Italian-Portuguese relations
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The Italian-Portuguese relations describe the intergovernmental relationship between Italy and Portugal . The countries have had direct diplomatic relations since the unification of Italy in 1861.
Relations between the two countries go back to the time of the Roman Empire . The connecting link today is in particular the common membership in the EU , the Schengen area and the euro zone , but also in NATO , the OECD , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe , the Latin Union , the World Trade Organization , the World Bank and the various UN organizations . In addition, Italy has had observer status in the community of Portuguese-speaking countries since 2018 . The bilateral trade, the mutual immigrant communities and an intensive cultural exchange are also to be mentioned, and there is also a lively mutual tourism .
The countries are also connected by the widespread Catholic religion, with Rome in Italy as the center of the Catholic Church and Fátima in Portugal as one of its most important pilgrimage sites. Saint Anthony of Padua , popular in Italy, came from Portugal, as did Pope John XXI.
history
Roman Empire until the founding of Italy in 1861
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The Iberian Peninsula was next to Northern Italy's most important scene of the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome. In this context came around 220 BC. Roman troops to the peninsula for the first time. After the peace treaty in 201 BC The peninsula became from 197 BC. Part of the Roman Empire.
With the gradual submission of the presumably Celtic Lusitans from 154 BC. Finally, the area of present-day Portugal became part of the Roman Empire as the province of Lusitania . The most important cities were then the court seats Pax Augusta (today Beja ) and Scallabis (today Santarém ) and the important urban centers Bracara Augusta (today Braga ) and Olissipo (since 48 BC Colonia Felicitas Iulia, today Lisbon ). The best preserved Roman city in Portugal is Conimbriga , now an important archaeological excavation site.
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The Roman culture and language determined life in what is now Portugal for four centuries, right up to Christianization in the 4th century. With the invasion of Germanic tribes from 409 AD, the membership of today's Portugal to the Roman Empire ended.
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the North African Moors from 711 was followed by the Christian Reconquista , which resulted in the independent Kingdom of Portugal being established in 1143 .
D. Afonso Henriques , the first king of the independent kingdom of Portugal , married the Italian Mathilde of Savoy in 1146 , who became the first queen of Portugal .
In 1251 the Portuguese drove the last Arabs out of what is now Portugal. This completed the Christian Reconquista in Portugal, which at times was carried out with the substantial help of crusaders who stopped in Portugal on their way to Jerusalem, including fighters from what is now Italy.
In 1317 , Portugal's sixth king D. Dinis appointed Manuel Pezagno from Genoa, known as Manuel Pessanha in Portugal, to be the admiral of his fleet . The contract also obliged Pessanha to always employ 20 experienced seamen from Genoa in the Armada, who thus contributed to the development of Portugal into a later seafaring nation. Antoniotto Usodimare and Alvise Cadamosto were among the most important Italian seafarers in Portuguese services.
This treaty was followed by a large number of other agreements between Portuguese rulers and merchants, cartographers, bankers and travelers from Genoa, Milan, Venice and Florence, which resulted in an ongoing Italian-Portuguese exchange of knowledge in all areas.
In the 15th and 16th centuries in particular, many Portuguese scholars, clergymen and artists stayed in Italian cities. The founder of the order Amadeu da Silva, who was born in Portugal in 1431, lived and worked in Italy for many years until he died in Milan in 1482. The humanist Aquiles Estaço (Achille Stazio in Italian) is considered to be an essential co-founder of the Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome thanks to his legacy of around 1,700 books .
The Italian Duke Alessandro Farnese married Maria of Portugal in Brussels in 1565 , who became Hereditary Princess of Parma and Piacenza .
Portuguese ambassadors were accredited to the court of Savoy between 1680 and 1682.
Noble Portuguese Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel was born in Rome in 1752 before moving to Naples with her family in 1760. She became known there as a poet and author and is considered the first journalist in Naples after she founded the newspaper Il Monitore Napoletano in 1799 . She was one of the main characters of the short-lived liberal Neapolitan Republic and was executed after its demise that same year.
Until 1860 Portugal had diplomatic missions to the Kingdom of Sardinia in Turin and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in Naples, and the Portuguese ambassador to the Holy See in Rome had been double accredited in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany since 1850 . In March 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of the united Italy , in September of that year Portugal recognized the kingdom.
Since 1862
Like the first, the penultimate queen of Portugal was an Italian: in 1862 Maria Pia of Savoy married the Portuguese King D. Luís I.
The Portuguese Republic , proclaimed on October 5, 1910 , was first recognized by the Kingdom of Italy in July 1911 and de jure on September 11, 1911, and on May 16, 1918, the Italian recognition of the de facto dictatorship Sidónio Pais in Portugal took place on May 16, 1918 .
After Mussolini had been the dictatorial head of government of the fascist government of Italy from 1922 , Salazar became the authoritarian dictator of Portugal from 1928. At least since the establishment of his Estado Novo in 1932, Salazar also borrowed from Mussolini's regime, of which he was a declared admirer. The climax of the political closeness between fascist Italy and semi- clerical fascist Portugal was reached in the joint support for clerical fascist Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). However, while Mussolini then moved to the side of Nazi Germany in the Second World War (1939–1945), Salazarist Portugal remained neutral.
In mid-1946 Italy decided in a referendum for the form of government of the republic, the constitution of which came into force in early 1948. Portugal then recognized the Republic of Italy.
Italy and Portugal were both founding members of the western military alliance NATO in 1949 .
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While the authoritarian ruled Portugal remained increasingly isolated internationally from the 1950s, in particular due to its colonial policy in its overseas provinces , Italy was fully integrated into the Western European union. The country was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (EEC, now the EU ) in 1957 , while Portugal was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960 .
After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the dictatorship in Portugal ended and the country's international relations changed fundamentally, especially after the bourgeois forces prevailed in the revolution in 1975 and the country was strongly integrated into the West.
In 1986 Portugal joined the EEC. Since then, Italy and Portugal have also grown closer. They have both belonged to the Schengen area since the beginning of 1990 and both adopted the euro as a single currency from the beginning of 1999 , which was also introduced as cash in all participating countries from 2002.
At the 12th Conference of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries in Cape Verde on July 17 and 18, 2018, Italy was granted observer status.
diplomacy
Portugal has its embassy at 5 Via Guido d'Arezzo in Rome. There are also Portuguese consulates in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Livorno, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Trieste, Turin and Venice.
The Italian representation in Portugal is located at Rua Joaquim António de Aguiar number 64 in the Lisbon municipality of São Sebastião da Pedreira . Italian consulates have been set up in Albufeira, Porto, Ponta Delgada in the Azores and in Funchal on Madeira Island .
Town twinning
A number of places in both countries are linked as partners. Since 1989, a total of 17 Italian-Portuguese town twinnings and cooperation agreements have existed or are being initiated (as of 2013).
migration
Since the Roman Empire , people from today's states of Italy and Portugal have been moving to the other country. They do not represent a particularly conspicuous community in the other country, also due to the similar cultural and economic social situations in both countries.
- Portuguese in Italy
In 2015, 11,673 people were registered in the Portuguese consulates in Italy, of which 6,305 were born in Portugal. The others are predominantly Italian-born children of Portuguese immigrants and citizens with particular ties to Portugal. 6,088 residents of Italy are registered with the authorities as Portuguese citizens.
Your remittances to Portugal amounted to EUR 3.94 million in 2016 ( 2015 : 4.07 million; 2013 : 22.14 million; 2010 : 14.74 million; 2005 : 6.09 million; 2000 : 6 .04 million)
- Italians in Portugal
In 2016, 8,523 Italian citizens were registered in Portugal, almost half of them in the Lisbon district .
In 2016 they transferred 1.88 million euros back to Italy ( 2015 : 1.64 million; 2013 : 2.41 million; 2010 : 1.87 million; 2005 : 2.43 million; 2000 : 0.77 Million).
economy
The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP has a branch in Milan. In Lisbon there is the Italian-Portuguese Chamber of Commerce Camera di Commercio Italiana per il Portogallo , as well as bilateral institutions for individual sectors.
In 2016, Portugal exported goods and services worth 2,376.9 million euros to Italy ( 2015 : 2,236.4 million; 2014 : 2,189.0 million; 2013 : 2,125.3 million; 2012 : 2,228.3 million .). Goods accounted for 1,726.1 million euros, of which 13.6% were agricultural products, 13.2% machines and devices, 10.6% vehicles and vehicle parts, 8.5% paper and cellulose, 7.5% plastics and rubber, and 6.8% clothing.
During the same period, Italy delivered goods and services worth 3,604.1 million euros to Portugal ( 2015 : 3,515.3 million; 2014 : 3,299.2 million; 2013 : 3,104.2 million; 2012 : 3,122.7 million .). The share of goods was 3,358.1 million euros, of which 25.1% were machinery and equipment, 10.1% chemical and pharmaceutical products, 10.1% metal goods, 8.3% textiles, 8.2% vehicles and Vehicle parts, and 6.5% plastics and rubber.
Thus Italy was in the Portuguese foreign goods trade in 7th place among the buyers and in 4th place among the suppliers, while Portugal was in the Italian foreign goods trade in 29th place among the buyers and 39th among the suppliers.
The mutual exports of services consist to a large extent in the expenditure of mutual tourism. With overnight stays of 265 million euros (2.1% of all foreign overnight stays) and 1,161 million overnight stays (3% of all overnight stays by foreign tourists) in 2016, Italian tourists belong to the larger groups of foreign visitors to Portugal.
Culture
Institutions
The Portuguese cultural institute Instituto Camões is u. a. with a language center in Milan, eleven Lusitan Studies chairs ( Bari , Bologna , Florence , Lecce, Naples, Padua , Pisa , Rome and Viterbo ), and with lectureships at nine universities (Forli, Genoa , Lecce, Milan , Naples, Pavia , Trento , Turin and Venice ).
The Italian counterpart, the Istituto Italiano di Cultura , has a branch in Lisbon and also carries out a large number of activities in the country.
literature
The Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome was substantially co-founded in 1581 by the 1,700 books left behind by the Portuguese humanist Aquiles Estaço (Achille Stazio in Italian).
The Portuguese playwright, politician and writer Paulo Midosi was the son of an Italian and a Portuguese.
- Antonio Tabucchi
The well-known Italian author and literary scholar Antonio Tabucchi (1943–2012) was very close to Portugal. He was Professor of Portuguese Language at the University of Genoa and lived in Italy and Portugal, where he died in 2012. He translated Portuguese literature and edited the Italian translation of Fernando Pessoa's work .
Tabucchi's best-known work is his novel “ Explained Pereira ” (awarded the Premio Viareggio in 1994), which was also filmed in 1995 at the original location in Lisbon (see below under film ).
Tabucchi wrote his novel Lisbon Requiem entirely in Portuguese.
- Guido Battelli
The Italian writer and Lusitanist Guido Battelli (1869–1955) taught Italian literature from 1930 to 1934 at the University of Coimbra . He got to know the poet Florbela Espanca and became editor of her works after her death in 1930.
After his return to Italy, he translated the work of Espanca and numerous other Portuguese authors into Italian and published extensively on Portuguese art and culture.
language
Like Italian, Portuguese is a Romance language , a result of the Roman conquest of what is now Portugal from the 2nd century BC. In return, since the Portuguese voyages of discovery from the 15th century, a large number of words have migrated from Portuguese into Italian. In the south of Italy, for example, the oranges introduced into Europe by the Portuguese from Asia in the 15th century are often called portogallo .
The languages of both countries have often influenced each other over time, especially through seafaring, which has shaped both countries.
The Italian saying “fare il portoghese” (English: “to do the Portuguese”) describes a person who gains entry to an event without having a ticket. The saying goes back to the embassy of the Portuguese King Manuel, who visited the Pope in 1521. The Pope was impressed by the number of people and the equipment of the delegation and ordered them free admission to all theaters.
Movie
The Portuguese cinema is common in Italian film festival guest. Portuguese directors such as João César Monteiro (1939–2003) or João Botelho (* 1949) have received several awards, and films such as E agora? Lembra-me (FIPRESCI Prize in Locarno 2013) and a. received awards.
The Portuguese director Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015) has also received several awards in Italy, including at the oldest film festival in the world, the Venice Film Festival , where he received the Golden Lion in 2004 for his life's work .
Italian films are also frequently featured at Portuguese film festivals. When IndieLisboa about Italian directors were often excellent, as Saverio Constanzo (2005), Tizza Covi (2010) or Alessandro Comodin (2012). Sergio Mazza's work El Amarillo received an award for best feature film there in 2007.
Occasionally there are Italian-Portuguese collaborations and co-productions . In addition to projects in which Portugal only serves as a filming location (e.g. for Franco Zeffirelli's film Il giovane Toscanini 1988 and others), directors and actors from both countries often work together directly. One of the best-known examples is Explained Pereira . The 1995 film adaptation of Antonio Tabucchi 's novel of the same name, with leading actor Marcello Mastroianni in one of his last roles and with film music by Ennio Morricone , was filmed mainly on original locations in Lisbon and also starred with some Portuguese actors, including Joaquim de Almeida as Pereira's trusted waiter Manuel .
Mastroianni lead role in Manoel de Oliveira's film Journey to the Beginning of the World (released in 1997) was also his last film.
Other examples of cooperation include a. Monteiros Auf dem Meer (1986) with Laura Morante in the leading role, or Carnations for Freedom , the award-winning feature film debut by the director Maria de Medeiros from 2000 with Stefano Accorsi in a leading role. Maria de Medeiros also played in several Italian films, including leading roles, such as Il resto di niente (2004, directed by Antonietta De Lillo ) or in Riparo (2007, directed by Marco S. Puccioni ).
The theme of the Portuguese Carnation Revolution was also the subject of several Italian productions or co-productions, such as Thomas Harlan's Torre Bela (1975) or Maurizio Sciarra's comedy Alla rivoluzione sulla due cavalli (2001).
music
In classical music, especially in opera, there was a multitude of mutual influences, especially from Italy towards Portugal. A number of musicians and composers from both countries often worked in the other country. The Italian composer Vittorio Trento, for example, worked several times in Portugal. a. at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos opera in Lisbon, where he also died in 1833. Other Italian composers such as Giuseppe Scolari , Giovanni Giorgi or Giuseppe Ferlendis worked there until their death. Other Italians such as Domenico Scarlatti , Gaetano Maria Schiassi , Pietro Carlo Guglielmi and others also lived and worked in Portugal. In return, many of the most important Portuguese composers such as João de Sousa Carvalho , Joly Braga Santos or Marcos António Portugal lived and worked in Italy, where they usually completed part of their studies.
The Portuguese fado singer Amália Rodrigues performed very often in Italy, where she also released, including the Italian-language album A una terra che amo in 1973 . She also recorded some Italian folk songs, including Neapolitan tarantellas . Some of her numerous appearances were broadcast on Italian television, Rai , which also brought her own contributions. It was celebrated with particular enthusiasm in Naples and southern Italy in particular.
Sports
Soccer
- Men
The Italian national soccer team and the Portuguese national team have met 25 times so far, for the first time in a friendly match in Lisbon on June 18, 1925, which ended 1-0 for the hosts, the first victory in Portugal's fifth international match. Italy recorded a total of 18 victories and Portugal remained victorious five times, twice they were drawn. This and the three following games ended with a victory for the Portuguese selection (as of November 2017).
At the 2004 European Championship in Portugal , Italy dropped out after the preliminary round, the hosts finished second. Portugal has not hosted any world championships so far.
Italy has hosted two European championships so far, winning the 1968 European Championship and finishing fourth at the 1980 European Championship . Italy has also hosted two world championships so far. The country won the 1934 World Cup , while it came third at the 1990 World Cup . Portugal was not represented in any of these tournaments.
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One of the first well-known Portuguese footballers in Italian service was international Fernando Couto , who played for Parma and Lazio and was unusually popular as a tough defender. With Parma he won the 1994/95 UEFA Cup , while he was Italian champion twice with Lazio and won the last European Cup Winners' Cup in 1999 .
Paulo Sousa became Italian champion with Juve in 1995 and Champions League winner in 1996 . As a player, he later played for Inter Milan and AC Parma, as a coach he headed AC Florence from 2015 to 2017 .
Rui Costa initially won the Cup twice and the Supercup once with Florence before becoming champion, cup winner, Champions League winner and European Supercup winner with AC Milan in 2003 .
World footballer Luís Figo played for Inter Milan from 2005 to 2009 and was Italian champion four times in a row before ending his active career there in 2009 and becoming a player scout for the club.
The squad of the current Portuguese national team includes three players from Italian clubs, João Mário and João Cancelo from Inter Milan and André Silva from AC Milan (as of November 2017).
The Portuguese coach José Mourinho won two national championships with Inter Milan between 2008 and 2010, one cup winner, one Italian Supercup winner and 2010 Champions League winner . His coaching colleague Paulo Fonseca has been coaching rivals AS Roma since 2019 .
- Women
The Italian and Portuguese women's national teams have met 14 times so far, with two Portuguese and 12 Italian victories (as of November 2017). They played against each other for the first time on November 14, 1982 in Genoa, Italy. The match for the European Championship qualification in 1984 was only the third international match for the Portuguese, who lost 3-0.
Cycling
- Road racing
Two Italians have won the most important Portuguese road race so far, the Tour of Portugal : Marco Serpellini in 1998 and Massimiliano Lelli in 1996 (as of 2017).
The Volta ao Algarve was in 2007 as the second Italian Alessandro Petacchi win after 2001 Andrea Ferrigato was already winner.
Portuguese drivers have so far not achieved an overall victory at the Giro d'Italia , Milan – Sanremo or Tirreno – Adriatico (as of 2017).
- Road World Championships
At the UCI Road World Championships 2001 in Portugal, Italy finished tenth with two silver medals, while the hosts came away empty-handed.
Italy has already hosted a UCI Road World Cup 13 times, most recently in Florence in 2013 , where it finished 16th with a bronze medal. Portugal landed in 7th place with a gold medal, along with Germany and Slovenia.
Roller hockey
Roller hockey is comparatively popular in both countries, and much more widespread than in Central Europe.
Italy has hosted four roller hockey world championships so far :
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- In 1950 Portugal came first ahead of hosts Italy,
- In 1955 Italy finished second and Portugal third,
- In 1984 Portugal finished third and Italy fourth
- In 1993 Portugal finished first ahead of hosts Italy.
Portugal hosted a roller hockey world championship ten times:
- In 1947 Portugal finished fourth in the World Cup and Italy
- In 1949 Portugal finished third in the World Cup and Italy
- In 1952 Portugal finished second and Italy finished second
- In 1956 Portugal finished third in the World Cup and Italy
- In 1958 Portugal finished third in the World Cup and Italy
- In 1968 Portugal finished fourth in the World Cup and Italy
- 1974 Portugal World Cup and Italy sixth
- In 1982 Portugal World Cup and Italy finished fifth
- In 1991 Portugal World Cup and Italy finished fifth
- In 2003 Portugal World Cup and Italy finished second
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tennis
- Men's
Andrea Gaudenzi was the only Italian so far to reach a single final at the ATP Estoril , where he lost to Thomas Muster in 1996 . In 1990 and 1997 two Italians each made it to the finals, but could not win.
At the Rome Masters there have been no winners from Portugal (as of 2017). At the Italian ATP Challenger Rome , Rui Machado was able to advance to the finals in the 2012 edition , where he was defeated by Roberto Bautista Agut .
- Ladies
The Estoril Ladies Open 1989 was the first edition of the most important Portuguese women's tournament, today's WTA Oeiras . The Italian Sandra Cecchini graduated there second. The following year there was an all-Italian final at the 1990 Estoril Ladies Open , which Federica Bonsignori won against Laura Garrone . Sandra Cecchini won the doubles (with Patricia Tarabini ).
At the most important Italian women's tournament, the WTA Rome , no player from Portugal has been able to win (as of 2017), and there were no Portuguese successes at the WTA Palermo .
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rugby
The Italian and Portuguese national rugby union teams have met twelve times so far, with ten Italian and one Portuguese victories, and once they were tied (as of 2011).
Web links
- Overview of diplomatic relations between Portugal and Italy , diplomatic institute in the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Website of the Italian Embassy in Portugal (Italian and Portuguese )
- Website of the Portuguese Embassy in Italy ( Portuguese , Italian and English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Overview of diplomatic relations with Italy at the diplomatic institute in the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , accessed on May 4, 2019
- ↑ a b c d Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia. Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), p. 826f
- ↑ CPLP: OBSERVADORES ASSOCIADOS , website of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries CPLP on observer status, accessed on September 1, 2019
- ↑ List of Portuguese consulates in Italy at www.embaixadas.net, accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ List of Italian consulates in Portugal on www.embaixadas.net, accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ List of Portuguese-Italian town twinning on the website of the Association of Portuguese District Government ANMP, accessed on December 21, 2017
- ^ Website on Portuguese migration in Italy at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração , accessed on May 22, 2017
- ↑ a b Website on Portuguese migration in Italy at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração , Table A.6, accessed on May 22, 2017
- ↑ Number of foreigners in the official foreigner statistics by district , Portuguese Immigration and Border Authority SEF, accessed on May 22, 2017
- ^ Page with all contact details on the AICEP website , accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ a b c d Bilateral Economic Relations between Portugal and Italy , AICEP website, accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ Overview of the activities in Italy , website of Instituto Camões (English, Portuguese), accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ Overview of the branches of the Istituto Italiano di Cultura , website of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed on January 19, 2018
- ↑ Compilation of Rai TV reports on Amália Rodrigues on YouTube , especially Naples from the 15th minute, accessed on October 6, 2019
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