Hanseatic

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Hanseat (explanation of terms ) .

Johann Hinrich Gossler (1738–1790), owner of the trading and banking house Berenberg - "The bank of the fine Hanseatic people"

Christian Adolph Overbeck (1755–1821), Mayor of Lübeck, poet and enlightener, "Example of the responsible model citizen [...] to whom the 'Hanseatic' myth owes so much."

Johann Christian Jauch senior (1765–1855), citizen of Hamburg, cousin Christian Adolph Overbecks - "The Hamburg Jauchs were among the long-established Hanseatic families"

As Hanseat a member which is historically top layer of the three Hanseatic cities of Hamburg , Bremen and Lübeck in the aftermath of the Hanseatic called so since the mid-17th century. Today, the term Hanseatic is detached from its class-specific, temporal roots , which are limited to the cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, and also used purely regionally and then describes the totality of today's inhabitants of the historical Hanseatic cities , which at the same time exhausts its modern meaning. This article deals with the socio-structural term of the Hanseatic, which is narrowly defined in terms of its meaning and which must also be distinguished from the older and more comprehensive term of the Hanseatic merchants.

The affairs of the medieval and early modern Hanseatic League , which perished in the 17th century, were regularly referred to with the epithet "Hanseatic" and its members as " Hanseatic merchants ". The term Hanseatic appears for the first time in Werdenhagen's De Rebus Publicis Hanseaticis Tractatus from 1631. Between 1630 and 1650 the Hanseatic Community was established as an alliance between Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck . It carried on the tradition of the Hanseatic League, and in the middle of the 19th century its members adopted the term “Hanseatic City”, alongside “ Free City ”, in the state names of the three city-states . The old-style Hanseatic culture, based on the privileges of the upper class, ended in 1918 with the fall of the German Empire and the introduction of general and equal suffrage in the three Hanseatic cities.

The adjective 'Hanseatic', which corresponds to the historical noun 'Hanseat' , denotes either the affairs of the cities of the Hanseatic community or the characteristics of a Hanseatic person. The latter is perceived as a combination of attitudes and attitudes that include cosmopolitanism, commercial daring, solidity, reliability (“handshake is enough”), restraint and the ability to self-irony and - at least for the old-fashioned Hanseatic culture - that “these free citizens really cultivate the same pride as the most haughty aristocrat ”.

The traditional term “Hanseatic” or “Hanseatic” has by no means been supplanted by its use as a pure regional designation. In the original sense, the members of the old Hanseatic families as well as the successful merchants and senators of the three cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck are still counted among the Hanseatic people, provided they embody essential features of the historical "Hanseatic" way of life. When in recent times personalities such as Helmut Schmidt , Karl Carstens , Gerd Bucerius or Walther Leisler Kiep are designated as "Hanseatics", regardless of their specific place of residence, because they represent Hanseatic characteristics and attitudes in an outstanding way, the nimbus of the historical becomes Referred to Hanseatic.

Scope of the term, relationship to the other stands

Johan Cesar Godeffroy (1813–1885), the "South Sea King", "became the epitome of the Hanseatic merchant".

In addition to the regional restriction of the term 'Hanseatic' to residents of the cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck and the time restriction to the time after the fall of the Hanseatic League, there was a personnel restriction to a numerically small upper class. Percy Ernst Schramm's dictum, "All Hamburgers, from the mayor to the last man in the port, were of one stand", can, as well as Johann Carl Daniel Curio's much-quoted statement from 1803, "Hamburgers know and have only one stand, the stand of a citizen" , only claim formal correctness. By no means all native or even incorporated townspeople were understood as 'Hanseatic'; rather, there was a restriction to the class of merchants that gave the 'Hanseatic' its nimbus . "The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is one of the oldest republics in Europe, but hardly anyone would boldly call it an old democracy." The population of Hamburg and Lübeck, including Bremen with some restrictions, was strictly divided into three classes : the trade nobility, the wealthy industrialists or small merchants and the plebs . "One should not believe that in a purely bourgeois town like H., without a court, without nobility, without military batches, such an old-fashioned observation of the strictest segregation of the various classes prevails as this is really the case." formed the merchants who, thanks to their economic circumstances alone, were able to acquire the great citizenship . Anyone who was not a merchant or shipowner had to be at least a legal scholar or senior pastor in order to be able to claim or be ascribed the title “Hanseatic”. The bourgeois upper class of the Hanseatic League occupied the social position which elsewhere belonged to the nobility.

The separation of the different classes pervaded all areas of life, even the general "Sunday lust". “By the way, there can never be talk of solid, morally comfortable and unprejudiced mixed popular amusement here. [...] because all bars [...] are poisoned by the plague of privileged joy, and therefore it is no wonder when the middle class strides stiffly and pedantically through the gate and the hearty cheerfulness is missing. "

“On the one hand, there was a (large) bourgeoisie that insisted on tradition and its 'traditional values' and proudly referred to its commercial family tradition from the 17th and 18th centuries”, whereby “the wealth of the bourgeoisie ... but only for that reason became possible because it was carried by workers who lived and lived in poor conditions. "

The cities of the "Hanseatic Community" - differences

Georg H. Sieveking (1751–1799), businessman and enlightener , “revolutionary Hanseatic” Hamburg, co-founder of the Hamburg Jacobin Club

In addition to a variety of similarities, the conditions in the three cities of the Hanseatic Community were clearly different. The common defining factor of the Hanseatic self-image was that Lübeck (since 1226), Bremen (since 1186, finally 1646) and Hamburg (at the latest 1618, finally 1768) - besides initially Frankfurt am Main - were the only free imperial cities remaining after 1815 . In the Hanseatic era, Lübeck was the leading metropolis of the Hanseatic League, where the majority of the Hanseatic days had been held until the last Hanseatic Congress in 1669. As a result, Lübeck, located on a side sea of ​​world trade since the great discoveries, lost its supremacy and stepped back more and more behind Hamburg. In addition, Lübeck took the lead in Lutheran orthodoxy in northern Germany and thus temporarily closed itself to more liberal influences. In Bremen, not least because of its proximity to Holland, in contrast to the Lutheran confession of Hamburg and Lübeck, a strictly Orthodox Reformed faith had been consolidated. For this reason, the Enlightenment currents that characterized the heyday of “the Hanseatic” are only gaining ground much more slowly in Bremen than in Hamburg and Lübeck. For this reason, Hamburg had "undisputedly assumed the leading role among the three Hanseatic cities in the 18th century." At first, as Christlob Mylius noted in 1753 , one heard in Hamburg "of nothing but money, courant goods and banco". Then Hamburg "suddenly pulled artists and intellectuals who belonged to Germany's first elite into its walls" and was caught up in emancipatory thinking earlier and more radically than its sister cities. In the three cities, however, this only affected the upper class of the Hanseatic people - “'bourgeois' and 'democratic', that meant in the 'Hanseatic' cities at the same time: class-conscious and autocratic." promised by immigration to the French revolution to 100,000 inhabitants . Only Berlin and Vienna were more populous than Hamburg. In terms of financial strength, at the beginning of the 19th century, Vienna could only compete with Hamburg due to the wealth accumulated in the hands of the great nobility. The upper bourgeoisie in other cities were not as important as the Hanseatic ones. “The Kiel bourgeois would not have meant very much in Hamburg or Lübeck.” The leading role of Hamburg and the fact that comprehensive descriptions only exist about Hamburg's Hanseatic upper class (see “ Hanseatic Families ”), a certain focus on this city is due below.

Hanseatic, patriciate, oligarchy and "Senatorabili"

Gottschalk von Wickede (1597–1667), mayor from Lübeck's "patrician family" with the other mayors:
Hermann I. (1294–1367)
Hermann II. (1436–1501)
Thomas (1511–1527)
Thomas (1646–1716)
Bernhard ( 1705–1776) -
since the 15th century all members of the circle society

Initially, the Hanseatics should not be confused with the patriciate . It was characteristic of patricians that they - for patricians in the narrower sense in the 14th century at the latest - were inherited councilors in German imperial cities. The differences between the three Hanseatic cities, however, continue when you look at the origins and development of their leadership classes.

In Lübeck, the circle society founded in 1379 dominated the other merchants' corporations and the council. As the numerically smallest association, it provided the majority of Lübeck's mayors for centuries and formed a nobility-like factual patriciate, which since 1485 has relied on the privileged collar of Emperor Friedrich III. based. In the Hanseatic era, the circle society no longer had a decisive influence; the families who carried them, together with other leading families, formed the city's Hanseatic upper class.

In Bremen, the upper class of the bourgeoisie was initially made up of a few patrician families. From the 15th century onwards, however, the parents , head of the merchants in the committee of the “parents of the merchant”, called “Collegium Seniorum” in the 17th century, made the council dependent on the approval of the merchants' convention for important decisions. Even if the committee of parents became the Bremen Chamber of Commerce in 1849 , due to the eight-class suffrage in Bremen , the Hanseatic merchants and traders remained the decisive bearers of political power until 1918.

In Hamburg there was no closed patriciate as in the southern German imperial cities, Bremen and, in fact, in Lübeck. The Hamburg and Bremen Senatorships were awarded for life, but were not hereditary. However, because some names (such as " Amsinck " or " Sieveking ") appear more frequently in certain periods of time, it was proposed to designate the upper class as "Senatorabili" - in the sense of the term " papabile " in the Roman Church - which should express which families even without hereditary access rights had the chance that some of their members became senators.

In Bremen, too, positions as mayor or senator were repeatedly given to certain families, such as the Esich family (twelve councilors, four mayors), Meinertzhagen , von Büren , Klugkist , Gröning , Smidt , Buff , Meier , Gildemeister or Duckwitz . For the determination of which family belonged to the Hanseatic League, however, it is not possible to rely solely on the chance of obtaining councilor or senatorial posts.

The hallmark of the Hanseatic League was the constant rise and fall of families. The large families of the Middle Ages in Hamburg were almost all extinct in the late Hanseatic period. Of the families listed in the Hamburg gender book , which is a reflection of Hanseaticism, only one is known to have been in Hamburg before 1500, the Goßler . Of the families treated in Wikipedia, only the Amsinck , the Berenberg and the Petersen appeared for the first time in Hamburg before 1600, the Jauch , the Jenisch and the Mutzenbecher before 1700. A family can therefore be Hanseatic even if they did not live until the 19th century. Has appeared or risen in the 19th century as long as it has succeeded in advancing to the ruling class. The ancestor of the later three mayors Petersen, Marcus Hermann Petersen (1784-1860), was still a city book writer in Hamburg. The reasons for this constant renewal and / or addition of the upper class are related to the entrepreneurial success of the shipowners and foreign trade merchants (“Merchant goods are like ebb and flow”) and the sometimes ruinous lifestyle of the Hanseatic upper class and have not yet been thoroughly researched. The rise and fall of the Lübeck Hanseatic Mann family were exemplified by Thomas Mann in his novel “ Buddenbrooks. Decay of a Family "processed.

Regardless of the lack of patriciate in Hamburg and the constant renewal of the leading classes, Geert Seelig's sentences characterizing the structural predominance of the Hanseatic people apply : “In Hamburg, as is well known, the institution of civil rights has made a social minority the dominant one. That is why Hamburg is one of the aristocratic republics. "

Relationship to the nobility

Differences between the Hanseatic cities

There are also differences between the Hanseatic cities in relation to the nobility, especially between the strictly bourgeois Hamburg and Lübeck with its patrician ruling class. The circle society still dominating Lübeck at the beginning of the Hanseatic era consisted of the Warendorp , Wickede , Brömbsen , Lüneburg , Kerkring and Stiten families , whose nobility was granted a patent on October 9, 1641 by Emperor Ferdinand III. has been confirmed. The situation was completely different in Hamburg, whose medieval patriciate had been ousted and which shaped a particular pride in its bourgeoisie.

Hamburg and the nobility

Foreign nobility

Knights were already forbidden to live within the walls of Hamburg in the city register of 1276. Until 1860, the constitutional ban on the acquisition of inner-city land by the nobles in Hamburg was in effect. The ban was circumvented in that Hamburg citizens acted as straw men for aristocrats as buyers, for example in 1757 for the palace of the later Count Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann .

Occasionally there were marriages between Hanseatic people and aristocrats. If it was a question of aristocratic women as spouses, this did not affect the social validity. If it was a question of aristocrats as spouses of Hanseatic women, this was at best taken care of by the parents. Adolphine Schramm, mother of Hamburg's mayor Max Schramm , who had learned that two nobles had courted their unmarried sisters, wrote to her mother: “Poor mother, how would you feel if you had two noble sons-in-law; because I think - next to Jews, actors and lieutenants - you think that is the worst visitation. "

Foreign nobles could not acquire citizenship in Hamburg or participate in public life. Lübeck was more generous in this regard. Count Egmont von Chasôt became a citizen there in 1754 .

Hanseatic nobles

Ernst Merck (1811–1863) accepted the title of baron in 1860

Carl Herm. Merck (1809–1880) criticized the ennoblement of his brother Ernst Merck

Likewise, a citizen who accepted the title of nobility from a foreign ruler was henceforth excluded from participating in the political life of his hometown. This was true in the same way for ennoblement during the Holy Roman Empire , although Hamburg belonged to it and an ennoblement by the emperor was therefore not by “foreign rulers”. In Bremen it was even forbidden since 1806 to accept elevations to the nobility. Exceptions were a few old, Hanseatic Hamburg families such as the (extinct) Anckelmann , in which, for example, Johann Hinrich Joachim von Anckelmann (1678–1748), as captain of a company of infantry in the Hamburg garrison, made use of the right to use the predicate “von” . His father Joachim (von) Anckelmann (1615–1683) did not have the predicate, but the corresponding coat of arms and in 1672 he became President of the College of the Elderly .

It caused a sensation when the famous Hanseatic resident Caspar Voght was raised to the baron status by the emperor in 1802. Sophia Reimarus (1742–1817), the wife of Johann Albert Heinrich Reimarus , wrote with correct foresight that Voght, “who eludes the council and his hometown, is to blame for the fact that several do it after him, and that gives a progression calculation , which Beelzebub should enjoy […] ”. Since then, the Hanseatic people have been divided into two camps: those who accepted a title of nobility or who did not object to it, and those who rejected such a practice. In many cases the rift went through the individual families.

With a few exceptions, it was only after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 that the Hanseatic population assumed a title of nobility worth mentioning - not without some open criticism from their peers, who were more valued by the social prestige of a bourgeois name in one of the oldest civil republics in Europe. When, for example, Johann Berenberg Gossler was to be raised to the Prussian nobility in 1889 (1910 Prussian baron), his sister Susanne, married Amsinck, exclaimed: "But John, our good name!", And Mayor Johann Heinrich Burchard commented on the news Majesty deigns to elevate Rudolph Schröder (1852–1938) to the nobility, Majesty can "elevate" him to the nobility, but she cannot "elevate" a Hanseatic merchant to him. Already on the imperial ennoblement of Ernst Merck in 1860, Adolphine Schramm, b. Jencquel, she thinks it's pathetic to be scolded by a baron as the head of a company. Even his brother, the Senate Syndicate Carl Hermann Merck (1809–1880) complained that recently the Hanseatic people “hunted for medals and nobility and other satisfaction from vanity”.

For the Hanseatic Adolph Jencquel (1792–1855), who was wealthy in Holstein, which at the time belonged to the entire Danish state, “it went without saying that he rejected the Danish nobility offered to him . Many Hanseatic families, like him, had aristocratic goods outside of Hamburg due to the increasing feudalization of the lifestyle of most of Hamburg's old families , which often "shortened" the way to a nobility title - if you wanted to. Karl Ruperti (1835–1909) was ennobled as the owner of the Grubno manor in 1901, while others remained true to their real names, such as the Jauch as gentlemen on Wellingsbüttel . To make matters worse, such ennoblings often had to be understood as “bonuses” for the lack of patriotic patriotism , and in fact they occasionally conjured up conflicts of loyalty . This applies for example to Johann Berenberg-Gossler (1839-1913) and for the brothers Heinrich and Albertus Ohlendorff , mainly being elevated to the hereditary Prussian baron in the customs union issue decided against the Senate on the side of Bismarck made and "something like treason committed ".

A function of the assumption of the nobility that was partly sought was the exclusion from public office. A senatorial position offered in Hamburg had to be taken on or the city had to be left. This was problematic for families who only had a single “service provider”, because his appointment to an honorary position could endanger the existence of the company, because a senator was no longer available without restriction for the management of a company. For this reason, for example, John von Berenberg-Gossler was excluded from the company succession by his father after joining the Senate in 1908. The change from the merchant class to a senatorial office was usually associated with a considerable loss of income. These inconveniences could be effectively prevented by ennobling. Later, such merchants were appointed honorary consuls of foreign states in Hamburg, which - with the same effect with regard to the exclusion of civil honorary offices in the city - avoided the acceptance of a nobility title.

Awards

German federal princes pay homage to Franz Joseph I in 1908 on the 60th anniversary of his throne; on the right the Mayor of Hamburg Johann Heinrich Burchard (1852–1912) - "Where he stands is Hamburg"

Bremen Medal of Honor from 1846 (in the case fragment), awarded to the money broker Johann Martin Wolde (Qu: Focke Museum )

The same applies to the acceptance of "awards from foreign masters" as was the case for the acceptance of nobility titles. This ban on religious orders , now known as the Hanseatic Rejection , goes back to Hamburg's city law from the 13th century. The fact that the "externally visible insignia of the order should distinguish the decorated person in front of his colleagues and fellow citizens as a more excellent one" was already considered to be a fact that was in marked contradiction to the bourgeois spirit of the constitution. (“There is no master over you and no servant under you.”) According to the practice in Hamburg, it is still frowned upon by all senators, members of the parliament and public service employees to accept awards - even after their retirement. It used to be forbidden for the leading representatives. In principle, members of the Bremen Senate have neither accepted nor accept any foreign medals. The Hanseatic people get their wages in the knowledge that they have fulfilled their duties, not through awards. Former Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt rejected the Federal Cross of Merit several times on the grounds that he was a former Hamburg Senator.

When twelve German heads of state paid homage to Emperor Franz Joseph I at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna in 1908 on the occasion of his 60th throne jubilee, the eleven federal princes appeared in parade uniform with a large parade . Only Mayor Johann Heinrich Burchard , the only bourgeois, appeared in a black gown with a ruff without any medal and made a “fabulous figure” from the point of view of the Hanseatic people. The federal princes, however, were referred to as "parrots". “It was the mockery of the self-confident outsider, the small republic that had asserted itself for centuries in the sea of ​​German feudal rule and remained independent. And it was the mockery of a small group of middle-class families who had tied a fine network of family relationships that kept their economic, political and social supremacy within the city republic. "

The Senator i. In 1878 R. Gustav Godeffroy dared to pin a medal awarded to him by the Russian Tsar on his tailcoat. When asked to surrender the medal, he said he would rather wear an emperor's “dog tag” than a “republican senator a. D. “be. Thereupon he not only lost the title and privileges, the round of senators also decided to delete the name Godeffroy in the state manual . Another prominent Hanseatic resident who disregarded these rules was Alwin Münchmeyer the Younger , who as President of the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry accepted numerous medals, which later referred to as “the fall of man” but did not return his medals.

The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen was the only federal state to vote against the foundation of the Federal Cross of Merit . Bremen and Hamburg are also the only federal states that have not donated their own Order of Merit.

When Senator Alfred Dominicus Pauli was to receive a medal from the Kaiser in 1893, he questioned his Senate in Bremen. Regarding the custom of not conferring or wearing medals , he stated: “It has been traditionally used that decorations are never accepted by members of the Senate, and so it is advisable - apart from other reasons - to adhere to this for that very reason. Also because the Bremen Senate is unable to return such courtesies. ”Senator Pauli refused to accept the order. Mayor Theodor Spitta reaffirmed this custom to the Federal President in 1952 when he wrote: “Even today, the Senate feels bound by a very old resolution. This senate resolution is not an expression of any unjustified and inappropriate pride or a general rejection of the concept of the order in general, but corresponds to a special, centuries-old Hanseatic tradition that is still alive today in our population and also effective in me as a native of Bremen. ”He also rejected a high one Order therefore from.

However, medals were and are awarded by the Hanseatic cities:

• In Bremen there were and still are medals of honor such as the Medal of Honor for participation in the War of Liberation in 1815 and the Gold Medal of Honor in Bremen since 1843 and the Senate Medal for Art and Science of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen since 1938 and again since 1952 . In addition, the Bremen Rescue Medal has existed since 1908 and 1973, and from 1902 there was only a temporary award medal for successful performance at exhibitions.
• In Lübeck, the Bene Merenti has been awarded as a medal of thought and high distinction since 1835 and the Mayor Stolten Medal in Hamburg since 1925 .

Nevertheless, during the First World War, there was a need in the Hanseatic cities to honor citizens for outstanding services. In 1915, all three Hanseatic cities each donated their own versions of the Hanseatic Cross as a war award.

According to the understanding of the 19th century, honorary citizenship was reserved for foreigners who were not citizens of the city themselves. First of all, they were diplomats who helped secure the cities' commercial and shipping interests. There are cases in which the three sister cities granted their honorary citizenship at the same time to a deserving personality. The last steward of the Hanseatic League, James Colquhoun , was honored in this way for his diplomatic services as Hanseatic Minister- Resident. It was only with the loss of civil rights and the introduction of freedom of movement in the 20th century that this view began to change to the point that citizens born in the city could also become honorary citizens.

Proud

Execution of Klaus Störtebeker and the Vitalienbrüder in Hamburg in 1401 by the sword

The relationship to the nobility and awards point to the outstanding quality of the Hanseatic, his pride . The Hanseatic people were known for their " self-conceit ", which made their hometown the "happiest place in the world" for them.

At the end of the 18th century, von Heß summarized the worldview of the Hanseatic man in his description of Hamburg: “Like the Chinese, he divided the whole human race into Hamburgers and 'Butenminschen' - with which he combined the somewhat crude idea that the Greeks had in their ' Barbaros ' thought [...] What seemed higher to him, he did not want to know out of defiance, what was lower to him, out of contempt. ”“ Junkerism, which is not inferior to the German court squire in terms of exuberance, pride, pomposity, etc. ” Thomas Mann wrote 1904 to his brother Heinrich : "It is an old Lübeck senator's son prejudice of mine, a haughty Hanseatic instinct ... that in comparison with us everything else is actually inferior."

The Hamburg mayor Johann Heinrich Burchard is reported to have instructed the portrait painter Heinrich Kugelberg to remove a young man kneeling for baptism from the painting when he was creating the mural in the ballroom of Hamburg's town hall , which was designed by Prof. Hugo Vogel Hamburgs should represent, because “Hamburgers don't kneel in front of anyone”. This pride of the free citizen continued into the execution of the death penalty. Since the Middle Ages at the latest, judges in Hamburg have only been done by beheading with the sword. This type of execution was not considered defamatory compared to the execution of the death penalty by hanging , by wheels or in any other way and was elsewhere reserved for the nobility.

Relationship with the military

Cavalry of the Hamburg citizen military

As sea trade republics, the Hanseatic cities, especially Hamburg, attached importance to the fight against sea piracy during the Hanseatic period . But the Hanseatics had an idiosyncratic relationship with their own land forces . The cities needed the professional military in order to be able to adequately occupy and defend their fortifications in the event of a crisis, but did not want to rely on the professional military alone. In addition, the Hanseatic League rejected the nobility , who regularly formed the officer corps , and at the same time loathed the crew class, which was largely composed of uprooted livelihoods.

However, during the Wars of Liberation there was the Hanseatic Legion , a force made up of citizens from the three Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. It initially consisted of a group of Hamburg citizens who came together in 1813 at the suggestion of the temporarily Russian General Tettenborn . Associations of volunteers from Lübeck and Bremen soon joined, where Heinrich Böse set up the Bremen volunteer hunter corps .

After the French period in Hamburg, Hamburg created its own force consisting of citizens, the Hamburg Citizens' Military . In addition to his professional military service, Lübeck founded the Lübeck Citizens Guard . Two battalions were formed in Bremen in 1813 after the French era in Bremen . In 1815 Böse was commissioned as a colonel to organize a Bremen vigilante group .

The highest commanding officer of the Hamburg professional military, the Hamburg Garrison, only had the rank of colonel , because the Hamburg Hanseatic people had no interest in having a general in the city with the validity claims due to his “class”. In Bremen, too, the 600-strong vigilante group was led by a colonel, and at times also a major . Not so Lübeck, who afforded a Count Chasôt as " Lieutenant General " for his then 600-strong Lübeck city military .

The Hamburg citizen military reflected the social conditions in the city. While the previous vigilante guard, disbanded by the French, was still a petty bourgeois event, which, due to its miserable condition, had a “generally recognized ridiculousness shown in caricatures”, the various units of the Hamburg civic military offered an opportunity for social differentiation. The officer corps was dominated by the long-distance trade merchants. In contrast to the infantry, the Freikorps artillery, hunters and cavalry also decided for themselves who they took in. The cavalry in particular consisted mainly of the sons of merchants who were alone in a position to carry the considerable, privately borne expense for the uniform, their own horses and the trumpeters belonging to the corps (see in detail “ Meaning and social structure of the Citizen Military ").

When Hamburg and Bremen united with Prussia in the North German Confederation in 1866, the Prussian 1st Hanseatic Infantry Regiment No. 75 was created , which was originally set up as the 75th Infantry Regiment in Stettin and later moved to Harburg and Stade and after the German War in 1866 in Bremen and Stade was stationed. The term Hanseatic served here only as a polite decoration.

Patronage of citizenship

Donor picture (detail) of the merchant Hans Bartels in the Bartelskapelle of St. Katharinen in Lübeck

Foundation "Home for Old Men" at Stadtdeich 9, formerly the office of JC Jauch & Sons , destroyed in Operation Gomorrah 1943 (watercolor by Ebba Tesdorpf , around 1880)

Foundations from the Hanseatic era

The Hanseatic cities still have functioning foundations from the Middle Ages such as the Lübeck Holy Spirit Hospital of Bertram Morneweg from 1282. Whereas in the Middle Ages the donation of vicarages and preambles was almost exclusively determined by the concern for one's own salvation, at least in the late Middle Ages the portraits of the donors appear humble on the edge of the panel paintings of the winged altars. With the Reformation and its iconoclasm , a change of different dimensions is connected in the three Hanseatic cities; in Bremen, the least that has been preserved from the past. In the course of the Renaissance, after the Reformation, the epitaph found its way into the world of donation as a new art form, and with it the portrait of the donor came to the fore. The intention of the donors was now to be remembered by posterity with the help of the tombs and funerary chapels or charities. In addition, poor relief was still in the foreground; the numerous Lübeck corridors and courtyards would otherwise be inconceivable. The Füchtingshof from 1637 is another outstanding example of an old foundation that is still functioning today.

Foundations in the Hanseatic era

Since the Reformation, and later especially in the 19th century, the successful Hamburg merchants have erected a monument with often generously endowed foundations. To this day, one of the most distinguished Hanseatic virtues is to express one's civic pride and pride in one's city, which in the past was certainly at the same time euergetic - that is, the civic spirit that underlines the claim to leadership of the powerful and the rich, which is now only patronizing Today makes Hamburg the “foundation capital” of the Federal Republic. But the Lübeck sister would also be inconceivable without her numerous foundations.

Other well-known donors in modern times were, for example:

in Hamburg

• Baron Johann Heinrich von Schröder (1784–1883), "Schröderstift" 1850
• Martin Johann Jenisch the Younger (1793–1857), "Jenisch-Stift"
• Georg Friedrich Vorwerk (1793–1867), "Vorwerk-Stift" 1866
• Auguste Jauch (1822–1902), “Ladies' pencil out of gratitude” 1881 in Kiel and others
• Karl Heinrich Schmilinsky (1818–1891), "Schmilinsky-Stift" 1895
• Edmund Siemers (1840–1918), “Edmund Siemers Foundation” and others
• Alfred Beit (1853–1906), Hamburg Scientific Foundation , "Alfred and Otto Beit-Stift" and others

in Lübeck

• Henning Parcham, “ Parcham Foundation ” 1602
• Margaretha Elisabeth Jenisch , “Jenische Freischule” 1829
• Emil Possehl , “ Possehl Foundation ” 1919

in Bremen

→ Main article : Bremen foundations

• St. Remberti Stift , which was founded in 1305 at the latest.
• Seafaring House , “Poor Seafaring” foundation from 1545
• Alten Eichen Foundation from 1596 , which is considered the oldest youth welfare organization in Germany.
• St. Petri Orphanage Foundation from 1692.

Foundations in the Hanseatic tradition

• Alfred Toepfer (1894–1993), " Alfred Toepfer Foundation FVS " 1931
• Kurt A. Körber (1909–1992), "Körber Foundation" 1959
• Gerd Bucerius (1906–1995), " Zeit-Stiftung " 1971
• Heinrich Dräger (1898–1986), " Dräger Foundation " 1974
• Helmut Greve (1922–2016), "Hamburg Foundation for Science, Development and Culture"

Volunteering

Matthias Mutzenbecher (1653–1735), Senator of Hamburg

Idealized view of the Hamburg school and workhouse (1800). In the foreground on pedestals engraved with the names of the important Hamburg social workers: Bartels, Büsch , Voght , Günther, Sieveking (steel engraving by L. Wolf, 1805)

Just as the Hanseatic patrons acted as patrons, it was customary to volunteer to serve his city to the best of his ability. The roots of this self-image lay in the institutions that grew out of medieval cooperative life and that were carried out on a voluntary basis by the citizens themselves. Numerous committees and administrations developed partly to relieve, partly to control the Senate, partly also to support municipal and charitable institutions. Citizens volunteered in these committees. In this way, Hamburg avoided building up a bureaucracy like the one that arose in the German landlocked states, in which the subjects did not even have an advisory voice. Professional civil servants were only employed at the lower and middle levels of administration and in individual special functions. It was not until the establishment of the Hamburg garrison , begun in 1614 , that it was not the citizens themselves who took care of their concerns, but instead resorted to paid workers. The Hanseatic people not only governed themselves, they also administered themselves.

The career of Matthias Mutzenbecher (1653–1735) is exemplary . He completed a commercial apprenticeship in Hamburg in 1669 and became an independent businessman in 1678. After he built his business over nearly twenty years, he assumed the following tasks, which also provide insight into the extent of Hanseatic self-government: 1696 Jurat (Church juror), 1699 Member of the Lower Court , 1702-1708 combing Nationals, 1710 Upper Age , 1710- 1735 Senator, 1711–1712 Düpe- Herr (Stromtiefe der Elbe), 1711–1712 Fortifications Deputation, 1713, 1723, 1731 Council Deputy for the Land, Elbe and Neuwerker Customs and Exchange Deputation, 1715–1716 Vorhöckerei (control of Food price gouging ), 1715, 1726–1727 deputation on the bread order, 1717 third praetor , 1718 second, 1719 first praetor (head of the lower court and police officer), 1720–1722 lap master (property tax) of the Nikolai lap table, 1723–1735 der Katharinen-Schloßtafel, 1721 Korn-Herr, 1721–1722 bank deputation, 1721–1727 deputation for the acceptance of foreigners, 1721 second landlord at Bill- and Ochsen-Wärder , 1723–1725 second, 1726–1727 first landlord to Hansdor f and Wohldorf , 1722–1727 Wein-Accise- und Wette-Deputation, 1723–1735 Council of War and Colonel of the Regiment of St. Katharinen, 1726 second, 1728 first parish lord of St. Jacobi, 1728–1735 member of the ( Bergedorfer Visitations-Authority, 1728–1735 member of the Scholarchate , 1728 second, 1729–1735 first landlord of Hamm, Horn and on the Hamburger Berg , 1728–1735 Admiralty College , 1728–1735 Chairman of the Deputation for Matten - and mills, 1728–1735 patron of the Ratsweinkeller, 1729–1735 deputation of brokers, 1729–1735 second parish lord of St. Nikolai, 1731 patron of the Mariae Magdalenen monastery and the Heilig-Geist-Hospital , 1731–1735 president of the convoy -Deputation (for the state escort ships).

In addition to this work in the municipal committees, there was other work for the general public. Many cultural and charitable projects were initiated and funded by the Bremen Society Museum , the Hamburg Patriotic Society of 1765 or the Lübeck Society for the Promotion of Charitable Activities . This often includes the city's museums, art collections and libraries, and various social welfare and poor relief projects. In an unusual continuity that only has parallels in a few other city-states such as Basel , these three societies have remained true to the educational, non-profit impulses and goals.

Examples of people who have volunteered are:

in Hamburg:

• Amandus Augustus Abendroth (1767–1842), 1821 creator of the "Magdalenen-Stift"
• Theodor Avé-Lallemant (1806–1890), 52 years member of the board and chairman of the Philharmonic Society
• Johann Georg Büsch (1728–1800), co-founder of the "Allgemeine Armenanstalt"
• August Jauch (1848–1930), active in the poor since 1890
• Amalie Sieveking (1794-1859), 1831 founder of the "Female Association for Poor and Sick Care"
• Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881), 1833 founder of the " Rauhen Haus "

in Bremen

• Johann Focke (1848–1922), Syndicus, founder and director of the Focke Museum in Bremen
• Justin Friedrich Wilhelm Löning (1796–1879), businessman, chairman of the Bremen Citizens Park Association
• Hermann Henrich Meier junior (1845–1905), entrepreneur, patron of the arts , chairman of the art association in Bremen ( Kunsthalle Bremen )
• Franz Ernst Schütte (1836–1911), merchant, patron of the city, chairman of the Bürgerparkverein Bremen

Country houses and villas

Country house of Senator Prösch Hamburg, Alte Rabenstrasse (watercolor by CF Stange, around 1825)

The Hanseatic people withdrew from the increasingly narrow and populous city and created a green belt around Hamburg with summer seats and parks that were so numerous that the Altona Museum was able to present 500 oil paintings, prints and models in an exhibition in 1975. In the 19th century, the Elbchaussee became particularly important as a popular settlement location, on which “the Hamburg merchant […] has built a landmark […]”, “a self-contained cultural landscape of European standing.” The last major new building of a house in this one During the Weimar Republic, a country house tradition was the property for Philipp Fürchtegott Reemtsma, named for reasons of discretion in the literature, House K. in O. , with a living and usable area of ​​around 1700 m².

In Bremen, villas and country houses were built in Oberneuland , Borgfeld , Horn-Lehe and in eastern Schwachhausen , but also in isolated cases in the later industrialized Walle and Gröpelingen . But large country houses were also built in the then not yet Bremen area on the north bank of the Lesum in Lesum or St. Magnus .

If the Hanseatic resident of the city lived rather inconspicuously in sober town houses, he loved it all the more to indulge in luxury in his country houses. The effort made for the quasi-aristocratic country estates - be it in the construction or in the acquisition of such country estates - was in part considerable and exceeded that for some hunting lodges of a Mecklenburg sovereign. While it was entirely possible for the middle class to afford a modest, regularly rented apartment in the country, it was only the “rich and super-rich” that the lavish country houses could afford to live the “Hamburg model”.

Preserved country houses and villas

Hamburg

From "Hamburg's treasures in former country houses" are among other things:

• Country house JC Godeffroy in Nienstedten
• Country house P. Godeffroy in Nienstedten
• Jenisch House in Klein Flottbek
• Voght's country house in Klein Flottbek
• Wellingsbüttel mansion in Wellingsbüttel
• classicist villa Alsterchaussee in Harvestehude

Bremen

In Bremen, the following are among other things preserved in large country houses:

• Gut Hodenberg in Oberneuland
• Heinekens Estate with Heinekens Park in Oberneuland
• Landhaus Böving with the Höpkens Ruh landscape garden in Oberneuland
• Landgut Muhle with Muhles Park in Oberneuland
• Country house Caesar-Ichon with park in Oberneuland
• Knoops Park in Lesum , the estate and Mühlenthal Castle were demolished
• Admiral Brommy House in Lesum, which Christian Lahusen acquired

Lübeck

The Bellevue Palace 2013

The Lübeck families had invested in goods in the surrounding area in Holstein, Saxony-Lauenburg and Mecklenburg since the Middle Ages. Despite family ties, the distancing demarcation between the Lübeckers and the landed gentry persisted, not least because the social leadership group of the imperial city grouped together in the circle society was privileged by imperial nobility . In the immediate vicinity of the city, these goods, in particular the sub-group of Lübschen goods , were also kept in front of the gates as representative summer residences. Goods located within the Lübeck Landwehr such as Gut Strecknitz were used accordingly. The Paddelügge estate was transferred to the Parcham'sche Foundation as early as 1602 on the basis of the will of Councilor Parcham , whose board members still use the manor house, which was renovated in 1734, as a summer house due to the foundation statutes. In addition, summer or garden houses were built in front of the gates in the 18th century , some of which have been preserved to this day. A pioneer of this development was Lübeck's then city commander Egmont von Chasôt . As an outstanding example of the Rococo is true castle Bellevue at the Travelodge, now surrounded by docks. One of the better-known examples of a summer house in the classicism style is the Lindesche Villa from 1804. When the gate lock was lifted in 1864, the summer houses were increasingly used as permanent residences.

Ruinous lifestyle

"Here hebbt rieke Lüüd leevt" - the Behnhaus , one of the most representative houses in Lübeck, 1900 accommodation of Kaiser Wilhelm II , belonging to three mayors: due to unfavorable deals in 1805 by Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf sold to Mattheus Rodde , who fell in 1810, later property of Heinrich Theodor Behn

If one takes the formative elements of Hanseaticism together, then it is obvious why important Hanseatic people repeatedly fell into financial decline: On the "income side", the vicissitudes of worldwide sea trade led to the sudden drying up of the funds required for the lavish lifestyle (see " Pärrisch Leben " ) of the Hanseatic League. On the “expenditure side”, the lifestyle “offered” among the Hanseatic people could consume even larger fortunes within a short period of time. The honorary work that the Hanseatics always cultivated was a further risk for balanced income and expenses. Adolph Freiherr Knigge said at the end of the 18th century that only in Bremen, which was influenced by Calvinism, “the luxury is much lower than in the other Hanseatic cities”. With the expanding overseas trade and its profits, the lifestyle also changed in Bremen, even if the luxury practiced in Hamburg was not achieved. “In the feudal display of splendor, the 'Hanseatics' are no longer behind the German royal courts. In the desire for representation, in the display of power and wealth, nobody in Germany can compete with Hamburg. "

There are many prominent examples of asset collapse for the reasons mentioned. The Hamburg merchant and social reformer Caspar Voght (1752–1839) laid out a model estate on his Hamburg lands, the “parc du midi” of which forms today's Jenischpark . Like no other Hanseatic businessman of the century, he put his wealth at the service of cultural and scientific progress and the caring support of the general public. His company went bankrupt due to the continental blockade in 1811 . Voght had to sell his estate to the banker and senator Martin Johann Jenisch and last lived with the widow of his former business partner Georg Heinrich Sieveking . Lübeck's mayor Mattheus Rodde (1754-1825) acted as major financier of his hometown during the French era. For three and a half years he received all of the city's income from taxes and duties and paid all public expenses on his own account. In 1810 Rodde was insolvent and had to leave the council as a bankrupt and leave Lübeck. Only at the end of his life did he live again in Lübeck, supported by friends. Cesar Godeffroy (1813–1885) was called the “South Sea King” in his heyday and was considered the “epitome of the Hanseatic merchant”. He was President of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, lived in the inherited " Landhaus JC Godeffroy " in the summer and had a deer gate built there. He also founded the " Museum Godeffroy ". At the end of 1879 he stopped making payments and reached a settlement with his creditors that took over 30 years to settle. Wealthy friends made it possible for him to stay in his house until his death.

Anglophilia

Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon wrote about Hamburg in 1849: “The higher classes are characterized by a certain foreignness, especially a blind predilection for France and above all for England and everything that is English […], while German interests were hardly given a passing glance . "

Hanseatic period

The Hanseatic cities were linked to England by a long trading tradition . Hanse merchants have been able to settle and trade on the English east coast since 1266. In 1281 merchants from Hamburg, Cologne and Lübeck opened the “ Stalhof ” in London as a central trading office. In 1567 the merchant company of the " Merchant Adventurers " settled in Hamburg in the "English Court". This resulted in close economic, political and intellectual ties. At first, however, there was the “Dutch” age, when the Dutch language was almost a lingua franca of the Elbkontore. “The innovations that were introduced in Hamburg, [...] that gave trade, culture and lifestyle its face, were related to that upper-class commercial culture in the West, which is related to the Hamburgers because of their Protestantism and superior to them because of their access to the world was. ”The Dutch religious refugees who came to Hamburg during the Eighty Years' War at the turn of the 17th century were a major factor . Only the revival of trade between England and the north German Hanseatic cities after the Stuart Restoration (1660–1689) gradually ushered in a turning point.

18th century

Since the beginning of the 18th century, Huguenot religious refugees brought economic prosperity to the Hanseatic cities. France replaced Holland as a formative culture. At the same time, there was a stronger influence of the English lifestyle, which competed with the influence of France . In addition to the abolition of the monopoly of merchant adventurers , other factors contributed to the boom in trade with the Hanseatic cities. The Anglo-Dutch naval wars in the 17th and 18th centuries caused a shift in English trade to the northern German ports, while the War of the Spanish Succession brought their trade with Spain to a complete standstill . While Lübeck, which lies on the “side sea” of the Baltic Sea , was not decisively affected by this, Bremen never played such a prominent role in trade with England as Hamburg. The Company of Merchant Adventurers originally forbade its members from direct trading with Bremen, which was therefore handled via the Netherlands and Hamburg. This only changed as a result of the Anglo-Dutch naval wars, when England started direct trade with Bremen in order to damage Holland. In addition, trade in Bremen was hampered by the political situation: the area around the Hanseatic City of Bremen was under Swedish rule as the Duchy of Bremen from 1648 to 1719 . After all, the Bremen merchants had to pay customs for trade along the Weser , especially to the County of Oldenburg, which was temporarily ruled by Danish princes, and the Duchy of Oldenburg .

Caspar Voght's country house in Klein-Flottbek near Hamburg

Anglophilia proper reached its first climax during the Enlightenment with the reception of English writers in the 18th century. The confessionalization of life caused a confessional-selective reception process: Anglophilia found resonance primarily in Protestant Germany and the Hanseatic cities. Not only the unusual political stability and economic prosperity of England at the time received general attention, but above all the incomparable degree of freedom and legal security enjoyed by the subjects of the King of Great Britain. England was not only the main competitor of the Hanseatic League, but also the most important role model. The political conditions on the island appeared to be desirable to the enlightened Hanseatic middle class. The Freemasonry came over the "gateway" Hamburg from England to Germany. In 1737 the first lodge , the "Loge d'Hambourg", was founded here. At the end of the 18th century, English horticulture began to spread among the Hanseatic people, starting with the "ornamented farm" Caspar Voghts .

The French Revolution turned the focus back to France. While the first anniversary of the storm on the Bastille in Paris was being celebrated on the Marsfeld, a parallel festival of freedom took place in Harvestehude at the gates of Hamburg , initiated by the Hanseatic Georg Heinrich Sieveking . The festival caused a sensation far beyond Hamburg's borders - even the leader of the Girondins , Brissot , mentioned it with praise in his “Patriot Français” - but had no concrete consequences for the (political) culture of Hamburg.

19th century

French troops burn British goods on the Grasbrook in Hamburg in 1811 ( Christoffer Suhr )

During the French period in Hamburg from 1806 to 1814, the Hanseatic Francophilia suffered a setback. In order to enforce the Continental Blockade , an economic blockade over the British Isles, Napoléon I had Hamburg occupied during the Fourth Coalition War in 1806. The occupiers banned trade with Great Britain and confiscated all English goods in the city. Because England was Hamburg's second most important economic partner after France at that time, a large number of Hanseatic trading companies went bankrupt. Lübeck's maritime trade also came to an almost complete standstill between 1807 and 1813; between 1811 and 1812 not a single ship called at the port of Lübeck. During this time, the trading city was practically cut off from all income (see Lübeck French times ). After the temporary liberation of Hamburg by the Russians in 1813, Hamburg was reoccupied by the French. The houses at the gates of the city were torn down to create a clear field of fire. The main Hamburg churches were converted into horse stables and the Hamburg bank's silver depot was confiscated. Napoleon is credited with saying: “I prefer to let the Hamburgers pay. That is the best way to punish merchants. ”After the final liberation from the French, conditions in the Hanseatic cities were immediately restored. In particular, the previous legal status was largely restored. A critical appraisal, let alone takeover of more modern institutions of the French state, was not given in view of the hatred of the occupiers and their allies in the 19th century.

Main Church St. Nikolai (Hamburg) Architect George Gilbert Scott

Alsterarkaden (Architect: Alexis de Chateauneuf )

Otto Speckter 1840: The founders of the “ Hamburger Ruder Club ” in their first boat “Victoria”: Carl Hermann Merck (on the bank on the left), Johan Cesar Godeffroy (on the bank on the left), Ernst Merck (on the bank), Johann Gustav Heckscher (in the boat, 2nd from left), Gustav Godeffroy (in the boat, 2nd from right)

Due to its technical lead through industrialization , which began there in the 18th century, England was able to increasingly serve the German market with inexpensive industrial products, with English companies particularly using Hamburg as a gateway to Germany. At times, every second ship calling at the port of Hamburg carried the English flag. The openness to this trade, which brought the Hamburgers profit and jobs, is the root of the charge of "anti-national" sentiments of the Hanseatic people. The landlocked countries criticized the imports and demanded protection through protective tariffs, even through the closure of the Hamburg free port , in order to gain time for the modernization of their industries.

English engineers and architects gained a foothold in Hamburg in the 19th century: Edward James Smith had the first water pipes laid in Hamburg in the 1830s. The English architect George Gilbert Scott rebuilt the Nicolaikirche in 1842 after the fire in Hamburg . James Godfrey Booth founded the first "gas company" in 1844. William Lindley was active in the fields of supply and disposal technology, hydraulic engineering and urban planning and was responsible for a comprehensive modernization of the city of Hamburg between 1842 and 1860.

The common talk of the "Anglophilia of the Hanseatic League" should not, however, obscure the fact that, regardless of political differences, France also remained a style-maker. Heinrich Heine lived in Paris from 1831 . From there he liked to mock the Hamburg merchant spirit. Alexis de Chateauneuf , scion of a Huguenot family, became head of the technical commission for the reconstruction of the burnt down Hamburg city center in 1842. He played a major role in shaping today's downtown Hamburg. For the middle of the 19th century, the architect Martin Haller complained : “At that time it was unfortunately still good form for the richest Hamburgers to move their home furnishings from abroad. Senator Jenisch …, Gottlieb Jenisch…, Cesar Godeffroy and Baron Ernst Merck … Carl Heine… Emile Nölting… left the furnishing of their festive rooms to Parisian decorators a. Craftsmen. The furniture of the Union Club ... was based on George Parish's order from London. "

The news of the victory of the bourgeois-democratic February revolution of 1848 in France was received with jubilation in Hamburg.

Anglophilia also found expression in the sporting preferences of the Hanseatic people. Hamburg was the most important gateway for English “sports” for Germany. The so-called Boat Race , a rowing competition between the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, took place for the first time in 1829. The Hamburg Rowing Club was founded in 1836 as the oldest German rowing club and the first German rowing regatta took place in Hamburg in 1843. The first sailing regatta took place in Hamburg in 1845 . The oldest bicycle club in the world was founded in Altona in 1869, emerging from the " Eimsbütteler Velocipeden Reitclub". In the same year the first public “Velocipede race” took place in Altona. The English system of performance tests for thoroughbred horses was adopted and the North German Derby - now the German Derby - was held for the first time in Hamburg in 1869 . It is one of the oldest horse races outside of Great Britain and to this day one of the most significant events in equestrian sport worldwide. Hamburg also played a pioneering role in other sports such as tennis and hockey .

20th century

The Anglophilia of the Hanseatic people also found expression in the time of National Socialism . The swing youth began as an oppositional youth culture from Hamburg's educated and upper middle class . Their supporters demonstrated their rejection of the National Socialist youth ideology with well-groomed, casual clothing based on the English style and listening to jazz music . Even the apolitical popper culture that originated in Hamburg high schools in 1980 and was shaped by parts of the upper class , the first originally German youth culture in West Germany, still had recognizable Anglophile traits in its consumer preferences. In terms of fashion history, the poppers were the continuation of the mods . Starting in Great Britain in the early and mid-1960s, they declared good taste and a sense of style to be the essence of every rebellion. However, the mods all came from the working class and thus undermined the rules of British class society. In contrast, the Poppers were to a not insignificant extent children of Hanseatic people and - after further expansion - the upper or upper middle class in other places.

Due to its Anglophilia, Hamburg is still referred to as “the most English city on the continent”.

Jews and Hanseatic people

Jews were not considered to be Hanseatic. The position of the Jews also changed in the Hanseatic cities from the end of the 18th century in the course of the emancipation of the Jews in Germany. However, this process did not go so far that Jews could be considered Hanseatic until the end of the old Hanseatic tradition in 1918.

By the end of the 18th century

Salomon Heine (1767–1844), Hamburg banker since 1797 (painting by Carl Gröger )

The Jews in the Hanseatic cities were subject to restrictions typical of the time (see History of the Jews in Germany ), but these were different. According to the old Lübeck constitution, Jews, with the exception of a protective Jew and a few Jewish artists, could not live freely in the city and do business there, but least of all as non-Christians could obtain citizenship on which entry into a civic college was dependent . In Hamburg, anti-Semitism was not as pronounced as in other parts of Germany and the two sister cities. Jews could live relatively well in the city, there were no ghettos as elsewhere, but the Senate did not allow Jews to become citizens of Hamburg until the middle of the 19th century. The Jews - like the nobility (see Hanseatic League and Nobility ) - were also prohibited from owning property until 1848. This did not prevent Jewish merchants such as the Warburg family from Hamburg from building successful banking houses.

In contrast to Berlin , however, the economic success of the Jewish bankers and merchants in Hamburg was not linked to social equality. In Berlin, no upper class comparable to the Hanseatic people had formed or it had been covered over by constant immigration. In contrast, the firmly established social structures in Hamburg prevented the social acceptance of Jews as upper-class citizens. Another reason will have been that Jews in Hamburg initially established themselves primarily as manufacturers who, as “traders” in the Hanseatic cities, were in any case not socially equal to wholesalers.

19th century

The house of Salomon Heine and the Hotel Streit on Jungfernstieg were blown up during the Hamburg fire in 1842

During the time of the French occupation of the Hanseatic cities (see Hamburger Franzosenzeit and Lübeck Franzosenzeit ) the restrictions applicable to Jews were lifted. After the Congress of Vienna there was also a restoration in the Hanseatic cities . The Jews who had settled there were expelled from Lübeck and Bremen. A Jewish commission of the council in Bremen decided in 1819 to deny the Jews in Bremen an extension of the right of residence, so that in 1826 only two protective Jews lived in Bremen.

The situation was different in this respect in Hamburg. With 3,000 Jews, Hamburg was the largest Jewish community in Germany for a long time. The Hamburg Senate was well-disposed towards the Jews and intended to grant wealthy Jews full citizenship because it hoped that equality for Jews would promote trade, which had fallen under the French occupation. This was emphatically opposed by the petty bourgeoisie, so that the state was finally restored as it had existed before the French era.

The lack of equality did not prevent Jews from seeing themselves as Hanseatic patriots, as the example of the important Hamburg banker Salomon Heine shows. Heine owned a house on Jungfernstieg in Hamburg and a country estate in Ottensen - as is customary in such cases acquired through a straw man . In the great Hamburg fire of 1842, he had his house on Jungfernstieg blown up to prevent the flames from spreading further. He then waived the payment of the sum insured in favor of the Hamburger Feuerkasse . Heine's funeral in 1844 became a silent demonstration of his popularity. Thousands of Hamburgers, Jews and Christians alike, accompanied him on his last trip to the Jewish cemetery in Ottensen. Nonetheless, Heine did not become a Hamburg citizen or a member of the assembly of an honorable businessman in Hamburg .

The electoral reforms in Lübeck in 1848, in Bremen in 1849, and in Hamburg in 1848 and 1860 finally put Jews on an equal footing. A social equality of successful Jewish merchants with the Hanseatic upper class was not connected with this. “I, who came from outside, were touched most by the fact that this separation of the autochthonous and Jewish good society was accepted as irreversible by both sides.” Even Albert Ballin , Hamburg shipowner and one of the most important Jewish people of the German Empire , with whom the Kaiser had private dealings, was not fully accepted by Hamburg society throughout his life. Besides the fact that he was “only” the general director and not the owner of the shipping company HAPAG , there were religious reasons.

In 1849 the Jews in Bremen were allowed to settle again. In 1863 the Israelite community was also given corporate rights. In 1876 a synagogue was built and in 1896 the Israelite community had a rabbi again.

In the time of National Socialism

Wilhelm Amsinck Burchard-Motz (1878–1963), painted by Anita Rée

Hamburg

See also : Hamburg Senate under National Socialism

For the Hamburg Hanseatic League, there has not yet been a complete, not even a rudimentary study of their behavior during the National Socialist era , such as existed for the German nobility. The appeal of Hamburg's governing parties in the 1931 mayor elections, “Hanseatics, don't give up on yourselves!” Was nothing more than an evocation of regional special awareness and failed. It can be assumed that the Hanseatic people, as well as the nobility, whose feudal way of life and self-image they had asserted themselves by 1918, did not succeed in social and political self-assertion.

In circles of the actual Hanseatic people, the NSDAP enjoyed benevolent support after its re-establishment in 1925, as can be seen from the events of the Hamburg National Club, which sought to unite the top of Hamburg society, albeit not representative. In 1926 Adolf Hitler was able to appear before him and was welcomed by the Hanseatic Vorwerk: “Words of introduction are actually unnecessary for the guest we are honored to see with us this evening. ... His manly advocacy for his convictions has earned him respect, admiration and admiration in the broadest circles. We are very happy that he has come to see us this evening. The club members have also expressed this joy by attending so many this evening. ... Today's event is more popular than perhaps no other event at the club. ”In 1930 Hitler spoke to the club again. In 1931 Joseph Goebbels was invited to speak.

The industrialists' submission , with which Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor as early as 1932, points in the same direction . Five of the 20 signatories were prominent members of old Hanseatic families: the banker and shipowner Carl Vincent Krogmann , the banker Erwin Merck , the banker Kurt Freiherr von Schröder , the senator Franz Heinrich Witthoefft and the shipowner Kurt Woermann .

Wilhelm Amsinck Burchard-Motz , from an old Hanseatic family, from March 1933 second mayor of the coalition senate made up of the NSDAP, DNVP and DVP (see Hamburg Senate under National Socialism ), initiated the self-dissolution of the DVP in Hamburg at the beginning of April 1933 and called on all party members - by far overwhelming success - to join the NSDAP together with him.

Counterexamples are naturally to be found. The major insurance brokers Jauch & Hübener collaborated with Hans von Dohnanyi through the chief of staff of the military defense under Admiral Canaris , Major General Hans Oster , who was related to the Hanseatic Walter Jauch . The Hanseatic Otto Hübener was executed in Berlin at the end of April 1945. Such individual cases can just as little hide a failure on a broad front as the aristocratic participants in the assassination attempt of July 20, 1944 , the failure of broad circles of the nobility.

Bremen

See also : Bremen at the time of National Socialism

The Bremen Hanseatic people as merchants or traders were conservative, but like the workers, not for the National Socialists.

The first local branch of the NSDAP in Bremen was founded in 1922. In 1928, however, the NSDAP received only 1.1 percent in citizenship elections. From 1928 the local group was subordinate to the Gau Weser-Ems in Oldenburg; for the Hanseatic people that was strange. Before the Reichstag elections in 1930 , Hitler gave a campaign speech in Bremen for the first time. Only around twelve percent voted for the NSDAP in September 1930. The next election of November 1930 brought the NSDAP 25.4 percent of the vote and 32 seats in the Bremen citizenship .

In the Reichstag elections in July 1932 , the NSDAP received 31 percent of the vote, in the Reichstag elections in November 1932 only 21 percent (Reich: 33.6 percent) voted for the NSDAP and in the Reichstag elections in March 1933 the Nazis achieved a result of 32.6 Percent (Reich: 44.5 percent).

The Nazi regime came into being in 1933 as a result of political pressure from the NSDAP, with the appointment of Richard Markert (NSDAP) as police senator by the Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick , with the deportation of the members of the SPD and KPD to prisons and concentration camps and finally with the takeover of government on March 6, 1933, one day after the Reichstag elections. In addition to the occupation by Napoléon (1810-1813), the Nazi era was the only time since the Middle Ages during which the Hanseatic city did not exist as a free city, but was incorporated into a Reichsgau . For the Bremen Hanseatic League this was an unacceptable situation. Only now, after the seizure of power, did influential Hanseatic people pay their respects to the acting mayor Markert; they came to terms, and the Vice-President of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce, Biedermann, gave pithy nationalist speeches.

Of the eleven members in the Senate at this time, the merchants must Theodor Laue , of the DNVP coming Otto Flohr , Hermann Ritter and the jurist Richard Duckwitz of clientele civil Hanseaten are allocated from Bremen. Resistance was also not the concern of the Bremen Hanseatic League, but of members of the KPD and SPD .

Hanseaticism in the present

Helmut Schmidt , a prime example of a "modern Hanseatic" who does not derive his - decidedly claimed - Hanseaticism ("I am Hanseatic and will remain so!") From the conventional family power structures - "For many [...] the Hanseatic par excellence"

The phrase "Really genuine Hanseatic people are people whose ancestors were here centuries ago as Hanseatic merchants, shipowners, bankers" is incorrect in this form. He means those Hanseatic people whose old-style Hanseaticism, based on the privileges of the upper class, ended in 1918. The "Hanseatic way of life", which is in the unbroken tradition of the way of life of these Hanseatic people, has not perished. The post-war senator Hans-Harder Biermann-Ratjen can serve as an example of Hanseatic liberality , and in 1968 the Hamburg businessman Erik Blumenfeld resigned from his position as chairman of the CDU out of Hanseatic decency because his company collapsed .

Today the members of the old families are still counted among the Hanseatic people. “They are no longer all rich, maybe even only the minority, but they belong together, they stick together.” In this respect, the term “Hanseatic” continues to be used in the same way as the terms “nobility” for the members of the former noble families. In addition, there are the successful merchants and senators from the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen, as long as there is a “typical trait […] for the Hanseatic people to simply model a certain way of life” - as the former Hamburg Senator Helmut Schmidt embodies in an exemplary manner. If the term “nobility” has the advantage of making a wrong application easily recognizable through its easy distinguishability, the term “Hanseatic” has the advantage of assigning a “living species” to a “Hanseatic way of life” due to the continuous addition of today's citizens describe. In this respect, it benefits from the fact that it is not legally clearly delimited and thus not, like the nobility, was abolished by the nobility law of 1920.

It remains to be seen whether the term will be expanded in the future to include people from those earlier Hanseatic cities that have also called themselves “Hanseatic cities” in the course of a historical return since German reunification . The nimbus associated with the concept of the Hanseatic , and ignorance of its actual meaning, have resulted in various modern attempts at appropriation, including external assignments, without preserving the original, class-specific aspect. For example, the soccer club “ Hamburger SV ” is regularly referred to as “the Hanseatic League”. The socio-structural term of the Hanseatic, treated here, as well as the comparable terms “ patrician ” or “ upper middle class ”, facilitate such attempts at appropriation. The reason is that they did not, unlike the term “ nobility ” , denote or denote a class of the population that was formally easily distinguishable by the title of nobility . Attributions such as to the Hamburg publisher and founder Gerd Bucerius or to the former Hamburg Senator Helmut Schmidt , who also specifically claims the title “Hanseatic”, revive the conventional meaning of the term “Hanseatic”. This shows that the term does not lose its core sociological content despite its diverse uses. Otherwise it would turn into a term that is purely regional.

Hanseatic families

A sense of family was one of the predominant characteristics of the Hanseatic people. Family ties were of equal importance in all Hanseatic cities. They replaced the missing feudal structures and were a foundation of the urban common good. The reverence for the rise of one's own family dominated the domestic and urban life of the “upper ten thousand”, often not without, as Ida Boy-Ed described it, “the specific Hanseatic disease: the patrician madness in which every family imagines, more aristocratic than all to be different. ”This self-image is also the root of the Hamburg gender book . In 17 volumes so far, it records in a completeness “unlike any other German city”, the Hanseatic upper class, “a closely intertwined social class, which is only a small but important sector of the Hamburg population in the past and present mind. "Lübeck has only one of the three cities have a council line , the Lübeck Mayor Emil Ferdinand Fehling edited most recently in 1925, all listed previously known councilors with short life cycles. The Lübeck Hanseatic League is now available as part of the Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck (SHBL) , of which 11 volumes (1970–2012) have been published. Such comprehensive publications have not yet existed for Bremen.

• 

  Amsinck

• 

  Berenberg

• 

  Chapeaurouge

• 

  Godeffroy

• 

  Goßler

• 

  Jauch

• 

  Moller from the tree

• 

  Seyler

Hanseatic families were or are at the location with information on their first appearance:

Albers (Bremen before 1800) (see Johann Christoph Albers ) Anckelmann (extinct) (Hamburg before 1600) Amsinck (Hamburg before 1600) Berenberg (Hamburg before 1600) Chapeaurouge (Hamburg before 1800) Curtius (Lübeck before 1700) Dittmers (Hamburg before 1280, before that Lübeck 1148–1280, before that Dithmarschen) Eschenburg (Lübeck before 1800) Fehling (Lübeck) Gaedechens (Hamburg) (see Otto Christian Gaedechens ) Godeffroy (Hamburg before 1800) Goßler and von Berenberg -Gossler (Hamburg before 1400) Gröning (Bremen before 1800) (see Hermann von Gröning ) Hudtwalker (Hamburg before 1800) (see Johann Michael Hudtwalcker ) Jauch (Hamburg before 1700) Jenisch (Hamburg before 1700) Knoop (Bremen before 1800) (see Ludwig Knoop ) Kulenkamp (Lübeck before 1900) (see Arthur Gustav Kulenkamp ) Kulenkampff (Bremen before 1800) (see Gustav Kulenkampff ) Laeisz (Hamburg before 1800) Luetkens (Hamburg before 1800)

Man (Lübeck before 1800) Merck (Hamburg before 1800) (see Carl Hermann Merck ) Mönckeberg (Hamburg before 1800) (see Johann Georg Mönckeberg ) Moller vom Baum (Hamburg before 1500) Münchmeyer (Hamburg before 1900) Mutzenbecher (Hamburg before 1700) O'Swald (Hamburg) (see William Henry O'Swald ) Ohlendorff "von" (Hamburg from 1820) Overbeck (Lübeck before 1800) (see Christian Adolph Overbeck ) Parish (Hamburg before 1800) (see John Parish (Kaufmann) ) Rodde (merchant family) (Lübeck before 1700) Schramm (Hamburg before 1700) (see Max Schramm ) Schröder (Hamburg before 1800) (see Christian Matthias Schröder ) Schües (Hamburg before 1700) (see Nikolaus W. Schües ) Seyler (Hamburg before 1800, before that citizens of Basel and  Liestal ) Sieveking (Hamburg before 1800) Sloman (Hamburg before 1800) (see Robert Miles Sloman ) Stammann (Hamburg before 1800) (see Johann Otto Stammann ) Stürken (Hamburg before 1800) (see Nicolas Stürken ) Tesdorpf (Lübeck before 1700) (see Carl Tesdorpf ) Volkmann (Bremen before 1800) (see Johann Heinrich Volkmann ) Vorwerk (Hamburg before 1800) (see Georg Friedrich Vorwerk )

Hanseatic people for wealth

Before the First World War, Emil Possehl was Lübeck's richest businessman

Up until the First World War, the reputation of Hanseatic merchants was so closely linked to financial indicators that these were also published for the Hanseatic cities. For the smallest and "poorest" of them, for Lübeck, the following list of the ten richest Lübeck Hanseatics before the First World War is:

• Emil Possehl , Senator and owner of the Possehl company - 12 million marks
• Charles Petit , Danish Consul General and partner in the company Charles Petit & Co. - 5 million marks
• Hermann Eschenburg , President of the Chamber of Commerce and partner in the company Jost Hinrich Havemann & Sohn - 4.5 million marks
• HP Friedrich Ewers senior , partner in the company FR Ewers & Sohn - 4 million marks
• August Gossmann, Swedish consul and partner in the Gossmann & Jürgens company - 3.9 million marks
• Carl Dimpker , Württemberg consul and partner in the Dimpker & Sommer company - 3.7 million marks
• Wilhelm Eschenburg, Dutch consul and owner of the company HW Eschenburg - 3.3 million marks
• Johannes Suckau , Austro-Hungarian consul and owner of the JA Suckau company - 3.1 million marks
• Carl Tesdorpf, Prussian consul and owner of the Carl Tesdorpf company - 2.8 million marks
• Richard Piehl , Belgian consul and partner in Piehl & Fehling - 2.6 million marks

Regardless of a certain connection between Hanseaticism and wealth, which had its roots in the fact that the Hanseatic people were mostly upper-class citizens, these merchants and thus tended to be wealthy, in Hamburg it was by no means oligarchic structures, because even extreme wealth by no means provided direct access to the resulted in the actual leadership class, as for example the case of the "Petroleum King" Wilhelm Anton Riedemann shows, who was too devout Catholic for many Hamburgers.

Hanseatic people without a Hanseatic family background

Karl Carstens

Time and again there have been individuals “without origin” who were given the predicate “Hanseatic” in its traditional meaning in the same way as the members of the old Hanseatic families because they embodied “the Hanseatic”. These Hanseatic residents - except for the mayors of the three Hanseatic cities - include (as an exemplary selection):

• Gerd Bucerius (1906–1995), publisher: “The Hanseatic was not born in Hamm, the son of a lawyer - he only acquired it in the course of his long, troubled life. His parents were middle class. "
• Karl Carstens (1914–1992): "The new President of the Bundestag Karl Carstens [...], as a [...] native of the Hanseatic League, also knows the high virtues of decency and self-control."
• Walther Leisler Kiep (1926–2016), descendant of Jakob Leisler : “the non-conformist Hanseatic who made no secret of his aversion to the“ petty-bourgeois ”CDU.” “The Hamburg-based man, who is preferably dressed in pinstripes, in appearance and gestures the parade Hanseatic beyond the limit of the cliché "
• Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), former Federal Chancellor: “for many […] the Hanseatic par excellence”, who describes his origins as “ petty bourgeois ”, born in the working-class district of Hamburg-Barmbek , the father Gustav Schmidt, adoptive son of an unskilled dockworker , to Raised the head of a business school.

Hanseatic festivals

Among the festivities with a centuries-old tradition, the Schaffermahlzeit at Haus Seefahrt in Bremen surely stands out today and attracts the highest attention nationwide. Nevertheless, there are similar events in the sister cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, at which the Hanseatic people, with and without a Hanseatic family background, exchange ideas with their guests of honor from politics, culture and business every year. This type of celebration was lived equally in the Hanseatic cities at all levels of society. A living example in Lübeck is the Kringelhöge of the Stecknitz driver 's office.

literature

• Gerhard Ahrens : The Hanseatic League and the Imperial Idea since the early 19th century. In: Bremisches Jahrbuch . Volume 67, Bremen 1989, pp. 17-28.
• Hans Wilhelm Eckardt: From privileged rule to parliamentary democracy. The disputes over general and equal suffrage in Hamburg. 2nd Edition. State Center for Political Education, Hamburg 2002.
• Ernst Finder : Hamburg's bourgeoisie in the past. De Gruyter, Hamburg 1930.
• Kurt Grobecker : Hanseatic rules of life. Kabel, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-8225-0359-2 .
• Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. In: Hamburg gender book. 14, 1997, pp. 21-32.
• Hellmut Kruse : Dare and win. A Hanseatic merchant life in the 20th century. The Hanse, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-434-52618-8 .
• Rudolf Herzog : Hanseatic League. Novel of the Hamburg merchant world. Berlin 1909.
• John F. Jungclaussen : Cracks in white facades. The decline of the Hanseatic nobility. Siedler, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-88680-822-X .
• Rainer Postel : Hanseatic people. On the political culture of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. In: Hans-Georg Wehling (Red.): Regional political culture. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-17-008608-1 , pp. 15-35.
• Percy Ernst Schramm : Hamburg, Germany and the world. Performance and limits of the Hanseatic bourgeoisie in the time between Napoleon I and Bismarck. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1952.
• Percy Ernst Schramm: Hamburg and the question of nobility (until 1806). In: Journal of the Association for Hamburg History. 55, 1969, pp. 81-94.
• Andreas Schulz: world citizens and money aristocrats. Hanseatic middle class in the 19th century. Historical College Foundation, Munich 1995.
• Margrit Schulte Beerbühl: The Hanse Network , European History Online , published by the Institute for European History (Mainz) , 2011.
• Arne Cornelius Wasmuth: Hanseatic Dynasties. Old Hamburg families open their albums. The Hanse, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-434-52589-0 .
• Matthias Wegner: Hanseatics. Siedler, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-88680-661-8 .
• Susanne Wisborg: Where it is is Hamburg. Unknown stories from well-known Hanseatic people. Christians, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 3-7672-1159-9 .
• Nicola Wurthmann: Senators, friends and families. Rule structures and self-image of the Bremen elite between tradition and modernity, 1813–1848 Bremen State Archives, Bremen 2009, ISBN 978-3-925729-55-3 .
• Hermann Kellenbenz : The Bremen merchant. Attempt at a socio-historical interpretation. In: Bremisches Jahrbuch. 51, 1969, pp. 19-50.

Web links

Wiktionary: Hanseat  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

supporting documents

1. ↑ Christian Siedenbiedel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of October 24, 2009, online version
2. ^ Matthias Wegner: Hanseatic League. Berlin 1999, p. 100.
3. ↑ Natalie Bombeck: Jauch's ancestors were Wellingsbüttelers. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. January 25, 2007.
4. ↑ An exception is J. Werdenhagen: De Rebus Publicis Hanseaticis Tractatus. Frankfurt 1641.
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Gerhard Ahrens: Hanseatic. In: Schmidt-Römhild: Lübeck-Lexikon. 2006 with reference to: Rainer Postel: Hanseaten. On the political culture of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. In: The citizen in the state. 34, 1984, pp. 153-158.
6. ^ Herbert Schwarzwälder : Hanseatic, Hanseatic. In: The Great Bremen Lexicon. Bremen 2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X .
7. ^ Huret: Hamburg in 1906. In: Hamburgische Geschichts- und Heimatblätter. 13, 1993, p. 62.
8. ^ Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum Regional-Presse-Info 16/98 of November 19, 1998: A Hamburger was the real king of the South Seas.
9. ^ Percy Ernst Schramm: Hamburg, Germany and the world. Performance and limits of the Hanseatic bourgeoisie in the time between Napoleon I and Bismarck. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1952, p. 28.
10. ↑ See Quiddje .
11. ↑ Heinz H. König: The Brits. Our friends in Europe? The German-English misunderstanding. 2008, p. 21.
12. ↑ Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon , Volume 14 (1849), p. 922: There “an old-fashioned Oberservanz prevailed in relation to the strictest separation of the various classes ... where the three classes: the merchant nobility, the wealthy industrialist or small merchant and the Plebs were severely segregated ”.
13. ^ Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon , Volume 14 (1849), p. 922.
14. ↑ Wegner, p. 34: “ In Hamburg, a very precise distinction was made between the major and minor citizenship, and only those who, thanks to their economic circumstances, were able to acquire the major citizenship had unrestricted freedom of trade and industry Senate, citizenship and other offices are elected - and that were only a few. The wealthy merchants set the tone in the Hanseatic cities. ” P. 35:“ They secured the power of their class and their class at their own discretion, distinguished themselves in rank and habitus from the small merchants, the “shopkeepers” and also considered themselves some right as ruler of their city. " ; The Grand Citizenship cost 50 Reichstalers in Hamburg in 1600 , the Smaller Citizenship 7 Reichtstaler, see Mirjam Litten: Citizenship and Confession: Urban Options between Confessionalization and Secularization in Münster, Hildesheim and Hamburg. 2003, p. 30.
15. ↑ Wegener, p. 35 "Only lawyers were on the same level, because lawyers were also seen as a free and independent trade."
16. ↑ Birgit-Katharine Seemann: City, bourgeoisie and culture: Kurturelle development and cultural policy in Hamburg from 1839 to 1933 using the example of the museum system. 1998, p. 22.
17. ^ Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon , Volume 14 (1849), p. 923.
18. ↑ Andrea Purpus: Women’s Work in the Lower Classes: The World of Life and Work Hamburg's maids and workers around 1900 with special consideration of domestic and industrial training. 2000, p. 10.
19. ↑ Ulrike von Goetz, Arne Cornelius Wasmuth: Revolutionäre Hanseaten. In: Welt Online. October 21, 2001.
20. ^ Matthias Wegner: Hanseaten, Berlin 1999, p. 39; see for the whole Heinz Schilling, Gottfried Niedhart , Klaus Hildebrand: The city in the early modern times. 2004, p. 25f.
21. ↑ Quoted from George J. Buelow, Hans Joachim Marx: New Mattheson Studies. 1983, p. 42.
22. ↑ Wegener p. 40.
23. ↑ Wegener p. 42.
24. ↑ So already for the Hanseatic period Henning Landgraf: Population and Economy of Kiel in the 15th Century. 1959, p. 63.
25. ↑ For example, mountain drivers or gentle drivers .
26. ^ Emil Ferdinand Fehling : Lübeckische Ratslinie from the beginnings of the city to the present. Lübeck 1925.
27. ↑ ffh Internet exhibitions  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  
28. ^ Tilman Stieve: The struggle for reform in Hamburg 1789-1842 . Hamburg 1993, p. 31f.
29. ↑ Hildegard von Marchthaler: The importance of the Hamburg gender book for Hamburg's population and history. In: Hamburg gender book. 9, 1961, p. 26.
30. ↑ v. Marchthaler, p. 23: “The eight Hamburg volumes of the German Gender Book that have appeared so far are a self-contained work that no other German city can offer. They cover a closely intertwined social class, which, however, only constitutes a small but important sector of the Hamburg population in the past and present. From a sociological point of view, the Hamburg volumes are so valuable because the people in them are primarily the bearers of the cultural and economic development of the city-state of Hamburg and, as merchants, shipowners, bankers and lawyers, supported their city. "Many people from these Hamburger sexes have participated as senators on the government of the city state or have been involved in the citizenry as a representative of the population in their own country to thrive. .
31. ↑ Say: Amßink .
32. ↑ See Carl Friedrich Petersen .
33. ↑ v. Marchthaler, page 30: "Family history is in Hamburg also mostly history, and since the heads of the large trading houses has always been responsible positions in the administration of the city-state had existed a solid integration between family, business and ruling circles." .
34. ↑ Geert Seelig: The historical development of the Hamburg citizenship and the Hamburg notables. Hamburg 1900, p. 43 - emphasis by Seelig.
35. ↑ ^{a b} Arne Cornelius Wasmuth: Hanseatic Dynasties. Die Hanse, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-434-52589-0 , p. 9.
36. ^ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. In: Hamburg gender book. 14, 1997, p. 22.
37. ^ Percy Ernst Schramm: Profit and Loss. Christians, Hamburg 1969, p. 108.
38. ↑ Wegner, p. 80.
39. ^ Bernhard Pabst: The Anckelmann family in Hamburg and Leipzig. Part 3: The Esich family from Bremen and the late Anckelmann from Hamburg, 2007, p. 120 ff.
40. ^ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. P. 26.
41. ^ Rainer Geissler, Thomas Meyer: The social structure of Germany: For social development with a balance sheet for unification. 2006, p. 29, point out that “value on ennoblement and council titles” was more placed in the industrial bourgeoisie, while “the rich merchants in the trading centers, on the other hand, ... more clung to bourgeois urban traditions”.
42. ↑ To the family see article about his son: John von Berenberg-Gossler .
43. ^ Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. P. 30.
44. ↑ Roberts: Schroders. London 1992, p. 42, notes, "a very unusual honor for a Hamburg merchant".
45. ^ Schramm: Profit and Loss. Publications of the Association for Hamburg History No. 24, 1969, p. 108.
46. ↑ ^{a b} Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. P. 31.
47. ^ Percy Ernst Schramm : Profit and Loss. The story of the Hamburg senator families Jencquel and Luis. Hamburg 1969, p. 108.
48. ^ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: Nobility and bourgeoisie in Hamburg. In: Hamburg gender book. 14, 1997, p. 31.
49. ↑ Mühlfried, p. 53.
50. ↑ Jungclaussen, pp. 87f.
51. ↑ Hauschild-Thiessen, p. 25.
52. ↑ ^{a b} Wasmuth p. 98.
53. ↑ The Hamburg Senator Heinrich Christian Sieveking (1752–1809) died without leaving his daughter Amalie Sieveking (see there) sufficient funds for education or living, so that wealthy relatives had to take care of her.
54. ↑ Susanne Wiborg: "Where he is is Hamburg", he even impressed Wilhelm II: Johann Heinrich Burchard, the "royal mayor", in: Susanne Wiborg: Where he is is Hamburg. Hamburg 1992, pp. 7-18.
55. ↑ Alois Friedel: German status symbols. 1968, p. 71 "... that the awarding and acceptance of medals has not been customary for the Hanseatic people since ancient times ...".
56. ↑ Brockhaus Enzyklopädie in twenty volumes, Volume 8, 1969, p. 101 "The Hanseatic cities do not award medals themselves and traditionally try to limit the acceptance of medals in their area (exception → Hanseatic Cross )".
57. ^ Ludwig Benninghoff: Germany. P. 231, "Senate, officials and judges of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg, however, refuse to accept and wear medals and decorations out of traditional practice."
58. ^ "The leading representatives were forbidden to accept and wear medals.", Senate resolution of June 26, 1895, Official Gazette of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, No. 85, June 27, 1895, quoted from: Tobias von Elsner: Kaisertage: Hamburg and Wilhelminian Germany in the mirror of public festival culture. European University Theses, Series 3: History and its Auxiliary Sciences. 471, 1991, p. 343.
59. ^ Werner Kloos and Reinhold Thiel: Bremer Lexikon. Article medals (decorations). Bremen 1997, ISBN 3-931785-47-5 .
60. ↑ Michael Duration: Order? no thanks! In: manager-magazin.de. July 19, 2002, see Hans-Olaf Henkel .
61. ^ Günter Stiller: Decline of the merchant kings. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. February 25, 2006.
62. ↑ Jungclaussen, p. 10.
63. ^ Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum, Regional-Presse-Info, Regionalinfo 16/98 from November 19, 1998: A hamburger was the real king of the South Seas .
64. ↑ Karl-Heinz Büschemann: Beyond debit and credit. In: The time. No. 23, June 3, 1988.
65. ↑ Lüder Döscher: Bremen town hall chat. Schünemann, Bremen 1967, ISBN 3-7961-1508-X , pp. 107-111.
66. ^ Werner Kloos: Bremer Lexikon. Hauschild, Bremen 1980, ISBN 3-920699-31-9 , p. 238.
67. ↑ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: About the Hamburg national character. In: German gender book. 127, 1979, p. 24.
68. ↑ "Buten un binnen" is Low German and roughly means "outside and inside", which alludes to the geographical location of Bremen and Bremerhaven and Hamburg, which are on the sea and inland, and to the motto of Bremen merchants, buten un inside - dare un winnen (outside and inside - dare and win), which can still be found today as an inscription on the Schütting .
69. ^ Jonas Ludwig von Heß: Hamburg described topographically, politically and historically. Volume 1, 1787, p. 99.
70. ↑ ^{a b} Meyer’s Conversations-Lexicon , Volume 14 (1849), p. 923; online at MDZ.
71. ↑ Quoted from: Hans Wisskirchen: Die Welt der Buddenbrooks. Frankfurt am Main 2008, p. 12.
72. ↑ Josef Nyary: Hard manners in the big city. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. July 21, 2003.
73. ^ Andreas Seeger, Fritz Treichel: Executions in Hamburg and Altona 1933–1945. Hamburg 1998, p. 10. During the French period in Hamburg , the occupiers introduced the guillotine , which was replaced by the guillotine after the liberation until the public execution was abolished in the middle of the 19th century.
74. ↑ Andreas Fahl: The Hamburg Citizens' Military 1814–1868. Berlin 1987, p. 16.
75. ^ Adam Storck : Views of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and its surroundings. ISBN 0-543-91990-0 , p. 409. Herbert Schwarzwälder : Das Große Bremen-Lexikon ; Edition Temmen , Bremen 2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X .
76. ↑ Mayor Amandus Augustus Abendroth , quoted from Andreas Fahl: The Hamburg Citizen Military 1814–1868. Berlin 1987, p. 31.
77. ↑ Andreas Fahl: The Hamburg Citizens' Military 1814–1868. Berlin 1987, p. 284.
78. ↑ Andreas Fahl: The Hamburg Citizens' Military 1814–1868. Berlin 1987, p. 178. This was of course no different in the Prussian Landwehr .
79. ↑ Andreas Fahl: The Hamburg Citizens' Military 1814–1868. Berlin 1987, p. 179.
80. ↑ So the Mayor Heinrich Brömse († 1502) with his family on the side altar of Heinrich Brabender in the Jakobikirche . This development can be seen most clearly in the triumphal cross of Bernt Notke from 1477 in Lübeck Cathedral , where the founder, Bishop Albert II. Krummendiek , kneels next to “his” Maria Magdalena .
81. ↑ During the Baroque period, the epitaph as an art form in northern Germany under Thomas Quellinus reached its climax. The baroque high altar commissioned by the merchant Thomas Fredenhagen in 1697 for the Marienkirche in Lübeck is the largest furnishing donation since the Reformation.
82. ↑ The old foundations could only survive the French era if they had invested predominantly in real estate and the buildings that were built could be preserved.
83. ↑ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: About the Hamburg national character. P. 22.
84. ^ Katja Gerhartz: Hamburg - German foundation capital. In: Welt Online. 4th July 2004.
85. ^ Ruprecht Grossmann, Heike Grossmann: The St. Remberti pen. Bremen's oldest social settlement through the ages . S. 18 .
86. ↑ Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: About the Hamburg national character. P. 23.
87. ^ Percy Ernst Schramm: Hamburg, Germany and the world. Performance and limits of the Hanseatic bourgeoisie in the time between Napoleon I and Bismarck. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1952, p. 18.
88. ↑ German Gender Book, Volume 19, Second Hamburg Volume, Görlitz 1911, "Mutzenbecher" series, pp. 295f.
89. ↑ Hildegard von Marchtaler: The Hamburg country house. German Gender Book, Volume 171 (12th Hamburger), Limburg an der Lahn 1975, p. 19.
90. ^ Exhibition catalog: Gardens, country houses and villas of the Hamburg bourgeoisie. Art, culture and social life in four centuries. Museum of Hamburg History. Hamburg May 29–26. October 1975.
91. ↑ Paul Th. Hoffmann: The Elbchaussee. Hamburg 1977, p. 3.
92. ↑ Paul Th. Hoffmann: The Elbchaussee. Hamburg 1977, p. 9.
93. ↑ Hildegard von Marchtaler: The Hamburg country house. P. 23.
94. ↑ Mühlfried, p. 610.
95. ↑ Machtaler Landhaus ; P. 27.
96. ↑ Ibid.
97. ↑ Jungclaussen, p. 115.
98. ↑ Hildegard von Marchtaler: The Hamburg country house. P. 29.
99. ↑ Quoted from Wegener, p. 110.
100. ↑ Wegener p. 207.
101. ↑ Wegener p. 62f.
102. ↑ Schramm p. 21.
103. ↑ Margrit Schulte-Beerbühl: German merchants in London: World Trade and Naturalization (1660-1818). 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58038-9 , p. 89.
104. ↑ Schulte-Beerbühl p. 90.
105. ↑ Schulte-Beerbühl p. 92.
106. ^ Anton Schindling: Education and Science in the Early Modern Era 1650-1800. 1999, ISBN 3-486-56422-6 , p. 91.
107. ↑ Hans-Christof Kraus: Montesquieu, Blackstone, de Lolme and the English constitution of the 18th century. Yearbook of the historical college 1995, ISBN 3-486-56176-6 , p. 114.
108. ↑ Bernd Roeck: The world and culture of the bourgeoisie in the early modern period. 1988, ISBN 3-486-55571-5 , p. 66.
109. ^ Frank M. Hinz: Planning and financing of the Speicherstadt in Hamburg. LIT, Münster 2000, ISBN 3-8258-3632-0 , p. 17.
110. ↑ Brother of the aforementioned, house built by Franz Gustav Joachim Forsmann , today Überseeclub e. V.
111. ↑ 1810–1860, cousin Heinrich Heines .
112. ^ Jacques Emile Louis Alexandre Nölting .
113. ↑ 1807–1881, see German Gender Book , Volume 209, 15. Hamburger, Limburg an der Lahn 1999, pp. 184f.
114. ^ Ulf Poschardt: The rebellion of the Kashmiri children. In: Welt Online. 4th July 2004.
115. ^ Helmut Böhme: Frankfurt and Hamburg. The German Empire's silver and gold hole and the most English city on the continent. Frankfurt am Main 1968.
116. ^ Karl Klug: History of Lübeck during the unification with the French Empire. 1811-1813. Lübeck 1857, Department 2, Section 11.
117. ↑ Hans Liebeschütz, Arnold Paucker: Judaism in the German environment 1800-1850. 1977, ISBN 3-16-839412-2 , p. 165.
118. ↑ Ibid. P. 204f.
119. ^ Heinrich Graetz: History of the Jews. P. 304.
120. ^ Franklin Kopitzsch, Dirk Brietzke: Hamburgische Biographie. 2003, ISBN 3-7672-1366-4 , p. 182.
121. ^ Saskia Rohde, Arno Herzig: The history of the Jews in Hamburg 1590–1990. Hamburg 1991.
122. ^ Gustav Mayer, Gottfried Niedhart: Memories: From journalists to historians of the German workers' movement. 1993, p. 154.
123. ↑ Stephan Malinowski: From the king to the leader. Social decline and political radicalization in the German nobility between the German Empire and the Nazi state. Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-05-003554-4 .
124. ^ Horst Möller, Andreas Wirsching, Walter Ziegler: National Socialism in the Region: Contributions to regional and local research and international comparison. 1996, ISBN 3-486-64500-5 , p. 95.
125. ^ Kurt Gossweiler : Hitler and the capital. 1925-1928. In 1926 Hitler was still considered a Ludendorffian ("the drummer") in many places . That soon changed.
126. ^ Member of the Friends of the Reichsführer SS , member of the NSDAP, Hamburg mayor 1933 to 1945.
127. ^ Member of the Friends of the Reichsführer SS, member of the NSDAP, member of the SS , SS-Brigadführer, in whose house the decisive negotiations before Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor took place in January 1933; managed the "special account S" of his bank, to which the members of the Friends of the Reichsführer-SS annually paid one million Reichsmarks for special tasks by Heinrich Himmler .
128. ^ Member of the Friends of the Reichsführer-SS, member of the NSDAP.
129. ^ Member of the NSDAP.
130. ↑ ^{a b} Hamburger Abendblatt from May 18, 2007.
131. ↑ ^{a b c} Mayor Ortwin Runde, press release from the press office of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg from January 6, 1999.
132. ^ ^{A b c} Petra Marchewka: The Hanseatic League. The portrait of a north German species. In: Germany Radio Berlin, country report. December 13, 2004.
133. ↑ See today's usage of the epithet Hanseatic city .
134. ↑ However, this is probably the everyday journalistic practice of “brevity before accuracy”. Because traditionally football was not a sport for young Hanseatic people. Sailing, tennis or - for men - polo were more appropriate.
135. ↑ Address by Federal President Johannes Rau at the funeral service for Rudolf Augstein  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Hamburg, November 25, 2002.  
136. ↑ Wegener pp. 96 and 111.
137. ↑ Ida Boy-Ed: A royal merchant. Stuttgart 1922, p. 29, text version on Commons: Image: Boy-Ed Ein Königlicher Kaufmann.djvu.
138. ^ ^{A b} Hildegard von Marchthaler: The importance of the Hamburg gender book for Hamburg's population and history. Hamburg Gender Book Volume 9 = German Gender Book Volume 127, p. 22.
139. ^ Non-family partners - »Joh. Berenberg, Gossler & Co. « ( Memento of the original dated November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , berenberg.de 
140. ^ Yearbook of the wealth and income of the millionaires in the three Hanseatic cities. 1912.
141. ↑ Quoted from Jan Zimmermann: St. Gertrud 1860–1945. Bremen 2007, p. 8.
142. ^ Klaus Mühlfried: Architecture as an expression of political sentiment. Martin Haller and his work in Hamburg. (PDF; 8.2 MB) Hamburg 2006 (dissertation), p. 55.
143. ↑ Uwe Bahnsen: In the independence of thought he always remained true to himself. In: Welt Online. May 18, 2006.
144. ↑ Karl-Heinz Janßen: Sauer against Wehner In: The time. February 11, 1977.
145. ↑ In the donation twilight: Leisler Kiep celebrates his birthday. In: RP Online. January 3, 2001.
146. ↑ Ansgar Graw: Always on the verge of the cliché. In: Welt Online. April 26, 2001.
147. ↑ Kerstin Kullmann, Dirk Kurbjuweit , Klaus Wiegrefe : An aura of strength. In: Der Spiegel . No. 50, December 8, 2008, p. 62.

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