Portuguese-Russian relations

The Portuguese-Russian relations include intergovernmental relations between Portugal and Russia . The countries have had direct diplomatic relations since 1779 and have been uninterrupted since 1974. Between 1974 and 1991 the relationship was replaced by Portuguese-Soviet relations .

Bilateral trade and the Russian community in Portugal, which has immigrated since the 1990s, are the essential links today. Both countries are also partners in a large number of international organizations, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization , the World Bank and the various UN organizations .

The legacy of the Portuguese who came to Russia since Peter the Great included Russian surnames such as Portugalow, Portugalskii, Dakosta (from da Costa), Devier (from de Vieira) and Velho.

history

Beginnings (10th to 16th centuries)

The first contacts between the two present-day countries go back to the 10th century. A census in the Khazarian Kingdom counted two Jewish residents who came from the Iberian Peninsula : Iehuda, son of Rabbi Meira, son of Rabbi Natan; an intelligent and man of knowledge and education and Rabbi Iossif Hagris, also a man of knowledge .

When the Jews were expelled from Portugal in 1494, a number of them also moved to areas of what is now Russia.

The first official Russian documents in which Portugal is mentioned come from the annals of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 15th and 16th centuries, in which the most influential European kings were listed and assessed. Trading powers, which were replaced by the successful Indian trade , also tried to get Russia as an ally against the rising world power Portugal. So a delegation from the Republic of Genoa came to Moscow in 1521 to meet Vasily III. to win for an alternative trade route through Russia to India, which however refused in order to have no foreign powers in his country.

There are still no reliable data on Portuguese-Russian trade during this period, but it is known that the gold coins minted by Portugal's King D. Manuel I also circulated at the Russian court in the 16th century. They were in great demand, so that tsars like Ivan the Terrible used them as a decoration for special military service. Some Russian historians consider the coin known at the court at the time as "Portugal" to be the first official order of merit awarded by Russian rulers.

Russian Empire (17th to 20th centuries)

In 1669, the Sephardic Sephardi António Lopes Suasso , who lived in Amsterdam, and his cousins Issac and Jacob Pinto organized an exploration trip along the north coast of the Russian Empire in search of a new way to Asia.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Portuguese missionaries were among the most important actors in the Catholic Church in Russia, which has been trying to bring Russian Christians back into its care since the breakaway of the Byzantine Empire . The Jesuits from Poland in particular made an effort to reach Russia and relied on the work of Portuguese theologians, who thus increasingly reached Russia. The “Gramática Latina” of the Portuguese clergyman Manuel Alvares was used in the schools of Peter the Great, and the Russian Orthodox cleric, educator and poet Simeon Polotski read the writings of the Portuguese Jerónimo Osório , whom he also mentioned in his didactic verses.

The expansion of the Russian Empire far into Asia, where Portugal maintained ancient and far-reaching spheres of influence, brought both states closer together. The Russian Empire and China, for example, established their first diplomatic relations with the help of Portuguese Jesuits in Russia.

The Portuguese doctor Ribeiro Sanches lived in Russia for 15 years from 1731 and had a significant influence on the development of medicine there.

On his second trip to Europe from 1713 onwards, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great hired a number of specialists to modernize his country, including some Portuguese. One was António Vieira (called Devier in Russia), who became the first police director of the capital, Saint Petersburg . His descendants occupied some important civil and military positions in Russia. Another Portuguese in the service of the Tsar was the merchant João Christian Semah da Costa Cortiços from Hamburg. The man, who came from a Portuguese-Sephardic family from what is now Morocco and is known in Russia as Ivan Dakosta, became one of the most famous court jesters of the tsarist empire and left behind a collection of jokes and jokes.

The important Portuguese doctor António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches worked in Russia from 1731, where he a. a. Doctor of the Imperial Army, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and personal physician to Tsarina Anna . At the Russian court, which was not very well versed in foreign languages, he was also an important mediator in the scientific exchange between the academies of the two countries, which took place regularly between 1735 and 1741 and brought important scientific books from Western and Central Europe to Russia. In 1747 Ribeiro Sanches had to leave Russia after being denounced as a Jew , until he was finally expelled from the academy in 1748.

In 1724, the Portuguese government proposed to Tsar Peter the Great to establish diplomatic relations. Portugal was interested in Russian wood, hemp and resin for its fleet construction. Records from 1739 actually show Portuguese imports of wood, iron, linen and wax from Russia, which obtained wine, fruit, cork, olive oil and salt from Portugal. However, trade fell far short of Portuguese expectations, and Portugal reinforced its interest in expanding its trade with Russia by appointing the Hamburg merchant Joăo António Borcher as the first Russian consul in Lisbon on October 2, 1769. However, he stayed longer interested in supplying the Russian ships that stopped in Lisbon on their way to the Mediterranean, and bilateral trade remained manageable.

It was not until the Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Russian Empress Catherine II agreed to direct diplomatic relations. The arrival of the Portuguese ambassador Francisco José da Horta Machado in St. Petersburg on October 20, 1779 has been the beginning of official Portuguese-Russian relations since then; on July 4, 1780, the Count of Nesselrode began his service as the first Russian ambassador in Lisbon.

In 1782 Portugal and Russia signed a first shipping agreement, a trade agreement followed in 1786 and in 1799 they signed a defense and assistance treaty in St. Petersburg.

Soldier of the Portuguese Legion : she suffered many losses in Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812.

A good bilateral relationship then developed particularly in the areas of trade and the military. Lisbon became the main port of supply for Russian ships, which became more common in the Mediterranean area with the increasing interest of the Tsarist Empire. In addition, both states were looking for new sales markets for their products. José Pedro Celestino Velho, for example, a merchant from Porto , supplied Russia with port wine from then on . Initially Portuguese consul in Russia, he later served the Russian court and made a steep career, as a result of which his descendants came to influential positions in Russian politics. His grandson Ivan Velho became the head of the Russian Post (now Potschta Rossii ) and organized daily mail delivery across the country.

With Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 , Portuguese soldiers also came to Russia. The Portuguese Legion suffered heavy losses in the battles of Wagram , Smolensk , Vitebsk and Borodino .

After the Liberal Revolution in Portugal in 1822 and the subsequent Miguelistenkrieg in Portugal until 1834, the Portuguese-Russian diplomatic relations between 1828 and 1842 were interrupted. If political contacts were temporarily impaired, intellectual exchange, on the other hand, increased further. The liberal ideas in the Iberian Peninsula were also watched by Russian intellectuals, including Alexander Pushkin . Pavel Pestel , who led the failed liberal revolution of the Decembrists in Russia in 1825 , also cited the liberal revolution in Portugal as a motivation in the subsequent police interrogations, along with the other incidents in Naples and Spain.

Another trade agreement was signed in Lisbon in 1851, this time at the initiative of Russia. The visit of the Portuguese Armada to the Tsarist Empire in 1885 underpinned the good relations between Russia and Portugal, which at the time increasingly sought diplomatic support from Russia: with the height of imperialism , especially in the race for Africa , Portugal saw itself in its overseas possessions by the old ally England, but also France and Germany, are increasingly threatened. The year 1895 marked a high phase of relations, with a new shipping and trade agreement, the visit of the Russian battleship Nicholas I in Lisbon, and the high-profile help of the crew of the Russian imperial Tsarevna who happened to be present in putting out a fire in the parliament building in Lisbon in July.

However, this temporary rapprochement did not bear solid fruit. At the beginning of the 20th century, eleven Russian consulates were set up in Portugal, five of them in continental Portugal (Lisbon, Porto, Setúbal, Faro and Portimão) and six in Madeira and the Azores. However, the honorary consuls were seldom Russian. They had hardly any contacts in Russia and were not very motivated to promote trade relations. Only the consulate general in Lisbon therefore worked effectively. As a result, relations were essentially limited to the barely growing exchange of goods, which at no time made up more than 1.8% of Portuguese foreign trade.

After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, Portugal declared its neutrality, but had to give in to pressure from its old ally Great Britain and de facto close its ports to the Imperial Russian Navy .

With the fatal assassination attempt on Portugal's King D.Carlos I in 1908 and the proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic in 1910, relations cooled significantly again. It was not until September 30, 1911 that Tsarist Russia recognized the Republic of Portugal.

Relationships continued to decline after that. In 1913 Russia reduced the number of its consulates to two vice consulates in Lisbon and Porto.

During the First World War , Portugal and Russia were formally allied as part of the Allies , but had hardly any significant points of contact.

Soviet Union (20th century)

After the Russian October Revolution of 1917, diplomatic relations between the now communist Russia and the young Republic of Portugal under the leadership of the authoritarian Sidónio Pais finally broke off completely in 1918.

During the Second World War , the semi-fascist, but traditionally allied with the British and the United States, Portugal remained neutral. Relations between the Soviet Union in Russia, founded in 1922, and the Salazar dictatorship in Portugal, which had ruled since 1932, remained tense due to ideological differences. Portugal played a key role in the exclusion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations in 1939, and in the Finnish-Russian winter war of 1939/40 the country openly sided with Finland, albeit not militarily.

Even after the end of the Second World War in 1945, relations did not improve. In 1949 Portugal co-founded NATO , the geopolitical adversary of the USSR. Since 1951, the Soviet Union has also been one of the most active opponents of Portuguese overseas policy in UN assemblies , where Portugal increasingly isolated itself, especially after the Portuguese colonial war that broke out in 1961 . Soviet support for the independence movements in the Portuguese colonies , particularly in Angola , but also in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau , caused further tensions between Portugal and the USSR.

However, with the Portuguese Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and the end of the Portuguese dictatorship, relations between the two countries changed fundamentally. On June 9, 1974, the Republic of Portugal and the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations. The rapprochement between the two countries lost its strength when the bourgeois forces prevailed in the Portuguese revolution and Portugal subsequently again orientated itself strongly towards the west . The Communist Party of Portugal (PCP), which enjoyed popularity and influence as the most active resistance group in the defeated dictatorship, remained the most important asset in Portuguese-Soviet relations. The popular PCP chairman Álvaro Cunhal , who spent many years in exile in Moscow during the dictatorship and then kept his party ideologically along the Soviet line, was very present in public and on the festival grounds of the annual Festa do Avante! Technical and cultural achievements of the USSR and its allies were always presented to the general public.

Russia's President Medvedev in Portugal in 2008, with Portuguese President Cavaco Silva and Prime Minister José Sócrates

Russian Federation (since 20th century)

With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent opening of Russia, the politics of both countries came closer again. However, it was mainly economic aspects that brought the two countries closer together again.

For the first time there was a significant migration from Russia to Portugal, and bilateral trade also increased sharply.

Due to its membership in the EU and NATO, Portugal also distanced itself in the course of the sanctions after the Crimean crisis in 2014, but without positioning itself too profoundly against Russia. As a result, the Portuguese-Russian relations have since been regarded as hardly damaged and therefore still good.

For example, Portugal's conservative Agriculture Minister Assunção Cristas came to Moscow in 2014, the year of the political crisis, for the largest food fair in Eastern Europe, Prodexpo , where Portuguese exhibitors continued to promote Portugal's growing food exports to Russia.

diplomacy

The Russian Embassy in Lisbon

Portugal maintains an embassy in the Moscow Botanitchesky Per. No. 1, near the Moscow Botanical Garden . Furthermore, there are no Portuguese consulates in Russia.

The Russian representation in Portugal is located at Rua Visconde de Santarém number 59 in the Lisbon municipality of São Jorge de Arroios, near the Instituto Superior Técnico . Russian honorary consulates have been set up in Porto in northern Portugal and in Faro in the Algarve .

Town twinning

At least five towns in both countries have so far been linked by town twinning and cooperation agreements (as of 2013). Coimbra and Yaroslavl formed the first friendship between cities in 1984 .

Russian Orthodox Church in the Portuguese pilgrimage site of Fátima

migration

After the end of the Soviet Union and the subsequent market-based restructuring of the Russian economy, unemployment and poverty rose in Russia. At the same time, Portugal experienced an economic boom and was the first destination for immigrants from Europe. In addition to other Eastern Europeans, Russian citizens came to Portugal. In the 2004 documentary “ The Newcomers in Lisbon ” by the Portuguese director Sérgio Tréfaut , Russian immigrants are also portrayed who, despite all the differences, are satisfied with the quality of life they have gained in Portugal.

At the same time, a number of the new Russian rich settled in Lisbon and on the Algarve coast or invested here. Some made use of the Portuguese golden visa regime, which enables non-EU citizens to be granted a residence permit in return for larger investments.

In 2016, there were 4,283 Russian citizens registered in Portugal, most of them in Lisbon and the Algarve. At the beginning of the deep economic crisis in Portugal in 2008 it was 6,194. Your remittances amounted to 4.76 million euros.

In return, 390 Portuguese citizens were registered in Russia in 2014, who remitted EUR 0.31 million.

economy

Gazprom Neft refinery in Moscow: Fuels determine Russia's exports to Portugal, while cork is the most important Portuguese export to Russia

Since the 1990s, Portugal has been getting a significant part of its fuel from Russia, which in return mainly imports cork , shoes and food from Portugal. The Portuguese meat product manufacturer Primor, for example, generates a tenth of its sales there, and some of the growing exports of canned goods and Rocha fruit pears also go to Russia. The steadily increasing trade relationships that have been developing since the 1990s are also reflected in the trade volume, which after a brief decline in 2008 as a result of the financial crisis had risen again from 2007 to EUR 547 million in 2010. In 2016, the Portuguese-Russian trade reached a volume of 1,423 million euros.

The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP has a branch in Moscow.

In 2016, Portugal exported goods and services worth EUR 250.4 million to Russia ( 2015 : 298.6 million; 2014 : 381.3 million; 2013 : 440.0 million; 2012 : 349.3 million .). In terms of goods, 21% of these were wood and cork, 13.6% shoes, 12.4% agricultural products, 12.3% machines and devices, 11.1% food and 5.5% chemical-pharmaceutical products.

In the same period, Russia delivered goods and services worth 1,172.7 million euros to Portugal ( 2015 : 637.1 million; 2014 : 710.8 million; 2013 : 988.2 million; 2012 : 482.8 million .), of which 89.5% fuel, 3.2% agricultural products, 2.4% chemical-pharmaceutical products, 2.0% metal goods and 0.9% wood and cork.

This put Russia in 34th place among buyers and 9th among suppliers in Portuguese goods foreign trade, while Portugal was 59th among buyers and 54th among suppliers in Russia's foreign trade in goods in 2015 .

With overnight stays of 65.0 million euros in 2016 ( 2015 : 63.9 million; 2014 : 95.2 million; 2013 : 79.8 million; 2012 : 63.9 million), Russian tourists represented 0 , 51% of Portuguese tourism with foreign guests.

Culture

General

The Portuguese cultural institute Instituto Camões is u. a. represented with a language and cultural center in Moscow and lectureships at several universities in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Pyatigorsk .

Russian-Portuguese media also appear in Portugal, such as Diálogo: Portugal-Rússia . The Russian newspaper Pravda has an online Portuguese edition.

Folk dance groups from Russia are often represented at the widespread international folklore events in Portugal.

music

The Portuguese opera singer Luísa Todi sang at the Russian Tsar's court from 1784 to 1787.

The Portuguese opera singer Luísa Todi was considered the most famous singer on the continent in the second half of the 18th century. It first appeared in Russia on May 30, 1784. Tsarina Katharina the Great gave her bracelets set with diamonds as a token of her enthusiasm and hired her. Her engagement at the Tsar’s court ended three years later when the tsarina's steadily increasing fee demands became too high. An anecdote became known about this : after La Todi again demanded an enormously increased wage in 1787, the tsarina is said to have exclaimed that she did not even pay her marshals so much, to which the singer is said to have replied, then the marshals should sing for her in future.

The Russian music critic Platon Vaxel (1814-1919) contributed two chapters to the two-volume standard work "Os Músicos Portugueses" , published in 1870 by JA da Fonseca Vasconcellos.

In the 1960s and 1970s, groups interested in culture in Portugal wrested some concessions from the strongly anti - communist Estado Novo regime in the field of culture. Soviet musicians such as David Oistrakh , Oleg Kogan and Vladimir Krainev performed in Portugal, and Portuguese Fado singers gave guest performances in the USSR, such as Carlos do Carmo or Amália Rodrigues , who in 1969 led an extensive tour through the Soviet Union, where they thrilled was recorded and then published there as well.

Movie

In December 2017 the third edition of the St. Petersburg Film Festival of Portuguese Film took place in the local Velikan cinema.

Russian films can be seen regularly at Portuguese film festivals, such as the most important international short film festival in Portugal, Curtas Vila do Conde . Russian filmmakers have already received awards there several times, for the first time Alexander Petrow in the first edition of Curtas in 1993.

One of the first international documentaries about the Portuguese Carnation Revolution was the Soviet production First days of freedom (USSR 1974, Studija Documentalnykh).

The 2003 documentary " Os Filhos de Ivanovo " by the Portuguese director Ivan Dias portrays a special episode of Portuguese-Soviet friendship. From the 1960s to the 1970s, Portuguese children lived in the international school home of Iwanowo , the Interdom , a home of the International Red Aid for children from war and civil war zones. The children had been sent there by their parents, mostly imprisoned or monitored by communist opposition members of the regime in Portugal. The Portuguese children learned and lived there with children from many parts of the world. In the film they portray their childhood in the Interdom as carefree and report that they have felt a bond among Interdom students to this day.

The documentary film “ The Newcomers in Lisbon ” by the Portuguese director Sérgio Tréfaut was released in 2004 and shows the phenomenon of being a country of immigration, which is unusual for Portugal. People who had traveled from Russia were also portrayed.

Arseny Morozov's neo- Romanueline city villa in Moscow

Booth of the Russian Copper Company , Innoprom 2017

Occasionally, there is also cooperation between Portuguese and Russian filmmakers, for example Chulpan Khamatova's lead role in the Portuguese film América (2010).

Architecture and design

On Vosdvishka Street near the Moscow Kremlin is what is believed to be the only building in Russia that has clear references to Portugal. In 1899, the Russian entrepreneur Arseni Morozow had the city villa built according to Viktor Masyrin's plans . After visiting Lisbon and Sintra , Morozow was inspired by the Manueline architectural style and had the palace built in the New Manueline style. It stood out from the predominantly French-inspired city palaces in Moscow and met with little enthusiasm. In Leo Tolstoy's novel “ Resurrection ”, Lieutenant Nekhludov describes the building as “a useless and stupid palace of a useless and stupid man”.

In the Soviet Union, the building served as the house of friendship between peoples . Today the villa is an architectural feature and is a listed building.

The Portuguese architecture and design office Designmark Group from Serpa created the most technologically sophisticated exhibition stand in the world in 2017: the 850 square meter, three-story stand represented the Russian Copper Company at Innoprom , an international trade fair for industrial innovations in Yekaterinburg .

Sports

Soccer

Cristiano Ronaldo and Yuri Schirkow at the 2017 Confed Cup on June 21, 2017 in Moscow

Men

The Portuguese national team and the Russian national soccer team have met seven times so far, for the first time on June 16, 2004 in Lisbon's Estádio da Luz . The hosts won the preliminary round match in Group A of the 2004 European Football Championship in Portugal 2-0. In total, the Portuguese won four games, the Russians stayed victorious twice, and once they were drawn (as of November 2017). Before that, the Portuguese team played three times against the USSR national team , with two Soviet and one Portuguese wins. They first met in the game for third place at the 1966 World Cup in England. The Portuguese team around world footballer Eusébio won 2: 1 and thus achieved Portugal's best placement at a World Cup to date (as of 2017).

Portugal has qualified for the 2018 World Cup in Russia and is drawn into group E, while hosts Russia are in group A.

At the 2004 European Football Championship in Portugal, Russia was drawn into group A with hosts Portugal and was eliminated there after the preliminary round.

Women

The Russian and Portuguese women's national teams have met eight times so far, for the first time on March 11, 1996 at the Algarve Cup 1996 . In Silves , the guests from Russia defeated the hosts 2-1. The Russians won a total of seven encounters, once they were drawn (as of November 2017).

tennis

A. Pavlyuchenkova at Wimbledon 2013, the year she won the WTA Oeiras .

The most important Portuguese tennis tournament for men, the ATP Estoril , was won by the Russian Nikolai Dawydenko in 2003. Andrei Olchowski won doubles there several times, including 2002 with Karsten Braasch from Germany.

At the most important Portuguese tennis tournament for women, the WTA Oeiras , the Russian Anastassija Pavlyuchenkova won in 2013 after several Russian players had already finished second there. Russians have won doubles there several times, most recently Anastassija Rodionowa in 2007 and Marija Kirilenko in 2008.

At the ATP St. Petersburg , the Portuguese João Sousa reached the final in 2015, where he was finally defeated.

In contrast, no one from Portugal has made it into the final at either the ATP Moscow or the WTA Moscow (as of 2017).

Cycling

Vladimir Efimkin 2007; in 2005 he was the first Russian to win the Tour of Portugal

The most important Portuguese cycling race, the Tour of Portugal , was won by Vladimir Jefimkin in 2005 as the only Russian so far (as of 2017).

At the 2001 UCI Road World Championships in Lisbon, Russia finished 11th with a silver medal, while host Portugal came home empty-handed. No road world championships have taken place in Russia yet (as of 2017).

athletics

Several Russian women and men have already won the Lisbon Marathon , most recently Oleg Marussin in 2012.

At the World Championships in Athletics in 2001 in Lisbon, Russia took second place with 15 medals, four of which were gold. Host Portugal finished tenth with two medals. At the 2006 World Indoor Championships in Moscow, Russia finished second again with 18 medals, while Portugal came in 16th with a silver medal.

Other

Russia was the first to finish the 2013 European Canoeing Championships in Montemor-o-Velho with eight medals, while host Portugal came in 12th with two silver medals.

Web links

Commons : Portugal-Russia Relations - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Website of the Russian Embassy in Lisbon (Russian and Portuguese)

Website of the Portuguese Embassy in Moscow ( Portuguese , Russian and English)

Overview of diplomatic relations between Portugal and Russia , diplomatic institute in the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Overview of diplomatic relations with Russia at the Diplomatic Institute in the Portuguese Foreign Ministry , accessed on May 4, 2019

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), pp. 849f

↑ ^a ^b Como a moscóvia “descobriu” Portugal - “How the Grand Duchy of Moscow discovered Portugal” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on December 19, 2017

↑ ^a ^b Moscovo e lisboa celebram mais de dois séculos de contactos - “Moscow and Lisbon celebrate more than two centuries of relations” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on December 18, 2017

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Da história do desenvolvimento das relações entre a Rússia e Portugal - “From the history of the development of Russian-Portuguese relations” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on 19th December 2017

↑ PortugalFoods rumo à Rússia para Prodexpo 2014 - “PortugalFoods in the direction of Russia for Prodexpo 2014” , article on the website of the Association of Portuguese Food Manufacturers PortugalFoods , accessed on December 19, 2017
↑ Consular contact details of the Portuguese Embassy in Moscow (Port.), Accessed on December 14, 2017
↑ Consular contacts on the website of the Russian Embassy in Lisbon (port.), Accessed on December 14, 2017
↑ List of Portuguese-Russian town twinning on the website of the Association of Portuguese District Administration ANMP, accessed on December 14, 2017
↑ The Chinese love Portugal's “golden visa” , article from August 21, 2014 in the FAZ , accessed on December 15, 2017
↑ Number of foreigners by district in the official annual statistics by nationality , Portuguese Immigration and Border Agency SEF, accessed on December 14, 2017
↑ ^a ^b Website on Portuguese migration in Russia at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração , Tables A.3 and A.6, accessed on December 14, 2017
↑ Article on the Portuguese-Russian trade ( Portuguese ) on the website of the Russian Embassy in Lisbon, accessed on December 18, 2017

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bilateral Economic Relations between Portugal and Russia , AICEP website, accessed on December 14, 2017

↑ Overview of the activities in Russia , website of the Instituto Camões (English, Portuguese), accessed on December 18, 2017

^ Pravda website in Portuguese , accessed December 18, 2017

↑ Cristina Faria: Fotobiografias Século XX - Amália Rodrigues. Temas & Debates, Mem Martins 2008, ISBN 978-989-644-032-9 , p. 195.

↑ 3º Festival de Cinema Português de São Petersburgo - “Third Film Festival of Portuguese Films in Saint Petersburg” ( Memento of the original of December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Information and poster on the website of the Portuguese Embassy in Moscow, accessed on December 21, 2017 @1@ 2

↑ Entry on the "House of Friendship of Nations" in the Michelin's online travel guide , accessed on December 21, 2017

↑ Wiki note entry on No. 7710114000 of the Russian list of cultural monuments , accessed on December 21, 2017

↑ Empresa de arquitetura e design trabalha em Serpa para o mundo - "Architecture and design company works in Serpa for the world" ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Article dated August 29, 2017 at www.revealportugal.com, accessed December 21, 2017 @1@ 2

[idi-1] Overview of diplomatic relations with Russia at the Diplomatic Institute in the Portuguese Foreign Ministry , accessed on May 4, 2019

[Dic-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), pp. 849f

[Moscovia-3] Como a moscóvia “descobriu” Portugal - “How the Grand Duchy of Moscow discovered Portugal” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on December 19, 2017

[Botschaft-4] Moscovo e lisboa celebram mais de dois séculos de contactos - “Moscow and Lisbon celebrate more than two centuries of relations” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on December 18, 2017

[Historia-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Da história do desenvolvimento das relações entre a Rússia e Portugal - “From the history of the development of Russian-Portuguese relations” , article from March 4, 2012 on the website of the Russian Embassy in Portugal, accessed on 19th December 2017