Jaroslav Kučera: The shark will never be so strong again. Czechoslovak policy on Germany 1945 - 1948, Dresden 2001, p. 86 f.
  65. ↑ Art. 6 A and D of the Paris Reparations Agreement of January 14, 1946. German Bundestag (Hg) 1952; Stenographic report 217th meeting pp. 9552 - 9556. [6]
  66. ↑ Jaroslav Kučera: The shark will never be so strong again. Czechoslovak policy on Germany 1945 - 1948, Dresden 2001, p. 99 f.
  67. ↑ Art. II Paragraph 3 of the Treaty on Mutual Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of December 11, 1973 (Prague Treaty), Federal Law Gazette 1974 II, p. 989 ff.
  68. ↑ No. VII, paragraph 1 of the German-Czech declaration on mutual relations and their future development of January 21, 1997. [7]
  69. ↑ Martin Hořák: Compensation 2000 - 2006. The German-Czech Future Fund and Payments to Victims of Slave and Forced Labor, Prague 2007, p. 49.
  70. ↑ § 1 of the law of May 8, 1946 on the legality of actions connected with the struggle to regain the freedom of Czechs and Slovaks (decree No. 15).
  71. ↑ Jochen Frowein: Expert opinion on the Beneš decrees and related questions of September 12, 2002 in: Heiner Timmermann / Emil Voráček / Rüdiger Kipke: Die Beneš decrees, Münster 2005, pp. 484 - 507 (499).
  72. ↑ No. III, paragraph 2 of the German-Czech declaration on mutual relations and their future development of January 21, 1997. [8]
  73. ↑ Petr Necas visits concentration camp memorial , Süddeutsche Zeitung of February 15, 2013
  74. ^ Gesture of reconciliation, The ice between Bavaria and the Czech Republic is melting ( Memento from February 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , BR from February 21, 2013
  75. ^ Prime Minister Seehofer on the opening of the representative office of the Free State of Bavaria in the Czech Republic in Prague
  76. ↑ Saxony opens contact office in Prague ( Memento from June 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), MDR from June 18, 2012