Lübeck French period

Lübeck Franzosenzeit is the traditional term used in northern Germany for the years 1806 to 1813 , in which Lübeck was occupied by Napoleon's troops. H. the French period .

Plan of Lübeck around 1750

The state of Lübeck

In 1803, the Free Imperial City of Lübeck had its full sovereignty confirmed in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (§ 27) and in expectation of a longer period of peace and in confidence in the "eternal neutrality" declared by all Hanseatic cities - and as fulfillment of a guarantee condition for one's own non-participation in a war or Conflict - started to dismantle the Lübeck city fortifications . After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806 and the ensuing sovereignty under international law, the battle of Jena and Auerstedt ( 1806 ), the subsequent retreat v. Blüchers to northern Germany , the battle of Lübeck and the conquest and occupation of the city by Napoleon's troops (November 6, 1806) finally in January 1811 the temporary end of the independent community of Lübeck.

The Battle of Lübeck on November 6, 1806

See also: Battle of Lübeck

The contested castle gate today

The city of Lübeck had not been conquered by any hostile power since its liberation from Danish rule (1201–1225). The neutrality pursued since the middle of the 17th century was secured by a close relationship with the emperor and empire and, after the outbreak of war against revolutionary France, from 1795 by bribes French politicians. The situation changed after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806, as a result of which the protection of the imperial institutions ceased, and the defeat of the Prussian army in a double battle near Jena and Auerstedt on October 14th against the Napoleonic troops. Threatened by the approach of the remnants of the Prussian army led by Blücher and the three French army corps pursuing him, a small Swedish troop contingent under Colonel Carl Axel von Morian in the Duchy of Lauenburg withdrew in violation of neutrality by Lübeck and damaged the castle gate and the mill gate on November 3rd, but otherwise behaved in an exemplary manner. The Prussian troops advancing from Mecklenburg from the east reached the city on November 5th at around 10 a.m. and penetrated the city under threat of violence and violation of Lübeck's neutrality. The strength of the Prussian troops corresponded roughly to the number of inhabitants of the city at that time, and their billeting turned into chaos. Blücher disregarded the reservations of the city's senate.

The next morning the pursuing French troops with a strength of 53,000 men led by Marshals Bernadotte , Murat (Napoleon's brother-in-law) and Soult reached the city and opened the fight, with Bernadotte attacking the northern castle gate and Murat attacking the eastern Huxtertor and Soult who led on the southern mill gate.

Contrary to the orders of v. Blüchers and v. Scharnhorsts , the Black Duke Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Oels , who was responsible for the defense of the castle gate, had his troops outside the gate so that the French could enter the city through the castle gate when they retreated. Fierce street and house fights broke out in Grosse Burgstrasse and on Koberg . Around noon, the French penetrated the city through all three of the attacked city gates and the Prussians under Blücher fled through the western Holstentor to the north via Bad Schwartau to Ratekau in the Principality of Lübeck , as they were also barred from entering the Danish Holstein . Scharnhorst and Yorck were captured by the French along with 5,000 other Prussian soldiers. The Swedish soldiers - who had embarked two days earlier but were still on the Trave due to adverse winds - also came under fire and were taken prisoner. In the evening of the day Lübeck was occupied by the French.

After the Prussian occupation experienced the day before by the emaciated troops of Blüchers and the bloody street fighting, the French now plundered for three to four days and attacked the civilian population. The scholar and emigrant Charles de Villers , who lived in Lübeck, made these events known through his letter to Countess Fanny de Beauharnais , a member of the family of Napoleon's wife, which was circulated throughout Europe ; the letter is an important and critical source for those days.

Viller's letter did not, however, have the desired effect. Instead of taking Napoleon for the battered Lübeck, he threatened the author with arrest. A Senate delegation sent to Napoleon in Berlin on November 12 was received on November 18. The emperor, however, treated the ambassadors coolly and made no promises.

The challenge of dealing with the 3,000 dead and innumerable injuries led the Lübeck doctors to come together and ultimately in 1809 to found the Lübeck Medical Association .

Blucher
Yorck
Scharnhorst
Braunschweig-Oels

Murat
Soult
Charles de Villers, portrayed by Friedrich Carl Gröger

French occupation

After the defeat in Lübeck, Blücher managed to flee the city with around 9,400 men (on October 29 he still had 10,500 soldiers); an escape across the Baltic Sea to East Prussia , as planned by Blücher, failed due to the lack of ships. In this hopeless position, Blücher signed a document of surrender in the Ratekau pastorate on November 7th, adding that he had only surrendered because of a lack of bread and ammunition. In Ratekau the "Blücher oak" near the old pastorate reminds of this surrender and the capture of Blücher.

Luebeck was de Villers, a guest at the home of the Lübeck Mayor Mattheus Rodde and his wife Dorothea Schlözer , mitigate over the recorded in the same house Marshal Bernadotte some of the attacks in the first occupation phase; Later, the journalist and acting as agent for the cities of Bremen and Lübeck, Johann Georg Kerner , tried to alleviate excessively harsh measures taken by the French authorities during the “French era”. On November 8 , Bernadotte issued a daily order prohibiting looting and instituting martial arts courts, which were to pronounce the death penalty and put the city under the protection of Emperor Napoleon. A commission estimated the immediate, countable losses - in addition to 18 city dwellers killed - as a result of the battle and the subsequent burdens as follows:

Berlin decree of November 1806

Losses in francs	by
6,607,051	Looting
1,767,124	Billeting
552.251	Equipment in hospitals
192,000	Table money for senior military personnel
858.357	Deliveries to French Troops (e.g. capots , shoes, food, forage )
11,252,380	Total loss

This list of damages is incomplete, however, since the commission did not list all gifts in money and in kind out of consideration for high French officers. Bernadotte received 100,000 francs and two horses; all in all, these "gifts" added up to 398,210 marks Luebisch Courant by September 1809.

On November 16, 1806, a delegation sent by the Lübeck Senate and citizenship reached Berlin, which consisted of Senator Rodde as board member, Senator Overbeck and the merchants Gaedertz and Müller. Here it was hoped that Lübeck's fate would improve through personal visits to Napoleon and various ministers. Even a personal audience of the delegation with the emperor did not improve the situation.

On November 28, 1806, Napoleon had General Buget formally take possession of the city, recognizing the existing authorities. France decreed that Lübeck's merchants had to report all British trade goods they stored in the city to the customs authorities. This arrangement followed Napoleon's Berlin decree of November 21, 1806, with which he initiated the continental blockade as an economic blockade against the British Isles (mainland blockade). These regulations affected Lübeck because after the occupation of Holland by French troops , Great Britain had diverted its export to Germany to the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Bremen, and after the blockade of the Elbe and Weser rivers to Lübeck. The reason for Napoleon's trade embargo is the ongoing power rivalry with Great Britain. The Berlin decree , which was published on November 27th and in the following editions of the Lübeckische Werbung , contained the following changes:

The British Isles have been declared blocked.
All trade and correspondence with Great Britain was banned.
Every Briton found in occupied countries was to be treated as a prisoner of war.
All British property was confiscated.
The same was true of goods from British colonies or factories.
No ship from Great Britain or British colonies was allowed to call at a French-occupied port.
Offending ships were considered British ships and were confiscated.

On March 25, 1807, Napoleon specified the Berlin decree:

Ballast ships were only allowed to sail if evidence was provided that no British port was to be called
A guarantee for the full value of the ship had to be deposited - this also applied to loaded ships
Departing ships were searched by Douanen (customs soldiers)
incoming ships were accompanied by the military on the Trave from Travemünde to Lübeck
the ships were only allowed to be unloaded after the Douan check, when it was certain that the cargo corresponded to the ship's documents
if even one unauthorized product was found, the entire ship was confiscated.

With the Milan decree of November 25, 1807, Napoleon extended the continental block to the neutral shipping and added: British goods on neutral ships were also confiscated. Further gradual tightening followed. With the decree of Trianon on August 5, 1810, Napoleon imposed a 50% duty on all imported products regardless of their origin.

Economically, the city of Lübeck and its citizens were completely bled out in the period from 1806 to 1813. As a reaction to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 - which marked the beginning of the "French era" in Northern Germany - Great Britain had closed the confluence of the Weser and Elbe , so that Lübeck benefited and prospered from this and took over all trade with the north, which was its port too small, which was therefore expanded to the ballast well. The growing customs revenue and the numbers of incoming and outgoing ships made clear the upswing, which brought the population a large increase in earnings (see table).

On the other hand, the Lübeck maritime trade and with it the ship movements in the Lübeck harbor came to a complete standstill between 1807 and 1813. The trading city was practically cut off from all income during this time.

Port of Lübeck:	incoming ships	departing ships	Customs revenue (Mark Lübeck)
1800	1008	980
1802			39,000
1803			64,000
1804			93,000
1805	1500	1500	63,000
1806	1508	1540	52,000
1807	389	406	28,000
1808	51	58	5.457
1809	86	110	2,563
1810	78	70	2.112

The 78 ships arriving in 1810 were all small Danish coasters, which shows that the conditions had become more oppressive from year to year. Because only 130–140 sailors had reported for the French Navy in Lübeck instead of the 400 required , the Lübeck harbor was closed on June 17, 1808 - also for food and fishing. To improve the supply situation, the resumption of the route of the coastal operations to Wismar and Neustadt for food and wood was approved in November. The Lübeck Senate took the skippers' oath to comply with French laws. But Napoleon made trade difficult in many ways by means of regulations of the most varied kinds. In February 1809, the Lübeck-Wismar-Neustadt line was discontinued by Napoleon. Lübeck's own forests were heavily used by various troops.

The piracy carried out by France, Great Britain, Denmark and Sweden on the Baltic Sea worsened the economic situation as it increased insurance policies up to ten times the values before 1806. The serious crisis, which was accompanied by around 200 bankruptcies between 1808 and 1813, accompanied many social upheavals and the previous territorial and political order was overturned. The corporately organized German countries which cleared - absolutist dominated, found themselves with the modern, liberal society and economically to face France. In Lübeck, which was occupied by French troops, the judiciary was modernized and the gallows and pillars of abuse abolished. The Lübeck Council's oath chapel had to be delivered in Hamburg. The freedom of trade was introduced. Higher taxes ( property tax , personal income tax , furniture tax , playing cards control , door and window tax, trade and business taxes , Torgelder , stamp duty and a number of additional taxes to be paid had), who were also novel. Public gambling ( Travemünde ) and the imperial, state number lottery were introduced throughout Lübeck during the "French era". The Katharineum , which consisted of a school and a church, was converted into a hospital . Since 1806 the church of Saint Catherine was owned by the city. It has served very different purposes since the French times. Some of the 200 convicts who were transferred from Hamburg to the city on December 4, 1812, were housed there; Horses of the Napoleonic troops are also said to have found their quarters. Elaborate work was carried out: The Jerusalemsberg in Lübeck was originally probably higher than it is today and was razed during the French era. Book printers and booksellers were closely monitored. The right of association and assembly was restricted. For example, unannounced groups consisting of more than three people should be shot at. The secrecy of the correspondence was not observed.

French Empire from 1811 in Central Europe

Lübeck's coat of arms as bonne ville de l'Empire français

As a result of Napoleon's decrees of 1806, Great Britain tried with success a. a. to prevent the Lübeck trade with France by sea, so that the trade agreement with France that had existed since 1716 could no longer be fulfilled. As a result of the British naval blockade, the prices for wine, which was mainly imported from France, and the cost of colonial goods , which were almost exclusively obtained from Great Britain, increased immensely in Lübeck. Since the city and its villages were controlled by many, mainly French, military and customs officers over the entire period of occupation - which also made smuggling considerably more difficult - the official inspections were frequent and meticulous or even arbitrary, because every Douanier up to 20% of the condition of the goods confiscated by him. High contributions and table allowances for higher military personnel were to be paid, with which the occupation costs were imposed on the population.

It took the community well into the second half of the 19th century to consolidate the national debt created by the battle of 1806 in its gates and the ensuing occupation. Old debts and new loans caused financial problems for the city treasury. Lübeck was still feeling the effects of the Thirty Years' War , and in 1806 the city's debts were already six to seven million marks. The city's losses and expenses since November 1806 totaled almost 17 million marks. Until 1810 the Free State of Lübeck remained a militarily occupied area. Announced easing of billing did not come. The occupiers arbitrarily confiscated a total of 38 Prussian, Russian and Swedish ships in the port of Lübeck in November 1806 and the ships and cargoes were sold for 600,000 francs. Only about a fourth part of the proceeds went to the French treasury. Most of the money went into the private boxes of Bernadotte and other high French officers. In response, the Swedes blocked the port of Lübeck and prevented 16 Lübeck ships from continuing. These circumstances meant that the port of Lübeck was not called by other seafarers and the trade and the food situation came to a head. The factories and other trades suffered from a shortage of raw materials.

Around the ailing sea trade to promote, which was the main sources of Lübeck next to the general store again, pursued Napoleon initially an extensive canal project, which focused on the success of the French role model. His goal was to ensure France - with Paris as Europe's goods center - a trade route with raw materials from the north and to ensure the supply of goods from the Baltic Sea countries outside the British sphere of influence. A canal route from the Baltic Sea to the Seine was to be built within five years . According to plan, the Stecknitz Canal as the end of a Canal de la Seine à la Baltique was to be expanded and new canals were to be dug between the Elbe, Weser and Ems . Napoleon dropped the entire concept despite the support of the Lübeckers.

Lübeck as a city in the French Empire (1811–1813)

Maritime survey map Lübeck Bay - 1811, 1815

On January 1, 1811, Lübeck became a Bonne ville de l'Empire français part of the French Empire and the capital of an arrondissement of the northeastern French department, the Département des Bouches de l'Elbe , under the governor-general Louis , who was the seat of the department in Hamburg. Nicolas Davout and the Prefect Patrice de Coninck . The Lübeck council was dissolved and a municipal council took the place of the citizenry . The chief administrative officer for the Arrondissement of Lübeck was the sub-prefect Himbert de Flégny appointed by the emperor . For Maire (mayor) was first of Lübeck Mayor Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf ordered, the City Counsel Anton Diedrich Gütschow ; The previous Senator Christian Adolph Overbeck became treasurer . The most serious innovations included the separation of administration and justice as well as the replacement of the centuries-old Luebian law by the modern Code Napoléon (see court organization of the Hanseatic departments ). All residents were now equal to the formerly privileged citizens.

Between 1811 and 1812 not a single ship called at the port of Lübeck. Not only the consequence of the hated integration into the French state is impressive from today's perspective, it also immediately started a huge planning process, the object of which was the creation of a new infrastructure. In relation to Lübeck, these were as plan studies after extensive surveying work carried out:

The plan to build a canal from Paris to the Baltic Sea , in the section between Lübeck and the Elbe, by expanding the Stecknitz Canal
The expansion of the Hemmelsdorfer See into a new naval port
The plan for the construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Lübeck Bay of the Baltic Sea using the route of the Alster-Beste canal .

For the construction of a war port, the French carried out detailed surveying work in the Bay of Lübeck around 1810, the results of which were documented in a survey map from 1811.

liberation

After Colonel Tettenborn , who was in Russian service, marched into the neighboring sister city of Hamburg on March 18, 1813, freedom seemed to have been regained. The next day, the Lübeck Maire Tesdorpf and the entire municipal council (city council) resigned, and council and citizenship were restored under Tesdorpf, now again as mayor. The Hanseatic cities founded the Hanseatic Legion , which was subordinated to the Russian army corps of General Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn , the Northern Army ; A local vigilante group was immediately formed in Lübeck . This ended the first French occupation of Lübeck.

The longed-for freedom was short-lived, however, because on June 3rd - the Cossacks had withdrawn in the afternoon of the day - Lübeck was occupied again in the evening by the troops of Denmark (1,600 dragoons ) allied with France , and the French occupation returned shortly afterwards . An unfortunate incident occurred while soldiers were being called up in the market, as a result of which the bone cutter Jürgen Paul Prahl was legally shot on the wall near the mill gate. A memorial at this point still commemorates the execution. After the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig , Davout received the order to hold the Hamburg Fortress in any case, he then gathered his troops around Hamburg, so that the city of Lübeck was passed on to his former comrade Bernadotte on December 5, 1813 by the French General Lallemand , now had to be surrendered as the Swedish Crown Prince, opponent of Napoleon and liberator of Lübeck.

In the following winter of 1813/14 ( Cossack winter ) and after the Peace of Kiel of January 14, 1814, the Holstein area around Lübeck suffered considerably from the liberators under the orders of Levin August von Bennigsen .

In February 1814, the Swedish general Eberhard Ernst Gotthard von Vegesack was appointed military governor of Lübeck.

Tettenborn
Bennigsen
Davout
Vegesack

aftermath

In Lübeck

Entry of the victorious German troops after the Franco-Prussian War on June 18, 1871 in Lübeck

As in the sister cities of Hamburg and Bremen, the result of the liberation was an immediate restoration of conditions. H. the old council was finally reinstated in 1814. In particular, the previous legal status was largely restored. A critical appraisal let alone takeover of more modern institutions of the French state was not given in view of the hatred of the occupiers and their allies in the 19th century. The expression "Rampelsant" for the French term Remplaçant for substitute can be found in numerous letters and submissions from this epoch . Since the "French times" z. B. on everything festive in the Wakenitz trip, while the trip used to be associated with many celebrations. The Second Peace of Paris (1815) stipulated reparations payments from France to Lübeck, which, however, were not nearly suitable in terms of amount to compensate for the damage caused by the occupation and looting. The burden of debt that has weighed on the city since the French era was immense, and so overcoming the state bankruptcy and regaining capital market viability were at the forefront of all deliberations in the politics of the Lübeck state for the next few decades. The Lübeck debts amounted to almost 10 million marks. They were made non-terminable at low interest rates and could only be repaid in the period from 1837 to 1881.

In Paris

After the Second World War , almost all street names indicating Germany were erased in Paris . However, those that are reminiscent of victorious battles for the Empire have survived: for example, Avenue de Friedland or Avenue d'Iéna . Rue de Lubeck is located in the 16th arrondissement, near the Trocadéro .

Illustrative material in Lübeck

1. St. Anne's Museum

In the “English room”: a bust of Blücher
Painting of the battle of November 6, 1806

2. St. Anne's Magazine

a. Jeu de la Revolution française

b. Cabinet no. 73, "Uniforms" drawer:

Fig. Of different uniforms of the time
satirical depiction "Voluntary withdrawal of the great French army" (No. 601, note: the 29th bulletin, in which the events in Lübeck were reported, serves as wrapping paper)

c. Cabinet no. 72, "Modekupfer 1800–1819" drawer

Le Journal des Dames et des Modes 1811, 4 volumes with num. Fig.
Fashion of the time (French and German)

d. Cabinet to the right of 97, box "Historical events up to the 18th century and the French era"
- Large, colored Combat de Lübeck map

Memorial stone by Arnim in Wesloe

- Fig. And text of the v. Arnim monument, text on the curriculum vitae

3. Holstentor Museum

first floor, south tower, citizen's military (uniform)
ibid., vigilante guard (weapons, equipment)
Southern tower, above: Lübeck eagle (dated December 5, 1813)

4. City library

a. Microfilms: Lübeck advertisements
b. Address books

5. Archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck

a. Wall notices (notices, orders, judgments ...)
b. Tax lists
c. CFC Großheim, my biography (orig.)
d. Lübeck advertisements
e. Medals
f. Contemporary cards

6. State Archives of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg

Newspapers of the time in which there were reports about Lübeck, e.g. B.
- Altona Mercury
- Hamburgische Neue Zeitung
- Hamburg correspondent

7. Artifacts and keepsakes

Memorial relief in the castle gate

Walled-in, gold-colored cannon balls above the entrance to the corner building at Hüxstraße / An der Mauer
A memorial plaque in the castle archway with a depiction of the Battle of Blucher
The monuments to G. Prahl and von Arnim (Mühlenwall and Wesloer Landstrasse)
Ratekau: Blücher oak (where the pastorate stood)

literature

Archival material

Archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck

Senate files from the "French era"
Announcements from the "French Period" 1800–1813 L IV 408
Original handwriting of the memoirs of the teacher CFC Großheim from Lübeck
Death and burial books (Dom, Marien, Petri, St. Aegidien)
Franz. Time of death reg. 1813 (civil status register)
Contemporary cards
Personal file

Ministère D´État - Chargé De La Défense Nationale, Vincennes Service Historique

La copie de l´acte de capitulation du lieutenant-général Blücher à Ratekau le 7 November 1806

Bernadotteska arkivet, Kungl. Slottet, Stockholm, Carl XIV Johans arkiv

Bernadotte's reply to Charles de Villers dated May 13, 1807, volume 11 (photocopy);
Copy: Capitulation du 7 Novembre 1806, Volume 11; Copy: Etats des Troupes Comprises dans la Capitulation du 7 Novembre 1806, Volume 11 (photocopy);
Blücher's letter to Bernadotte of November 22, 1806 from Hamburg, Volume 11 (photocopy).

Printed sources

Olof Ahlers: From the records of GCL Staunau , 'Journal of the Association for Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde' ( ZVLGA ), vol. 53 1973, p. 157ff

Wilhelm von Bippen (ed.): Dora Curtius on the events of November 6, 1806 and the following days , ZVLGA , Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 161ff

W. Brehmer (ed.): Lübeck's trading company and factory activity at the end of the last century , communications from the Association for Lübeck History and Archeology , Issue 5, 1891, 1892

Syndicus CG Curtius: The sixth November 1806 in Lübeck, and its next episodes , in 'Neue Lübeckische Blätter', first year, Lübeck 1835, No 44–48, pp. 330–367 (distributed)

Friedrich von Eisenhart: Friedrich von Eisenhart's report on the events of 1806 , ZVLG, Vol. 12, Issue 1, Lübeck 1910, p. 94ff

French reports on the events around Lübeck , MVLGA, Heft 5, 1891, 1892, pp. 49–59, 65–73, 83–87, 99–105, 113–117

CFC von Großheim: My biography , MVLGA, issue 14, 1919–1928, Lübeck 1929

P. Hasse (ed.): From the diary of Mr. Heinrich Christian von Hoff , MVLGA, Haft 8, 1897, 1898, Lübeck 1899, pp. 33–63

Horst Kohl: Blücher's procession from Auerstedt to Ratekau and Lübeck's horror days (1806) , Voigtländer's source books, vol. 46, Leipzig 1912

O. Kröplin (ed.): Tales of the most important events in Lübeck before, during and after the battle on November 6, 1806 , Vaterstädtische Blätter, 1906, No. 44, 45, 47

Th. Möller: Eventful days in the city of Lübeck in 1806 , in 'Die Heimat', vol. XI, Kiel 1901

Ludw. Bernh. Nöltingk: The battle near Lübeck on November 6, 1806 and its consequences , Vaterstädtische Blätter 1906, No. 46, 47

Theodor Rethwisch (ed.): From yellowed parchments , Vol. 12, The Hanseatic cities under the Napoleonic Empire, Leipzig, undated, therein and a .: Memories of the riding councilman MF Klüver ; Diary of the Ratekau pastor's daughter E. Schrödter

Ludwig von Reiche: Memoirs of the royal Prussian general of the infantry Ludwig von Reiche , Leipzig 1857 (excerpt from: Germany under Napoleon in eyewitness reports , dtv 2715, Munich 1982, pp. 197–199)

Senate minutes from 3rd to 5th Nov. 1806, Vaterstädtische Blätter 1896, No. 7th

Unknown eyewitness, 'Vaterstädtische Blätter', 1897, No. 49, 50, 1998, No. 1, 3

Charles de Villers: Lettre à Mme la comtesse Fanny de Beauharnais contenant un récit des événements qui se sont passés à Lübeck dans le journées du jeudi 6 November 1806 et les suivantes , German translation: Letter to the Countess Fanny von Beauharnais, Amsterdam 1817

Charles de Villers: Letter to the Countess Fanny de Beauharnais containing news of the events that occurred in Lübeck on Thursday, November 6th, 1806 and following. Kunst- und Industrie-Comptoir, Amsterdam 1807 3rd edition 1808 ; Reprint: Lübeck 1981

C. Wehrmann (ed.) : In memory of the French period, Prevotal court of the Douanen in Hamburg in the department of the mouths of the Elbe , communications from the Association for Lübeck History and Archeology, Issue 6, 1893 and 1894, Lübeck 1895.

Hans Christian Zietz: Views of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck and its surroundings , Frankfurt a. M. 1822, p. 206 ff

Performing literature

Wilhelm Bangert : Festschrift for the centenary of the liberation of Lübeck. Lübeck's French period 1806–1813 , Lübeck self-published. (Print by Julius Heise) 1913
Fritz Endres (ed.): History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck , Lübeck 1926, p. 91ff
Michaela Blunk : Information on regional history. Lübeck in the French period 1806–1813 (56 pages), published in 1986 by the Lübeck Seminar for Realschulen – IPTS 62
A. Graßmann (Ed.): Lübeckische Geschichte , 2nd edition Lübeck 1989, p. 529 ff.
Torvald Höjer : Bernadotte and the Hanseatic Place, Hansische Geschichtsblätter (HGBll), vol. 73, 1955, pp. 146–157
Jan Jelle Kähler : French civil law and French judicial constitution in the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen (1806–1815) , Frankfurt a. M. 2007.
Karl Klug : History of Lübeck during the unification with the French Empire 1811-1813 , 'First Department', Lübeck 1856, 'Second Department', Lübeck 1857
Doris Mührenberg : The French time in Lübeck , in: M. glasses, I. Sudhoff, P. Birk
Hansen and Th. Roland, eds., Not just Sauerkraut and Smørrebrød. Ikke kun smørrebrød og sauerkraut (= exhibitions on archeology in Lübeck 8), 2005, pp. 47–50
Leopold von Schlözer : Dorothea von Schlözer of Philosophy Doctor , Berlin, Leipzig 1923, especially: French period 1806–1810, pp. 239–278
Werner Schubert : France's plans to introduce the Code Napoléon in the Hanseatic cities (1807/1808) , ZVLGA , Vol. 57, 1979, pp. 138-148
Helmut Stubbe da Luz : "French times" in Northern Germany (1803-1814). Napoleon's Hanseatic Departments , Bremen 2003 ISBN 3-861-08384-1 .
Friedrich Voeltzer : Lübeck's economic situation under the pressure of the continental blockade , printed and published by Max Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1925

Johannes Warncke : Lübeck's liberation from French rule and the establishment of the Hanseatic Legion , Gebr. Borchers, Lübeck 1913

Adolf Wohlwill : Karl von Villers and the Hanseatic cities, especially during the Hamburg conferences of autumn 1809 , HGBll., Vol. XV, 1909, pp. 483–507

Numerous essays in the Mitheilungen of the Association for Lübeck History and Antiquity :

W. Brehmer (Book 1, 1883, 1884, pp. 5-14, 18-21, 122-129, 162-172; Book 2, 1885, 1886, p. 130ff; Book 5, 1891, 1892, p. 35 -37)
C. Wehrmann (Issue 6, 1893, 1894, pp. 67–70, 109–112, 120f)
A. Wohlwill (Volume 6, p. 142f)
Theodor Eschenburg (Issue 6, pp. 163–168)
W. Brehmer (issue 7, 1895, 1896, p. 5ff)
P. Hasse (Issue 10, 1901, 1902, pp. 52–58)
G. Sommerfeldt (Issue 10, pp. 114–120)
P. Hasse (Issue 10, pp. 183ff; Issue 11, 1903, Jan. – Dec., No. 1–6, pp. 79–92; Issue 11, 1904, Jan. – Sep., No. 7, p . 100–108; issue 12, second half 1906, pp. 164–177)
Numerous publications in 'Vaterstädtische Blätter' - especially in the anniversary years

Web links

Commons : Lübecker Franzosenzeit - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ See Michaela Blunk : Information on regional history. Lübeck in the French period 1806–1813 (56 pages), published in 1986 by the seminar Lübeck for Realschulen – IPTS 62, p. 3: There are various eyewitness reports from civilians next to Villers (von Möller and council servant Matthias Klüver and Dora Curtius) and the military (Blücher, Scharnhorst, Prussian commission of inquiry, French officers (including Bernadotte)).

↑ Eckart Kleßmann: Universitätsmamsellen Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-8218-4588-3 , pp. 263f

↑ Ministère D´État - Chargé De La Défense Nationale, Vincennes Service Historique: La copie de l´acte de capitulation du lieutenant-général Blücher à Ratekau le 7 November 1806 (photocopy; unprinted source)

↑ See : Blunk

↑ Ministère d'Etat

↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ cf. Bangert, p. 3
↑ see: Klug, Geschichte ... , Erste Abt., S. 5f
↑ Bangert, p. 4, reporting from 80,000, Mk .; see also Blunk, p. 4f.
^ Brehmer, Contributions to the history of Lübeck in the years 1800 to 1810, 1st legation to the Emperor Napoleon in November 1806, in: Mittheilungen des Verein für Lübeckische Geschichte und Althertumskunde, 1st issue 1883/1884, pp. 5-14.
↑ Blunk, p. 6f
↑ See: Blunk, p. 2; Endres, p. 94
↑ Tables: Wehrmann; Voeltzer, p. 47
↑ Voeltzer, p. 41
↑ cf. to d. Bankrupt Voeltzer
↑ see: Development of the place - Casino ( Memento from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
↑ see: http://www.die-tagespost.de/politik/An-der-Via-Dolorosa-Mass-haben;art315,113282
↑ http://www.luebeck.de/stadt_politik/geschichte/timetabl.html
↑ Bangert, p. 5
^ Klug, p. 2; Blunk
↑ see: Bangert, p. 6
↑ Voeltzer, p. 37f; see also Blunk, pp. 18, 43
↑ Note: The Jews were now treated equally for the first time and were free to choose their place of residence. During the French period, the Jews were allowed to settle in the city itself, but this led to a complete resettlement in 1815 ( http://www.goebelonline.de/goebelforschungsgebieteMoisling.htm )
↑ Otto Rönnpag, From Nyendorpe to Niendorf / Ostsee 1385–1985, 600-year celebration of Niendorf / Ostsee, collection of the essays in the yearbook for local history Eutin on Timmendorfer Strand and Niendorf, 1985.
^ Hugo von Boddien: The Mecklenburgische Freiwilligen-Jäger-Regiments: Memories from the years 1813 and 1814. Rostock: Hinstorff 1863 ( digitized version ), p. 166
↑ The Wakenitz trip
^ Endres: History of the free and Hanseatic city of Lübeck . P. 99

[1] See Michaela Blunk : Information on regional history. Lübeck in the French period 1806–1813 (56 pages), published in 1986 by the seminar Lübeck for Realschulen – IPTS 62, p. 3: There are various eyewitness reports from civilians next to Villers (von Möller and council servant Matthias Klüver and Dora Curtius) and the military (Blücher, Scharnhorst, Prussian commission of inquiry, French officers (including Bernadotte)).

[2] Eckart Kleßmann: Universitätsmamsellen Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-8218-4588-3 , pp. 263f

[3] Ministère D´État - Chargé De La Défense Nationale, Vincennes Service Historique: La copie de l´acte de capitulation du lieutenant-général Blücher à Ratekau le 7 November 1806 (photocopy; unprinted source)

[4] See : Blunk

[5] Ministère d'Etat