Jakobikirche (Lübeck)

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St. Jakobi

St. Jakobi is one of the five main Evangelical Lutheran parish churches in Lübeck's old town .

It was consecrated in 1334 as the church of the seafarers and fishermen who still have their shed in the opposite boat company . Their patron is Saint James the Elder . The church, the Holy Spirit Hospital and the neighboring Gertrudenherberge are stops on a branch of the North German Way of St. James . Since September 2007 the north tower chapel of the church has been a national memorial for civil seafaring as the Pamir chapel .

Building history

The striking bell tower
Detail: offering box on Königstrasse

The Jakobikirche is a three-aisled brick hall church . The current building on Koberg was built around 1300 and, after the great city ​​fire of 1276, replaced a Romanesque hall church in the same place, which was already mentioned around 1227. It is assumed that round arch friezes in the area of ​​the church tower and the aisle walls are part of this previous building. Since the new Gothic building around 1300, the church has three naves with five bays, each of which is closed off by a choir in the east. The walls of the central nave tower over the two side aisles by five meters. Similar to that of St. Petri, the church tower reveals something about the building intentions that have changed over the course of time. Initially planned as a central single tower and the construction started, the northern and southern side chapels were so heavily designed that the plan must have existed to equip the church such as the Marienkirche and the cathedral with a double tower system. The plan to convert the hall church into a basilica , probably at the end of the 13th century, can also be read from the building findings that still exist today, but the implementation that had begun has been abandoned. The main construction period of the current structure is determined on the basis of sources relating to the Gothic altars. For a new altar a vicariate was donated in 1287 . This altar is then occupied for 1312. The new altar table with the choir was consecrated in 1334 by Bishop Heinrich II. Bochholt . The oldest surviving Lübeck high altar retable was donated to this altar table in 1435 as an altar top by the master of the Jacobial tariff , presumably by the parish. Today it is in the Middle Ages collection of the State Museum Schwerin in Güstrow Castle .

The tower of this church towered over the ridge of the central nave by only two full storeys. Above it were pointed gables like those of the Marienkirche. Above it was the octagonal pyramid of the tower spire. The tower is likely to be one of the more problematic of the Lübeck church towers. The reading master Detmar reports in his chronicle that a quarter of the tower roof loosened in a storm in 1375 and was blown into the courtyard of the Holy Spirit Hospital . In 1628 the tower was removed "down to the bells" and after the masonry was renewed in 1636 it was initially given a simple wooden roof. The top of the tower was not renewed until 1657/58 and only then received the four spheres on the corners of the tower, which are so typical for the church today. A certificate from Lübeck's arithmetic master Arnold Möller , which also survived fires, reports on this renovation and everyone involved in it . The spire was struck by lightning several times, most recently in 1901, and burned for about a day in 1901.

Among the attached chapels, the Brömbsen Chapel is probably the best known because of the Brömbsen altar on the south side. It goes back to a foundation of the Canon Detmar Schulop in 1338 and in 1488 passed to the Lübeck mayor Heinrich Brömse . It remained in the possession of his family until 1826. In 1877 it fell back to the church from an executor of the Brömse family. The Vellin or Warendorp chapel next to it is based on a foundation made by the councilor Gotthardt Vellin († 1350) and passed on to the Warendorp family with the death of his widow, who held it until the 18th century. On the north side opposite the Brömbsen chapel is the Hoghehus or Haleholtscho chapel, which was donated by Konrad Hogehus († 1351). It later passed into the ownership of the Haleholtscho families, Warendorp, von Dorne (1712). The two other chapels in the west of the north side are attested to the year 1392. The sacristy of the church in the southeast is an extension from the beginning of the 15th century. The shell motif on its wood paneling from 1667 is reminiscent of the shell as a symbol of the pilgrims to St. James. The tower chapel under the central tower was owned by the brewers' guild. The chapel north of the tower was named after the Lübeck mayor Hinrich Witte as the Witten chapel, later because of the equipment stored there. This chapel today commemorates the sinking of the Pamirs. A columbarium has been located under the chapel as an urn burial place since 2007 .

The southern tower chapel used to be the Marientiden chapel.

St. Jakobi has the most beautiful, delicate and richest roof turret in the city. According to Reimar Kock's chronicle , it was first erected in 1496, but it was soon blown down again by a storm. Since it can be found in the large Lübeck woodcut by Elias Diebel as early as 1552 , it must have been rebuilt around the middle of the 16th century. Today's ridge turret is a baroque creation from the years 1622–28. It has been rebuilt several times. Its lower part with the pinnacles shows late Gothic elements, while the upper lantern , in which the bells hang and the spire, are already influenced by the Renaissance . Delicate spars with gold-plated flags adorn the upper part, whose style also includes the vase frieze from which the pinnacles grow up.

The church's important medieval frescoes were rediscovered during renovations at the end of the 19th century.

St. Jakobi was one of the few churches in Lübeck that remained undamaged during the bombing on Palm Sunday night in 1942. It therefore has the two last historical organs in Lübeck. The gallery under the Great Organ was expanded in 1932 to accommodate a larger choir and a small orchestra.

Next to the church, for Koberg out are on the Jakobikirchhof the Pastor houses in the style of the Dutch brick Renaissance .

Furnishing

Pulpit and high altar
Gothic baptismal font
The Pamir's lifeboat before the renovation in 2007 in the northern tower chapel

The church has a rich interior.

Pulpit and high altar

The pulpit is from 1698. Remains of the previous pulpit from 1577 have been in Thomaskirche in Tribsees since 1735 .

The high altar that can be seen today was created by Hieronymus Hassenberg in 1717 . It is a foundation of the mayor Hermann Rodde , whose bust is on the altar.

The late Gothic high altar retable from 1435, a triptych with a double pair of wings, is attributed to the master of the Jacobial tars and is now in the medieval department of the Schwerin State Museum in Güstrow Castle .

The bronze fifth from 1466 was cast by the gunsmith Klaus Grude .

Broemsen Altar

The Broemsen Altar was donated by the mayor Heinrich Brömse around 1490 to 1500 . The relief in the middle part has been attributed to the workshop of the Westphalian sculptor Evert van Roden for several years . Due to its virtuoso image design, the work of art is one of the most important in Lübeck. The depiction of the Brömse family on the altar wings was made a little later around 1515.

Box stalls

During restoration work in 2016, it was discovered that the locked prayer book compartments in the box stalls were lined with colored devotional and edification leaves from the middle of the 17th century. The compartments were opened in June 2018. The sheets could be fully documented. Almost all of the sheets are unique and have been preserved in their original state of use.

Seafarers Memorial

In the north tower chapel of the church there is a memorial for the Lübeck sailors who stayed at sea.

The wreck of a lifeboat of the four-masted barque Pamir , which sank in 1957 and which sank 80 of the 86 crew members, also stands here. The memorial was declared a national memorial for civil seafaring on September 21, 2007 by the will of the parish, the state and federal government .

There is a columbarium under the chapel .

Organs

→ Main article: Organs of the Jakobikirche (Lübeck)
The large organ on the west wall was originally a Gothic block structure, but was expanded and rebuilt several times during the Baroque period. The small organ (Stellwagen organ; north organ) also emerged from a medieval organ (1467), but was rebuilt and expanded by Friedrich Stellwagen in 1636/1637 . Today it is one of the most important organs in Europe.

  • Organ on the west wall

  • Stellwagen organ

  • Richborn positive

Tower clock and bells

Tower clock as a one-hand clock
Tower clock in March 2019

The tower clock is a special feature because as a one-hand clock it only shows the hours. On February 20, 2019, the pointer on the northern clock face came loose and fell from a height of 50 meters onto the church forecourt. In July of that year, the Official Materials Testing Institute of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen announced that a load-bearing screw had failed due to fatigue . Some experts attribute this to the sound pressure that spreads when the bells ring. This is enormously high, especially since wooden bells put more stress on the towers than steel bells.

A valuable ensemble of four bells hangs in the bell chamber . On Good Friday at 3 p.m. at the hour of death, the pulse bell (Salichmaker) rings for 5 minutes as a soloist. On weekdays the civil bell rings as a soloist at 12 noon and the evening bell rings as a soloist at 6pm. On Saturday at 8 p.m., a partial ringing of the pulse bell (Salichmaker) a °, citizen bell h ° and sermon bell ais ° will sound. On Sundays at 10:30 a.m., a partial chime of the pulse bell (Salichmaker) a °, sermon bell ais ° and evening bell e ′ sounds to accompany the church service. On certain occasions, for example, the bell rings on Christmas Eve 10:50 p.m., on Boxing Day at 10:30 a.m. and on New Year's Eve at midnight.

No.
  		Name (dedication, representation)
  		Casting year
  		Caster
  		Diameter
(mm) 		Mass
(kg) 		Percussive
( HT - 1 / 16 )
1 Pulse bell ( Salichmaker ) 1507 Gerhard van Wou 1,871 ≈4,500 a ° +7
2 Citizen Bell 1743 Lorenz Strahlborn 1,730 3,338 h ° −4
3 Sermon Bell (Holy Cross) 1756 Johann Hinrich Armowitz 1,632 2,537 ais ° +3
4th Evening bell (St. James) 1619 Berend Bodemann 1,300 ≈ 1,800 e ′ +6
Wikisource: The Copenhagen Bell (Lübische Sage)  - Sources and full texts

Church music

In 1930, the pastor Axel Werner Kühl won over the school councilor and church musician Bruno Grusnick as cantor for the congregation . Shortly afterwards, both of them met the composer and church musician Hugo Distler , who, through Günther Ramin's mediation, took up the position of organist at the church and led the church music to Jakobi for the first time out of the shadow of the Marian organists . The Jakobikirche thus became an important center of the renewal movement of Protestant church music in the late Weimar Republic .

Other well-known organists of the church were Georg Wilhelm Saxer , Johann Georg Witthauer , Matthias Andreas Bauck , Johann Jochim Diedrich Stiehl , Emanuel Kemper , Manfred Kluge and Hans-Jürgen Schnoor . Organ vespers and concerts are permanent events in St. Jakobi.

Pastors

Way of the Cross

On the north side of the nave there is a relief plate that marks the first station of the oldest surviving way of the cross in Germany. The Lübeck Way of the Cross leads from here first through the Breite Strasse to the office building and back again through the Große Burgstrasse , the Burgtor and over the Burgfeld to the end point on the Jerusalemsberg in the suburb of St. Gertrud .

  • Beginning of the Way of the Cross on the outer wall of St. Jakobi

  • Station in detail

literature

  • Uwe Albrecht , Ulrike Nürnberger, Jan Friedrich Richter , Jörg Rosenfeld, Christiane Saumweber: Corpus of medieval wood sculpture and panel painting in Schleswig-Holstein. Volume II: Hanseatic City of Lübeck, The Works in the City Area. Ludwig, Kiel 2012, ISBN 978-3-933598-76-9 .
  • Götz J. Pfeiffer: "The high altar in the choir used to be cut by Holtz". On the history and painting of the Coronatio retable from 1435 from St. Jakobi zu Lübeck. In: Journal of the Association for Lübeck History and Archeology. Volume 87, 2007, pp. 9-40.
  • Johannes Baltzer , Friedrich Bruns : The architectural and art monuments of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck. Issued by the building authorities. Volume III: Church of Old Lübeck. Dom. Jakobikirche. Aegidia Church. Bernhard Nöhring, Lübeck 1920, pp. 305-449. ( archive.org ) (Unchanged reprint: 2001, ISBN 3-89557-167-9 ).
  • Lutz Wilde , Armin Schoof: St. Jakobi. In: Lübeck guide. Issue 8, Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1979, ISBN 3-7950-1022-5 .
  • Friedrich Techen : The tombstones of the churches in Lübeck , Rahtgens, Lübeck, 1898, pp. 88–97 (digitized version )
  • Michael Schilling : Piety and cabinet paper. The early modern leaflets of the Jakobikirche in Lübeck. Regensburg: Schneell & Steiner 2018, ISBN 978-3-7954-3373-4 .

Web links

Commons : St. Jakobi, Lübeck  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ From the small towers of Lübeck. II. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter , year 1912/13, No. 2, pp. 13-14.
  2. ↑ Reconstruction of the Singebühne in St. Jakobi. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter 1932/33, p. 21f (digitized version )
  3. ↑ Reinhard Karrenbrock: Evert van Roden - The master of the high altar of the Osnabrück Johanniskirche. A contribution to late Gothic sculpture. In: Osnabrücker Geschichtsquellen und Forschungen, Volume 31, Osnabrück 1992, pp. 64–76, pp. 252–254. The earlier attribution to Heinrich Brabender has since lapsed.
  4. ↑ Michael Schilling: Piety and Cabinet Paper. Early modern leaflets from the Jakobikirche in Lübeck. Inventory catalog with commentary and images . Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg 2018.
  5. ^ Lübeck: Pointer of the Jakobi Church crashed. In: NDR.de. February 20, 2019, accessed February 21, 2019 .
  6. ↑ St. Jakobi: That was the cause of the pointer crash. In: Lübecker Nachrichten. July 18, 2019, accessed on July 20, 2019 ( Paywall - only readable with subscription).
  • Johannes Baltzer, Friedrich Bruns: The architectural and art monuments of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck. Issued by the building authorities. Volume III: Church of Old Lübeck. Dom. Jakobikirche. Aegidia Church. Verlag von Bernhard Nöhring, Lübeck 1920. Unchanged reprint 2001: ISBN 3-89557-167-9 .
  1. ↑ p. 305 with reference to the tradition by Jacob von Melle
  2. ↑ p. 313 ff.
  3. ↑ p. 315.
  4. ↑ Quotation from p. 318.
  5. ↑ Reproduction p. 319 ff.
  6. ↑ p. 331.

Coordinates: 53 ° 52 ′ 15 ″  N , 10 ° 41 ′ 20 ″  E