Klaus Störtebeker

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Störtebeker monument by Hansjörg Wagner on the Großer Grasbrook (today HafenCity , on the Störtebeker-Ufer next to the Busan Bridge) in Hamburg , the presumed place of execution

Klaus Störtebeker , also Klaas Störtebecker , Claas Störtebeker or Nicholas Storz cup , (* around 1360 , † allegedly on 20th October 1401 in Hamburg ), to a pirate and next to the notorious captains Gottfried Michaelsen , Hennig Wichmann , Klaus Scheldt and Master Wigbold one of the Leader of the Vitalienbrüder , also known as Likedeeler (Low German: equal parter ) .

There are no contemporary sources on Klaus Störtebeker. There are numerous legends about his person that are not historically documented. These legends are also associated with a Nicolao (Nikolaus) Stortebeker and with a Johann Störtebeker from Danzig (who lived at least until 1413). According to some historians, Johann Störtebeker was the historical model for the ultimately legendary figure of Klaus Störtebeker.

Life and legend

Störtebeker relief on the alleged birthplace in Wismar
Störtebeker fountain in Verden on the Aller
Lettering of the monument in Hamburg
The skull of someone executed in Hamburg around 1400, discovered in 1878 during the construction of the Speicherstadt on Grasbrook, served as the basis for the reconstruction of facial features
Reconstruction of the head of a nameless pirate
Störtebeker is defeated at Heligoland . Historical representation from the Hamburg State Archives
Bringing Klaus Störtebeker in Hamburg. Historicizing wood engraving by Karl Gehrts, 1877, Hamburg State Archives
Execution of the Vitalienbrüder on Grasbrook in Hamburg. Flyer from 1701 from the Hamburg State Archives

The origin of Störtebeker, if it actually existed, is not known. It is believed that he came from the area of Rotenburg (Wümme) / Verden (Aller) , according to other opinions he comes from Wismar . In the Liber proscriptorum , the “fortification book” of the city of Wismar, an incident is recorded in 1380, according to which two Wismar citizens were expelled from the city because they had broken another bone in a fight. The person affected by the dispute is referred to as "nicolao stortebeker". It is possible that this Nikolaus Störtebeker later went down in history as Klaus Störtebeker.

According to later legends who buccaneer captain named Störtebeker earned (from Low German of "Stürz the cup") because of his drinking ability as a nickname. He is said to have emptied a 4-liter tankard (a tall mug) of wine or beer in one go. However, there is reason to doubt this story: the Störtebeker Cup of the Hamburg Schiffergesellschaft, to which the legend refers, was not made until around 1650. In the Wismar Verfestungsbuch "Stortebeker" is listed as a family and as a family it exists today - it live several "Störtebekers" with different spelling in northern Germany. So it is unclear whether the surname arose with Klaus Störtebeker or whether he inherited it as a family name.

Störtebeker probably entered the public consciousness as captain of the Likedeelers after the expulsion of the Vitalien Brothers from Gotland . There the Vitalienbrüder, who had set up as privateers, sought protection behind the walls of the city of Visby from 1394 to 1398 . Originally, they supported King Albrecht of Sweden in the fight against the Danish Queen Margaret I and also carried out piracy in the North and Baltic Seas . The attacks on the ships of the Danes and Lubeck , who stood on the Danish side, was soon followed by attacks on other ships of the Hanseatic League . For this the Vitalienbrüder had received letters of piracy . This enabled them to freely sell the stolen goods on the market in Wismar .

Since 1396 the Vitalienbrüder also had support in Marienhafe , East Frisia , where he is said to have married a daughter of the Frisian chief Keno ten Broke . At the same time he is said to have been given shelter in the Church of St. Mary , which is why the church tower is called "Störtebeker Tower". Diplomatic pressure from the Hanseatic cities led to the loss of this base of operations. On August 15, 1400, Duke Albrecht I of Bavaria , Count of Holland and Hainaut , signed a contract with the Vitalienbrothers. According to this, he took in 114 Brothers of Vitality and placed them under his protection. Eight captains are named, including a Johan Stortebeker . It is unlikely that another leader by the name of Störtebeker has come to the fore. It can therefore be assumed that Klaus Störtebeker did not flee to Norway like Gödeke Michels , but stayed near the North Sea .

In an attempt to protect maritime trade with England and Holland from pirate attacks, the Hanseatic League and, in particular, the Hanseatic City of Hamburg intensified the persecution and fight against Störtebeker and Gödeke Michels. Störtebeker is said to have escaped the superior Hansekoggen with his ships again and again on the high seas.

On April 22, 1401 Klaus Störtebeker was on his ship Toller dog according to the later tradition of an association Hamburgischer peace ships , under Nicholas Schocke and Hermann Lange, both of Hamburg councilors and England driver of Helgoland found captured after a bitter struggle and on the Colorful Cow by Hamburg brought. A traitor is said to have poured liquid lead into the rudder and thus made the ship incapable of maneuvering - alternatively, this is explained by the destruction of the main mast by projectiles from the motley cow .

The legend wants to know that, after the death sentence for life and freedom, Störtebeker offered the council a gold chain that should extend around the whole city - which the council rejected. When the legendary gold treasure of the Likedeelers could not be found, the ship was sold to a ship's carpenter. As he started the saw to dismantle the ship, he encountered something hard: hidden in the masts was the treasure, one filled with gold , the other with silver and the third with copper ; he had a crown made from the gold for the tower of St. Catherine's Church in Hamburg . Klaus Störtebeker was, according to the tradition on 21 October 1401 72 companions, among them his helmsman Humbert rough heart on the Grasbrook in front of Hamburg's harbor entrance from the executioner from Rosenfeld Buxtehude beheaded . According to legend, Kersten Miles , the mayor of Hamburg, is said to have promised to give life to all men he would pass after he was beheaded. The beheaded man walked past eleven men before the executioner threw the executioner's block at his feet (or, according to another version, tripped him). After the pirate was overthrown, the mayor broke his promise and all 73 pirates were beheaded. Another legend reports that the executioner Rosenfeld carried out all 73 beheadings himself and without errors. When a member of the council praised him for doing this, he is said to have replied that it was nothing, he could also execute the entire assembled council. He was then taken into custody and beheaded by the youngest councilor himself. The heads of the pirates were impaled along the Elbe . Alleged legacies of Störtebeker, such as his drinking cup, were destroyed in the Great Hamburg Fire in 1842.

The Störtebeker picture is put into perspective by research results that were published in the Hansische Geschichtsbl Blätter in 2007 and presented to a broad audience on December 26, 2007 in the NDR television documentary " The Störtebeker's True Treasure ". The historian Gregor Rohmann comes to the conclusion that the historical sources on Klaus Störtebeker refer to Johann Stortebeker, a businessman, a captain and a helper from Danzig. Johann Stortebeker is first mentioned in German court files in April 1405. As a result, he was fined for disregarding a trade ban in Prussian cities against England. Johann Stortebeker was recruited on August 15, 1400 by Albrecht von Holland together with 114 vitality brothers in order to weaken its fierce competition in trade, the Hanseatic League. A Johan Stortebeker is specifically named in this agreement . In 1413, Captain Johann Stortebeker was contracted by King Henry V of England with a crew of 40 to protect English merchant ships. Rohmann assumes that stories and reports about the pirate Klaus Störtebeker have their origins in the Danzig captain Johann Stortebeker. If this is confirmed, Störtebeker was neither executed in 1401 on the Grasbrook in Hamburg, nor is “Nicolao Störtebeker” from the Wismar Fortification Book identical to Captain Störtebeker. The attribution of the skull from the Museum of Hamburg History also becomes obsolete - it thus belonged to an anonymous executed person from the Middle Ages. The pirate Klaus Störtebeker did not exist.

The name Klaus Störtebeker appeared in the sources for the first time in Hermann Korner's “ Chronica novella ” from 1435 and was disseminated in particular by Albert Krantz in his then very popular Wandalia (1518). Korner inserts the first name Clawes for Stortebeker in a newer version of his chronicle, later in the Latin version Nikolaus, probably after Bishop Nikolaus von Myra from the 3rd / 4th centuries. Century, which was considered the patron saint of seafarers. The "Rufus Chronicle", begun in 1430, takes up Korner's specifications and calls Störtebeker "Clawes". For later authors, it becomes the more modern version Klaus.

reception

The portrait of Kunz von der Rosen, often used as a Störtebeker portrait

The etching created by Daniel Hopfer around 1515 and published by the Nuremberg art dealer David Funck in 1682 under the title “Claus Stürtz den Becher” actually depicts Kunz von der Rosen , the rogue and advisor to Emperor Maximilian , who lived 100 years after Störtebeker.

The skull found by workers on Grasbrook in 1878 and exhibited as the “Störtebeker skull” in the Museum of Hamburg History could not be assigned to Klaus Störtebeker without a doubt. Even with the help of Canadian forensics experts, the 600 year old bone material could no longer be genetically deciphered. On January 9, 2010, the skull was stolen from the museum and in March 2011 it was seized by the police.

  • In Ralswiek on Rügen , the Störtebeker Festival is held annually on a natural stage . The Stralsund brewery was in the meantime sponsor and renamed itself to Störtebeker Braumanufaktur . In Marienhafe in East Frisia, too, a Low German Störtebeker open-air play is performed every three years on the market square . The last performance took place in summer 2014.
  • Störtebeker is said to have sat in the cellar dungeon of the Gottesgabe castle (near Schwerin) , at the time owned by the family of his vitality brother Marquard von Preen .
  • Klaus Störtebeker is said to have hidden a treasure in the stump chamber on Rügen . The Störtebeker-Kuhle near Heringsdorf is also mentioned as a hiding place, and the golden chain with which he wanted to buy himself free in Hamburg is said to be in the moat of Venz. A similar legend is associated with the Bombüll farm belonging to Klanxbüll , from which a secret passage allegedly led through the dike to the sea.
  • Every year four barrels of herrings and 530 loaves of bread are distributed to the citizens in front of the town hall of Verden . The occasion is the traditional “Störtebeker donation”, also known as the “Lätare donation”, as it takes place on the Monday after Lätare (three weeks before Easter). Klaus Störtebeker and Gödeke Michels are said to have donated seven windows in Verden Cathedral to atone for their seven deadly sins . The alleged coat of arms of Störtebeker, indicating the donation, is that of the Verden bishop Kesselhut .
  • In 2008 the "Störtebeker SV" (with full name: HafenCity , Alt- und Neustadt Sport, Störtebeker Sportverein) was founded. It is the first Hamburg sports club that appeals to residents of downtown Hamburg. In 2009 the new HafenCity sports field was opened, where the Störtebeker memorial is located.
Sail glass from a Stralsund beer brewery , where the sail is supposed to evoke associations with Störtebeker's sailing ships

Processing in music and media

The story of Störtebeker has been passed down as a song in 26 stanzas since the 1550s. A melody for this can only be found at the beginning of the 17th century in the lute and song book of the Rostock student and later pastor Petrus Fabricius.

The baroque composer Reinhard Keizer wrote the two-part opera Störtebeker and Jödge Michels (1701), of which only the libretto has survived . In the beginning of the 19th century, a mockery song was circulating in northern Germany : "Many years ago, oh horror, lived high up in the north, wild Klaus [...]".

The GDR writer Kurt Barthel wrote the ballad Klaus Störtebeker in 1959, which was played in Ralswiek on Rügen from 1959 to 1961 and 1980 to 1981 as part of the "Rügen Festival" under the direction of Hanns Anselm Perten and the choir direction of Günther Wolf with approx 2.000 contributors was listed. The Störtebeker Festival has been held there every year since 1993 . In August 2014 the world premiere of the “Pirate Opera for Young People” “Störtebeker” with the music of Gabriele Pott took place in Lübeck .

The subject of Klaus Störtebeker has already been filmed several times:

Musically he was treated by the Hamburg punk band Slime with the song Störtebeker on their album "Alle gegen Alle", the folk punk band Across the Border on their album Loyalty with a cover version of the slime song, and the German heavy metal band Running Wild with a song of the same name, In Extremo rock band Transit with a 45-minute rock suite and in the song Nordisch by Nature by the Hamburg hip-hop group Fettes Brot , reference is also made to Störtebeker. The group Santiano also sings about the execution of Störtebeker in the song Liekedeeler on their album, released in 2017, in the eye of the storm .

In 1999 the comic book author Harm Bengen published the graphic novel "Störtebeker", which described the last ten years of Störtebeker's life. The author Patrick Wirbeleit and the comic artist Kim Schmidt brought out the comic book "Störtebeker-Freunde und Feinde" in May 2004. The volume tells the story of the young pirate Störtebeker.

A sailor from 1885 named Störtebeker in Flensburg Harbor (2011)

Ships named after Klaus Störtebeker

Numerous ships were named Störtebeker, u. a .:

  • The test boat Störtebeker of the Kriegsmarine was put into service as a minesweeper M 66 for the Imperial Navy in 1917 . It was used by the Navy as a test boat under the name Störtebeker from 1937 , renamed M 566 in October 1940 and from mid-1944 used as a guide and escort ship for a mine clearance flotilla. In this role it also served in the German mine clearance service after the Second World War . The boat was scrapped in 1950.
  • The fishing steamer Störtebeker , built in 1917 for the Imperial Navy, was assigned to the submarine school in 1918, but sold to the private fishing industry in 1919 and sold as Johs. Thode put into service. He was stranded at Cape Teriberka on the Kola Peninsula in 1929 .
  • Excursion ship of the Wyker-Dampfschiffs-Reederei since 1969. It was sold to Rijf Shipping BV in 2009 and resold to Captain Jelle Bos in 2011. The ship still sails under the name Störtebeker .
  • The former motor school boat (MSB) Patriot of the GST Seesportschule Greifswald-Wieck, the later GST Naval School "August Lütgens", which was in service there from 1956 to 1960, received after being taken over by the pioneer organization Ernst Thälmann , House of Young Pioneers Stralsund, on May 1, 1961 the name Klaus Störtebeker . It served the young sailors in Stralsund for fifteen years as a floating training facility and was scrapped in 1977.
  • The former motor training ship (MSS) Friendship (II) ex. Fürstenberg of the GST-Seesportschule, later GST-Marineschule "August Lütgens" Greifswald-Wieck - in service there from 1959 to 1973 and jokingly called "Hochhaus" - then also came to Stralsund and was converted into a pioneer ship. As the new Klaus Störtebeker , the ship carried the flag of the pioneer organization until the fall of the Berlin Wall. Then the ship was taken over by the Hanseatic city of Stralsund and was given a berth in the port of the island of Dänholm in Strelasund . Today the ship is subordinate to the local sailing school and is part of their leisure activities for children and young people; see also the pioneer organization Ernst Thälmann .

literature

Scientific literature and non-fiction books

  • Johannes Ruhr: Störtebeker. The way of a myth . SKN Verlag, Norden 2011, ISBN 978-3-939870-92-0 .
  • Harm Bents et al. a .: Störtebeker. Poetry and truth . SKN Verlag, Norden 2003, ISBN 3-928327-69-0 .
  • Jörgen Bracker u. a. (Ed.): God's friend - All the world's enemy . Wilhelm Zertani Verlag, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-9805772-5-2 (exhibition catalog)
  • Adolph Hofmeister :  Störtebeker, Klaus . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 36, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1893, p. 459 f.
  • Matthias Puhle : The vitality brothers. Klaus Störtebeker and the pirates of the Hanseatic era . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-593-34525-0 .
  • Ralf Wiechmann u. a. (Ed.): Klaus Störtebeker? A myth is deciphered . Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7705-3837-4 online
  • Dieter Zimmerling: Störtebeker & Co. The heyday of pirates in the North and Baltic Seas . Verlag die Hanse, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-434-52615-3 .
  • Gregor Rohmann: The pirate Johann Stortebeker from Danzig. Observations on the history of the "vitality brothers". In: Hansische Geschichtsblätter. 125 (2007), ISBN 978-3-933701-28-2 , pp. 77-119.
  • Wilfried Ehbrecht (Ed.): Störtebeker. 600 years after his death. (Hansische Studien Vol. XV). Trier 2005, ISBN 3-933701-14-7 , here:
    • Matthias Puhle: The Vitalien Brothers - mercenaries, pirates? Pp. 15-22.
    • Heinrich Schmidt: The eastern Friesland around 1400. Territorial-political structures and movements. Pp. 85-110.
    • Detlev Elmers: The ships of the Hanseatic League and the pirates around 1400. P. 153–168.
    • Volker Henn : The Störtebeker picture in narrative literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. Pp. 273-290.
  • Jens Freyler: Through Hamburg with Störtebeker. A ReiseGeister book on the trail of the famous privateer. Traveldiary Verlag , Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-941796-06-5 .
  • Lutz Mohr : The life, love and death of the privateer captain Claus Störtebeker in selected Pomeranian sagas. In: HistoryBake. Edited by the Association for Experiencing History of the Mare Balticum e. V. Stralsund, Volume 1, Issue / 2005, pp. 10-20
  • Lutz Mohr: Störtebeker in Pomerania. Pirate guides left legendary traces between the Jasmunder Bodden and the Stettiner Haff . In: Die Pommersche Zeitung , Volume 64, Episode 13 of March 29, 2014, p. 2.
  • Maik Nolte, Gerhard Wiechmann: mercenaries, pirates, serial heroes. The vitality brothers in history and in the “dime novel” of the imperial era. In: Schiff & Zeit / Panorama maritim. 71 (2010), pp. 21-31.
  • Keyword: Störtebeker (M 66 / M 566). In: Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans Otto Steinmetz: The German warships. Biographies - a mirror of naval history from 1815 to the present. seven volumes in one volume, 3rd edition. Herrsching approx. 1984, vol. 7, p. 113.
  • Gabriele Dummschat: Klaus Störtebeker and the Hanseatic League - seafaring and pirate life . Hinstorff Verlag , Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-02044-1 .

Fiction

  • Georg Engel : Claus Störtebecker. Novel in two volumes. Thirteenth edition. Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart / Berlin / Leipzig 1920.
  • Klabund : Störtebecker in the Gutenberg-DE project , 1926.
  • Georg Kranich : Störtebeker . Klein's book and art publisher, Lengerich (Westf) 1950.
  • Wilhelm Fischer: Störtebeker. The greatest pirate of all time. Volume 1: Störtebeker's Struggle and Rise. Volume 2: Victory and End of the Great Pirate. W. Fischer Verlag, Göttingen 1954ff.
  • Kurt Barthel : Klaus Störtebeker . (Dramatic Ballad), Leipzig 1959.
  • Felix Huby : Störtebeker . Deutscher Bücherbund GmbH & Co., Stuttgart / Munich 1985.
  • Egon Günther: The pirate. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin / Weimar, 1988.
  • Wilhelm Lobsien : Klaus Störtebeker. A story from the time of the Vitalienbrüder . West Holstein VA, Heide 19
  • Karl F. Kohlenberg : Störtebeker . Langen-Müller at FA Herbig, 1991, ISBN 3-7844-2325-6 .95, ISBN 3-8042-0675-1 .
  • Willi Bredel : The vitality brothers. A Störtebeker novel . Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1996, ISBN 3-356-00658-4 .
  • Thomas Einfeldt: Störtebeker's children . Ueberreuther 2001, ISBN 3-8000-2771-2 .
  • Thomas Einfeldt: Störtebeker's Gold. A novel from the Hanseatic era . Piper Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-492-26022-5 .
  • Gustav Schalk: Klaus Störtebeker . Ueberreuter-Verlag, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-8000-2876-X .
  • Boy Lornsen : God's friend and enemy of the world. On a pirate trip with Klaus Störtebeker . Carlssen Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-551-35447-2 .
  • Jörgen Bracker: Zeelander. The Störtebeker novel . Murmann Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-938017-42-2 .
  • Gloria von Felseneck u. a .: Klaus Störtebeker . Kelter-Verlag, Hamburg 2005 ff. (Booklet series)
  • Klaus Lingenauber: Störtebeker's bycatch. Freebooters against their will. (Convent comic). Convent-Verlag, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-86633-002-2 .
  • Berndt List : Gotland's gold. A Störtebeker novel . Kindler Verlag, Reinbek 2006, ISBN 3-463-40499-0 .
  • Hans G. Stelling: The blood judge. A Hanse novel . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-423-40186-9 .
  • Klaus Scheidt: Störtebeker - A late medieval novel . Du-Lac-Verlag, Kassel 2015, ISBN 978-3-9816543-5-6 .
  • Marvin Chlada (Ed.): Störtebeker. Seeräuber, Volksheld, Legende - an anthology, Verlag Trikont-Duisburg and Verlag Dialog-Edition: Duisburg-Istanbul 2017, ISBN 978-3-945634-20-2

There were also series of booklet novels that had only basic features in common with the historical Störtebeker:

  • Klaus Störtebecker the dreaded ruler of the seas , 60 booklets in the publishing house for folk literature and art, Berlin 1908/09. Reprint in 54 editions Neues Verlagshaus für Volksliteratur, Berlin 1932/33.
  • Klaus Störtebeker - The most daring pirate of all time . 8 issues in Jupiter-Verlag, Darmstadt 1953.
  • Klaus Störtebeker - love and adventure of a privateer . 12 issues, Martin Kelter-Verlag, Hamburg 2005/2006.

comics

Audio book

Web links

Commons : Klaus Störtebeker  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Claus Störtebeck and Michael Gädeke  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rudolf Nehlsen: Hamburg history according to sources and documents . Lafrentz, Hamburg 1896, p. 160-161 .
  2. ↑ Karin Lubowski: Hero or Scoundrel? , Online article of the Hamburger Abendblatt.
  3. ^ Gregor Rohmann : The pirate Johann Stortebeker from Danzig. Observations on the history of the vitality brothers. In: Hansische Geschichtsblätter 2007.
  4. ^ Rohmann, Gregor: Klaus Störteberke and the Vitalienbrüder. In: Johannes Fried , Olaf B. Rader : The World of the Middle Ages: Places of Remembrance of a Millennium. CHBeck, Munich 2011 ISBN 3-406-62214-3 .
  5. ^ Spiegel Online July 31, 2008: The pirate secret remains unsolved, accessed on December 14, 2009.
  6. ↑ Thieves steal alleged Störtebeker skulls. Spiegel Online, accessed January 19, 2010 .
  7. ↑ Police secure stolen Störtebeker skull. Hamburger Abendblatt, accessed on March 17, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Barbara Finke / Claudia Gochmann: villas in the Imperial Spas Usedom . 2nd Edition. Culturcon medien, Berlin / Wildeshausen 2012, ISBN 978-3-941092-94-5 , p. 59 f . (Behind the Villa Hintze, Delbrückstrasse 44, the “Räuberkuhle” is said to have been in a small depression. Fontane was also magically attracted to the place as a child (novel “Meine Kinderjahre”).).
  9. ↑ Distribution of the Lätare donation 2008 on the website of the city of Verden ( Memento from March 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ^ Karl Ernst Hermann Krause:  Konrad III., Bishop of Verden . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 16, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, pp. 630-632. There on p. 630 below: “ That in his time the pirates Störtebeker and Gödecke Michael lived in Verden and donated windows in the dome is a fable. The Störtebeker coat of arms in question, so-called overturned cups, were the kettle hats of Bishop Nicholas. "
  11. ↑ Official homepage of the Störtebekerland tourist board , viewed on January 19, 2012
  12. ↑ Internet presence of Störtebekerstraße ( Memento from December 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ A beautiful song from the great Rauchtey deß Störtzebechers vnnd Gödiche Michaels… , Berlin State Library
  14. ↑ Ralf Jarchow: Petrus Fabricius - Lauten- und Liederbuch 2 volumes, Glinde 2013 (facsimile, transcription and commentary).
  15. ^ Alfred Neuwald : The wild Klaus . Carlsen-Verlag, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-551-05747-8 .
  16. ↑ Störtebeker (1919) in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  17. ↑ Störtebeker (2006) in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  18. ^ Störtebecker ( Memento from April 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), ARD Internet pages on the film.
  19. ↑ The true treasure of Störtebeker in the Internet Movie Database (English)
personal data
SURNAME Störtebeker, Klaus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Störtebecker, Klaas; Störtebeker, Claas; Störtebeker, Clawes
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pirate
DATE OF BIRTH around 1360
DATE OF DEATH October 21, 1401
Place of death Hamburg