Shepherd meal

This article explains the Bremen Schaffermahlzeit; for a description of the Stralsund Schaffermahl see Schaffermahl in Stralsund .

Neptune, Roman god of the sea and rivers, as part of the historical table decorations for the Schaffermahlzeit from Haus Seefahrt in Bremen.

The Schaffermahlzeit in Bremen is the oldest continuing, annually repeated fraternal meal in the world and traditionally serves as a link between Bremen's shipping and merchants . The strictly regulated event has been organized since 1545 - after confirmation of the deed of foundation by the City Council of Bremen  - by the sponsor of the Haus Seefahrt welfare organization (today: Haus Seefahrt Foundation ). Originally, the Schaffermahlzeit was a farewell dinner, at which merchants and shipowners got together with their captains who were going on a voyage at the end of winter . The members of this association who are entrusted with the business of the Skipper Brotherhood are referred to as creators .

Schaffer and her guests during the celebratory meal in the Upper Hall of the Bremen Town Hall (2009).

Since 1952, the Schaffermahlzeit has been held every year on the second Friday in February in the Upper Town Hall of Bremen Town Hall. In addition to 100 commercial and 100 seafaring workers from Haus Seefahrt, around 100 public figures will take part as invited guests, from whom donations for the foundation will be solicited. In addition, the celebratory meal serves to establish and strengthen personal contacts.

The Schaffermahlzeit is one of the most important social events in Germany and is seen by the Bremen public as the flagship of Bremen. The traditional exclusion of women came under increasing criticism. After a few women as captains or female guests of honor since 2004 and a few female guests since 2015, the traditional event opened completely to women starting in 2020.

history

Emergence

The Bremen Schaffermahlzeit developed over several centuries from the large meal at the annual accounting of the Arms Seafaring Foundation , from which Haus Seefahrt later emerged. According to tradition, it was linked from the beginning with the existing tradition of a farewell dinner for the local skippers towards the end of the winter ice break. The foundation deed of the Bremen Council that has been received, which also regulates the annual meal in the foundation's accounting, dates from 1545, which is regarded as the beginning of the Schaffermahlzeit.

Bremen in the 16th century, in the foreground the Weser with sailing merchant ships of the Holk and Kraweel types (woodcut by Hans Weigel, 1564).

The poor seafaring company was brought into being in a time of great social upheaval as a solidarity community of a local, not specifically named boatmen's guild . It was officially legitimized in 1545 by the powerful council of the city of Bremen and given extensive rights to collect social contributions from seafarers and to collect donations from outside the class. Its purpose was to provide assistance to seafarers who were unable to work. The constitution obliged the seafarers in charge of the foundation to pay for the meal themselves in the annual cash settlement and under no circumstances out of foundation funds.

In 1561, after the foundation bought a house for the first time, the association's donors, who came from among the city's wealthy and influential merchants, secured leading say in the administration of the foundation. The boatmen gave up their independent position, which had been guaranteed by the council through the constitution of 1545. With these changes, the name of the poor seafaring in the few documents of the early period passed into Haus Seefahrt .

Development from 1561

For a long time, the big meal was held in the foundation's own buildings, initially in the house acquired in 1561 in Hutfilterstrasse , which is now part of the Altstadt district of Bremen , and from 1663 in the same street in a new building built by the foundation. From around 1660 this meal was called the Schaffermahlzeit. The word creating means something like giving a meal or eating , but also working, aligning and doing . Thus, the Schaffermahlzeit begins every year with the Low German call of the managing director of Haus Seefahrt in front of the hall:

"Create, create unnen un boven, unnen un boven create!"

"Grab food, grab food below deck and on deck, grab food below deck and on deck!"

The Bremen ship's cooks once called the ship's crew to the table.

The host of the Schaffermahlzeit was and is the Haus Seefahrt Foundation , which has developed into providing for survivors for boatmen who died at sea and a welfare institution for old captains and their wives or widows. The creators were the administrators of Haus Seefahrt's funds , who had to give an annual account of the foundation's funds. Traditionally, billing included entertainment, with the majority of the costs incurred being borne by the commercial workers .

Schaffermahlzeit 1867 in the Seefahrt house on Hutfilterstrasse.

Later, every year two, from 1855 three Bremen merchants were elected as new members of the foundation, who took on the obligation to host the Schaffermahlzeit after two years at their own expense. At first they had two, then six captains at their side as captains . The Schaffermahlzeit lasted several days in the first half of the 17th century and was very rich. There was a day for the so-called in January Taste beer meal , followed in February, the day after the settlement, combined with the great food on the day was followed for the wives and daughters and their friends, and finally thanks Forecast meal .

In the middle of the 18th century, the strict mayor Volkhard Mindemann ordered the banquet to be reduced to one, after he actually wanted to "put an end to culinary and sociable debauchery ... once and for all" and to abolish the Schaffer meal entirely. The Schaffermahlzeit could not be celebrated in all years, at the beginning of the 19th century there were longer breaks. The festival had to be canceled for the first time in 1807 as a result of the economic depression caused by the continental blockade ordered by Napoleon Bonaparte .

Development from 1870

While participation was previously restricted to members of Haus Seefahrt , this “regulation on the person” was lifted in 1870 in order to meet the growing importance of Bremen's trade and shipping. Since then, male personalities from industry, trade and banking as well as merchants and captains of foreign flags have been invited. In the course of time there were also politicians, administrators, scientists, church dignitaries and cultural workers.

When the foundation's house in Hutfilterstrasse had to be demolished in 1874 to make room for the opening of today's Bürgermeister-Smidt-Strasse , the Schaffermahlzeit lost its venue in the city center. From then on, the celebration took place in the new building of Haus Seefahrt, built between 1874 and 1876 in what was then Lützower Strasse in the west of Bremen . In the second half of the 19th century, the banquet was only canceled once. In the 20th century, due to war or hardship, the Schaffermahlzeit did not take place from 1915 to 1927, from 1932 to 1935 and from 1940 to 1951.

Development from 1952

The Bremen Town Hall , the venue for the Schaffermahlzeit since 1952. The upper town hall is located above the arcades.

During the Second World War , Haus Seefahrt's building on Lützower Strasse was completely destroyed. The third new building of the foundation was built in 1950–1951 on the Oeversberg in Bremen- Grohn . Since the premises there were too small, the merchants asked the mayor Wilhelm Kaisen to let them use the upper hall of the old town hall for the big meal . Kaisen agreed, and so - after a compulsory break of thirteen years - the first Schaffermahlzeit was held in the town hall on February 8, 1952; it was the 408th Bremen Schaffermahlzeit. Since then, the event has taken place every year in Bremen city center in the historic Bremen Town Hall, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2004.

The philosopher Martin Heidegger accepted the invitation sent to him to participate in 1962, not least because of his interest in shipping, but categorically refused to appear in the prescribed tails , which was then accepted. The then Minister of Labor of North Rhine-Westphalia , Friedhelm Farthmann , however, refused to participate in 1979 because he did not want to submit to the compulsory tailcoat. At the beginning of the Second Gulf War it was discussed whether the 1991 Schaffer meal should be canceled as an exception. However, it then took place while festive events such as carnival parades were canceled in other German cities .

The presence of high-ranking politicians and other decision-makers was repeatedly used by various interest groups as an opportunity to demonstrate against or for certain social or political processes and goals on the fringes of the Schaffermahlzeit . For example, a demonstration by trade unions for better civil servant pay took place in 2008 on the market square , and next to it members of the Bremen Peace Forum protested against the participation of the guest of honor, the then General Inspector of the Bundeswehr Wolfgang Schneiderhan , while the participants in the feast passed the town hall through a trellis of Police officers reached.

The term Schaffermahlzeit was registered in 2007 at the Trademark and Patent Office as a word mark by Haus Seefahrt . Before that, it was often called a Schaffermahl , which, according to the former managing director of the Ralf J. Koch Foundation, did not meet the requirements of a simple meal . Since the end of 2009, the Haus Seefahrt Foundation has not only supported old, needy seafaring members and their wives and widows, but also needy nautical students in captaincy training.

The role of the woman

The Schaffermahlzeit - a purely men's event (here in 1912 in the new foundation building on Lützower Straße).

Following the patriarchal worldview prevailing at the time , membership in the Armen Seefahrt and later the Haus Seefahrt was in fact only possible for men since it was founded in 1545 . As a result, women were also not allowed to take part in the foundation's fraternal meal. At the same time, however, there were no female merchants and captains in the 16th and subsequent centuries until the 20th. The exclusion of women experienced a relaxation with the change from the medieval estates society to civil society until the middle of the 19th century; on the sidelines of the Schaffermahlzeit the wives of the participants gathered in the large anteroom of the old sea yard and were entertained. The "decorating of the women's table with foam", that is, the enjoyment of the luxurious sparkling wine by women, was known in 1864, but was handled discreetly because of the public reputation.

This sociable influx of women led in 1850 to a backlash among the male members of Haus Seefahrt, arguing that the costs were too high and the simplicity of the festival, which was always expressly preserved . Later, the presence of women around the Schaffermahlzeit was strictly regulated. At that time, the eight-class suffrage was again in effect in Bremen. Since the foundation moved into a new building in 1875, meals have been served for a total of 30 women in a separate small room. The nine Schaffer invite three women, and even also participating wife of the managing agent invites two women. This regulation was retained in the continuation of the celebratory meal after the Second World War from 1952 in the Bremen Town Hall and is still practiced, whereby the Schaffer usually invite the wife of the guest of honor and the wives of some high-ranking guests in addition to their own wives.

In 1975, the International Women's Year and during the second wave of the German women's movement , which called Association of Social Democratic Women (ASF) in Bremen as a protest against the of House Maritime practiced female exclusion in Schaffermahlzeit the Schafferinnenmahl to life. Since then, it has been held every autumn as a festive meal in the House of the Bremen Citizenship ; it is also a forum for women’s political issues, to which renowned speakers such as Jutta Limbach , Margot Käßmann and Heide Simonis are invited.

The captain Barbara Massing first took part as a nautical member in 2004.

The idea of ​​inviting women as foreign guests to the Schaffermahlzeit was pushed aside in 1999. In 1996, the captain Barbara Massing was accepted as a member of the Haus Seefahrt Foundation in accordance with the foundation statutes - the application for membership of a woman with a captain's license was not regulated separately in the traditional statutes. In 2004 she was the first woman to take part in the Schaffermahlzeit as a nautical member.

Guest of Honor 2007: Chancellor Angela Merkel

In 2007, Chancellor Angela Merkel was the first woman in the history of the Schaffermahlzeit to hold the role of guest of honor at the 463rd banquet and was the first woman to give a speech. Regarding her participation as a female guest of honor, she said that the members of the House of Seafaring had not made a mistake with regard to the future 463 Schaffermessen, and encouraged them to dare to do it again or several times.

When no further women were invited afterwards , criticism of the factual exclusion of women came up again from various sides and not only from circles of the Bremen women's movement and was increasingly discussed in the media, especially in the regional press . Among other things, the Bremen Weser courier took up the subject; During his meetings in Bremen in July 2009, the Bremen State Commissioner for Women Ulrike Hauffe and the managing director of Haus Seefahrt , Michael Schroiff, met. Schroiff did not rule out a cross-gender tradition in Haus Seefahrt and at the Schaffermahlzeit and pointed out that the foundation's long-standing constitution does not exclude women; However, he restricted that a decision on the selection of guests was made in the responsible bodies of the foundation.

The Schaffermahlzeit 2010 was again criticized, among others by the state women's representative Hauffe. Schroiff replied that no female guests had been proposed by the creators , stating that apparently it was simply not ready to open the fraternal meal in general to women. In April 2010, the party congress of the SPD sub-district of Bremen passed a motion calling on Mayor Jens Böhrnsen to use his traditional right to propose female guests for the Schaffer meal. Also in April 2010, the delegates of the more than 40 women's associations of the Bremen women's committee unanimously called on the Haus Seefahrt Foundation to enable women to participate in the Schaffermahlzeit in future. It is no longer acceptable that the selection of guests for the Schaffermahlzeit persistently violates the equality requirement of the Basic Law and the UN Charter of Human Rights.

Around the turn of the year 2010/11, Mayor Jens Böhrnsen signaled to Haus Seefahrt that he could well imagine naming a woman as a guest for the Schaffermahlzeit 2011, which the responsible persons at Haus Seefahrt under the new managing director Andreas Bunnemann rejected after joint consultation. Böhrnsen, who had invited important business representatives for Bremen to the Schaffermahlzeit in recent years, including Lakshmi Mittal , then let it be known that he would not propose a replacement.

In June 2013, the Bremen citizenship passed a motion from the red-green government faction “Bremen traditional events no longer without women”, in which the citizens acknowledge traditional events - such as the Schaffermahlzeit, the ice cream bet or the Bremen Tobacco College - but theirs Expectation expresses that the organizers of these celebrations "equally welcome men and women so that they will continue to be part of Bremen's publicly valued culture in the future." This was preceded by a demonstration of 500 Bremen women in tails on the occasion of the 2013 Schaffermahlzeit, through which the invited performers had to walk on the way from the Chamber of Commerce to the town hall. The application in the Bremen citizenship was passed with the votes of the SPD, the Greens and the Left Party.

Guest of Honor 2015: Federal Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen

For the first time in 2015, female guests were invited to the 471st Schaffermahlzeit “as high-ranking, external representatives of companies, countries and institutes”. So took Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer , Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller and Isolde Liebherr part, and there were with Federal Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen also a woman as a guest of honor. From then on, four to five female guests per year, including the guest of honor, were admitted, while women entrepreneurs were still not wanted as commercial workers.

In April 2019, Haus Seefahrt decided to open the Schaffermahlzeit completely to women and in future no longer differentiate between the sexes when selecting external guests. 15 women were invited as guests to the 476th Schaffermahlzeit in 2020.

In February 2020, Haus Seefahrt announced that in the election of the three responsible workers for 2022 - always two years in advance - the incumbent President of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce , entrepreneur Janina Marahrens-Hashagen, was selected alongside two men . This is the first time in almost 480 years that a woman has been elected as a creator .

present

particularities

On February 14, 2020, the 285 men and 15 women who took part in the 476th Schaffermahlzeit did not come to the Bremen town hall because climate activists from Fridays for Future and BUND blocked some entrances. The protest of the young demonstrators was directed against the participating guest of honor, Federal Minister of Economics and Energy Peter Altmaier , and against, among other things, the inadequate climate policy of the federal government.

Attendees

See also : List of participants in the Bremen Schaffermahlzeit

The Schaffermahlzeit no longer takes place together with the accounting and the Schaffer are no longer responsible for the administration and financial affairs of the foundation. Since the end of the 18th century, only members of Haus Seefahrt , commercial or nautical members, and since 1870 their guests have been invited to the meal . Bremen residents are not allowed to participate unless they are or have been a businessman or captain. The only exception is the President of the Senate and Mayor , who is not a guest in his political function, but as host of the town hall. All members of the foundation who have helped to create the Schaffermahlzeit as a commercial worker or captain can take part in it every year.

The commercial members of the Haus Seefahrt Foundation traditionally come from influential circles in the Bremen economy. They cannot apply for membership themselves, but are suggested by advocates within the foundation. Every year, the General Assembly elects three new commercial members who already call themselves Schaffer upon admission and who are allowed to take part in the Schaffer meal as guests. The prerequisite is that you are a citizen of Bremen or have the center of your business activity in Bremen. Two years after being elected, as responsible creators , they have to organize the creators' meal and finance it with their own resources, for which they have the privilege of giving speeches. They prepare the event together and on an equal footing; The designation as first , second and third creator does not represent a ranking, but is intended to facilitate organizational determinations regardless of name, such as for the program items ("First speech by the first creator"). With the organization of the celebratory dinner, the three “new creators” have the right to propose a personal guest to the foundation committees for invitation in each subsequent year of their participation.

The nautical members of the foundation are captains, which are essentially top nautical experts from Bremen shipping companies and ships. Before you become a member, you must apply to Haus Seefahrt . The appointment as captain creator , also known as creator of the skippers , takes place, unlike the creators of the merchants , in the order of admission to the foundation. The three responsible (commercial) employees are supported by six captain's employees at each meal .

Guest of Honor 1952 and 1955: Federal President Theodor Heuss

The merchants suggest guests from home and abroad, all high-ranking personalities in management positions in all areas of society. The foreign guests always include a guest of honor, usually a leading representative of state organs or another particularly well-known personality. The guests are selected by the responsible bodies of the foundation. The foreign guests are usually only invited once in a lifetime.

This rule was deviated from in a few exceptional cases, for example Theodor Heuss was twice involved as Federal President (1952 and 1955). Heinrich Lübke took part in 1955 as Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Forests and in 1960 as Federal President, Walter Scheel in 1964 as Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and in 1975 as Federal President, and Roman Herzog took part in 1993 as President of the Federal Constitutional Court and in 1999 as Federal President. The guest of honor at the 465th Schaffermahlzeit 2009 was Federal President Horst Köhler , who had already participated as a guest in 1994 in his former role as President of the German Savings Banks and Giro Association .

Procedure, customs, speeches and fundraising

The banquet hall (with gallery), which serves as a reception room before dinner and then as a ballroom.

Federal President Horst Köhler and Mayor Jens Böhrnsen on the Bremen market square, on the way to the Schaffermahlzeit 2009.

The historical table decorations made of silver are only used for the Schaffer meal.

465th Schaffermahlzeit 2009 - Admission of the participants to the Upper Town Hall .

The traditional table setting , u. a. with matches, tobacco, pepper bags and blotting paper.

The participants meet before the celebratory dinner at a reception by the Bremen Chamber of Commerce in the Schütting opposite the town hall , the former guild and food store for Bremen merchants and today's seat of the chamber. From there you walk across the Bremen market square to the east portal of the old town hall. On the grass market in front of it you will be greeted by a shanty choir from Bremen or the surrounding area, which attracts onlookers and passers-by.

The President of the Senate usually uses the opportunity to personally receive the guest of honor, accompanied by the managing director, and to ask him and some selected guests for a meeting in his office in the New Town Hall before dinner. In addition, the guest of honor is asked to sign the city of Bremen's Golden Book . For example, on the occasion of the Schaffermahlzeit 2009, Mayor Jens Böhrnsen had a conversation with Federal President Horst Köhler, Jean-Jacques Dordain , the head of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Thomas Reiter , the astronaut and board member of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) .

The Captain Schaffer , the commercial Schaffer and their guests gather in the ballroom upstairs the New Town Hall. The gentlemen generally wear black tailcoats and black patent-leather shoes, unless they appear as captains in uniform ; the guests wear a white bow tie and a white waistcoat , the commercial and nautical workers wear a black bow tie and a black waistcoat. If there are problems with the cloakroom, provisions are made, a tailor is available on site as an emergency service during the celebration.

The managing director of Haus Seefahrt traditionally asks the participants by knocking on one of the still closed doors of the upper hall and shouting: "Create ..." to the banquet table. The entrance will be accompanied by a salon orchestra with the piece Entry of the Guests from the opera Tannhäuser by Richard Wagner . Once the ship's bell five bells (14:30) announced the celebration, which expires after a meticulous and strict ritual begins.

The Upper Town Hall, dating from the 15th century, forms the setting for the Schaffer meal with its wood carvings and paintings, as well as the heavy chandeliers and large cogs hanging from the ceiling . The venerable room, in which the big meal has been taking place since 1952, is always prepared for particularly high-ranking guests with three long white-covered tables and a shorter cross table at the head. The shape of the table refers to the trident of the Roman sea god Neptune . At the end of each of the long tables sits one of the three organizing Schaffer , right and left of him each one of the six assisting Captain Schaffer . The places are indicated by name with place cards , white cards for the guests, red cards for the commercial staff and green cards for the captains. The sequence of seats is arranged in this alternation. Each of the participants introduces himself to his table neighbor.

The panels are decorated with candelabra , large silver beer mugs and small sculptures , sailing ships under full sail, rowing boats on the high seas, made of silver . The historic table decorations , which come from Bremen silver manufacturers and belong to Haus Seefahrt , are only fetched from the vaults of the Bremer Bank during the Schaffermahlzeit and complemented by fresh flower arrangements in the Bremen colors of red and white. The beer tankards, heavy hallmarked silver goblets from the 18th century, are distributed in the middle of the table, one for around ten participants each.

The cutlery , a knife with a fish leg handle and a fork as well as a tablespoon for the first course, dates from 1870. Next to the place settings are two tapered bags made of gold and silver paper filled with salt and pepper; this is reminiscent of the earlier custom when you brought both with you - because they were precious in the Middle Ages - wrapped in paper. In addition, there are large folded blotting sheets next to each place setting , which are used to clean knives and forks after each course. The plates are changed after each course, but not the cutlery.

In the course of time, the original simple stockfish meal became a festive five-hour meal. The six courses are interrupted in a precisely defined order by the 3rd stanza of the Deutschlandlied - the German national anthem - and twelve speeches . The three-aligning Schaffer hold a total of seven speeches (welcome, at the federal president and country; to Bremen and the Senate; on trade, shipping and industry; to house seafaring , head and upper-Old ; the six incumbent captain Schaffer and the foreign guests) . The managing director gives two speeches (collective speech in front of the fundraising; speech of thanks to the creators ) and two of the six captain creators give a speech each on the host commercial creator and the ladies' speech .

The event concludes with a speech by the guest of honor, who usually speaks about current historical, economic or political issues. The managing director announces the individual speakers and their speeches and finally speaks words of thanks to the guest of honor. After certain, large and particularly important speeches, those present stand up and thank the speakers before the applause with the cry: "Hepp, hepp, hepp - hurray!"

The guests are requested to donate money to the Haus Seefahrt Foundation , although this process is handled very informally. For example, it is accepted that the donation amount is written on a business card. Silver donation cans are traditionally passed around at the collection , everything according to a meticulous schedule, as for example set in the program and menu of the 454th Schaffermahlzeit 1998: "5:02 pm collective speech by the administrator, 5:07 pm put cans for collection, plates, : 12 o'clock roast veal [...] serve and eat ”.

The meal, drinks and tobacco

Pipe smoking and mocha at the end of the feast (here at the 465th Schaffermahlzeit 2009).

The five-hour celebratory meal has a traditionally set sequence of dishes: Bremen chicken soup; Stockfish with mustard sauce and boiled potatoes; Brown cabbage with piss , smoked meat, chestnuts and fried potatoes; Roast veal with celery salad, catherine's plums and steamed apples; Riga flounder with anchovies, sausage, tongue, Chester cheese and fruits. After the stockfish, a special non-alcoholic Bremen seafaring beer is served as part of the menu , which is brewed by the Beck & Co. brewery especially for the Schaffermahlzeit. It is a very nutritious malt beer drink that is reminiscent of the times when fruit and vegetables were not available in sufficient quantities on the sailing ships and scurvy was therefore widespread. Two participants sitting opposite each other cross the goblets with the seafaring beer, toast three times with the traditional saying “port, starboard and amidships” and drink to good health and voyage.

The rich meal is described by Haus Seefahrt as "simple Bremen seaman's food". The stockfish and the seafaring beer take some getting used to ; But also the Bremen brown cabbage with pee, a hearty kale dish with smoked grützwurst , is rather little known outside of northern Germany.

The wine with the meal is determined by the Schaffers in good time before the Schaffermahlzeit in a blind tasting according to strict regulations. One red wine ( Bordeaux ) and one German white wine are selected as Schaffer wines , whereby the selection at the traditional Bremen wine trade location is always observed with particular interest. For the Bremen wine merchants - and also for the tobacco dealers - it is an honor and a sales-promoting distinction to be able to deliver the Schaffermahlzeit.

At the end of the meal, mocha is drunk and tobacco is smoked in long white clay pipes in the style of the old boatmen , for which the Bremen Non-Smoking Protection Act provides the possibility of an exemption from the smoking ban in public facilities.

Participation of women, nautical ball

The participants arrive in the ballroom, here observed by one of the wives from the gallery.

Until the mid-2010s, women were only allowed to take part in the actual Schaffer meal in exceptional cases (captain, Federal Chancellor). In addition, 30 women, mostly wives of participating men, were invited as guests to a separate celebration in the Bremen town hall. While the approximately 300 participants in the Schaffermahlzeit - traditionally only men until 2014 - have been celebrating their meals in the Upper Town Hall Hall since 1952, a small table is set for the 30 separately invited women two rooms away from the Upper Hall, in the fireplace room of the New Town Hall. But you can watch the arrival of the male participants in the ballroom next to the Upper Town Hall from its gallery. The women are served the same dishes as the men in the fireplace room. The speeches are transmitted into the women's room by image and sound.

After a few women had been invited as official guests to the Schaffermahlzeit every year since 2015, the traditional event opened entirely to women from 2020.

After the Schaffermahlzeit the seafaring ball begins , which was originally used by the Bremen participants to introduce their sons and daughters to society. Even today, the ball will be opened by the debutants with a polonaise and a subsequent Viennese waltz in the ballroom. Then the few women ask some men to dance. The festival always ends punctually at 10 p.m.

Schaffer meals since 2011

Year / serial no.	date	Schaffer / company	Guest of Honor / Function
2011 467th Schaffermahlzeit	February 11, 2011	- Otto Lamotte (Henry Lamotte Oils GmbH; President of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce since the beginning of 2010 ) - Ralph Geuther (Karl Geuther & Co. Holding GmbH & Co. KG) - Nils Herrmann ( Wiking Helikopter Service GmbH )	- Jean-Claude Trichet , President of the European Central Bank (ECB)
2012 468th Schaffermahlzeit	February 10, 2012	- Stephan-Andreas Kaulvers ( Bremer Landesbank ) - Klaus-Peter Schulenberg ( CTS Eventim AG ) - Hylke Boerstra (Carl Büttner GmbH & Co. KG)	- Norbert Lammert , President of the German Bundestag
2013 469th Schaffermahlzeit	February 8, 2013	- Kurt Zech ( Zech Group GmbH ) - Bernd Schmielau (H. Siedentopf GmbH) - Martin Harren ( Harren & Partner )	- Stanislaw Tillich , Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony
2014 470th Schaffer meal	February 14, 2014	- Peter Hoffmeyer ( Nehlsen AG ) - Nicolas CS Helms ( C. Melchers GmbH & Co. KG ) - Frank Jungmann ( German Tanker Shipping GmbH & Co. KG )	- Jens Weidmann , President of the Bundesbank
2015 471st Schaffermahlzeit	February 13, 2015	- Tim Nesemann ( Die Sparkasse Bremen AG ) - Klaus Meier (wpd windmanager GmbH & Co. KG) - Joachim Jürgens (Omnilab - Laborzentrum GmbH & Co. KG)	- Ursula von der Leyen , Federal Minister of Defense
2016 472nd Schaffermahlzeit	February 12, 2016	- Frank Dreeke ( BLG Logistics Group ) - Joachim Linnemann (Justus Grosse GmbH) - Christian Freese (Freese AG)	- Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs
2017 473rd Schaffermahlzeit	February 10, 2017	- Andreas Jacobs (Jacobs Holding AG) - André Wedemeyer (Cordes & Graefe KG) - Berend J. Erling (Roland Mills United GmbH & Co. KG)	- Alexander Dobrindt , Federal Minister for Transport and Digital Infrastructure
2018 474th Schaffermahlzeit	February 9, 2018	- Torsten Köhne ( swb AG ) - Matthias Ditzen-Blanke ( Nordsee-Zeitung ) - Malte Seekamp (Seekamp advertising)	- Olaf Scholz , Hamburg's First Mayor
2019 475th Schaffermahlzeit	February 8, 2019	- Matthias Zimmermann (Weser-Wohnbau GmbH & Co. KG) - Thilo Schmitz (Carpe Diem GmbH) - Hermann Schünemann ( Carl Ed.Schünemann KG )	- Michael Kretschmer , Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony
2020 476th Schaffermahlzeit	February 14, 2020	- Thomas Kriwat (Mercmarine Group of Companies) - Bülent Uzuner (Uzuner Consulting GmbH) - Max Roggemann (Enno Roggemann GmbH & Co. KG)	- Peter Altmaier , Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy

The 477th Schaffermahlzeit 2021 will take place on February 12, 2021. The following merchants were appointed by Haus Seefahrt as responsible workers :

• Christian Jacobs (lawyer and investor)
• Johann Smidt (Joh.Gottfr. Schütte GmbH & Co. KG)
• Cornelius Strangemann (Lestra department store in Horn)

meaning

On the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of Haus Seefahrt in 1945, the Bremen historian Karl Heinz Schwebel published his non-fiction book Haus Seefahrt, Bremen, seine Kaufmen und Kapitäne in 1947 , in which he emphasized, among other things, the importance of the Schaffermahlzeit:

"Just as it [the Schaffermahlzeit] has not lost any of its social splendor over the years, yes, rather still gained, it has also gained a political importance that cannot be overestimated as a pioneer of close personal contact with our local merchants and shipowners the leading men of state and economy of the whole German Reich. "

During the time of National Socialism , the Schaffermahlzeit was used to support and promote the expansion of Bremen into one of the largest armaments locations of the “ Third Reich ”. Similar to other business-related associations, such as the Hamburg National Club or the Düsseldorf Industry Club , the Haus Seefahrt Foundation sought contact with leading National Socialists and representatives of the Nazi state in order to establish or deepen useful connections for Bremen's business elite. The following took part in the Schaffermahlungen from 1933 to 1939 as guests of honor: Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler (1936), Reich Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht (1936) and State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Justice Roland Freisler (1939).

The Commemorative Medal of house seafaring given to the respective guest of honor commemorating the Schaffermahlzeit.

After the war years and the first post-war period did not allow for a feast, the Schaffermahlzeit takes place every year from 1952 onwards according to the regulations that have been in force since the end of the 19th century. The guests of honor, mostly high officials or politicians, include all German federal presidents and federal chancellors since 1952 as well as the prime ministers of several federal states. The respective guest of honor gives the last and most important speech at the Schaffermahlzeit, which often attracts national attention. Some of these guest speeches are among the most important speeches of the Federal Republic of Germany . Among other things, the speech of the then Federal President Gustav Heinemann at the 426th Schaffermahlzeit in 1970, a time of political upheaval, is widely quoted and viewed as a contribution to the writing of history in a free, democratic Germany . Heinemann had pointed out breaks and continuities in German history and encouraged "not to be blinded by continuities, but to ask about the breaks and what they have buried".

At the general assembly of the foundation in 1980, the then managing director Hans Henry Lamotte emphasized that  according to the changes in modern life - especially due to information technology - traditions could and must change as long as they are full of meaning and should not become a farce, whereby he also included the Schaffer meal. The Berliner Zeitung stated in 2004 that it is less about the meal than about tradition itself, but the Schaffer and their guests know how to smile about it and are in agreement in their actions as bosses that change is needed in this country and that It takes courage to touch things in a new and different way. The Schaffermahlzeit is not only seen as one of the social highlights with a high reputation far beyond the borders of the country, but also as an opportunity to cultivate relationships and as a modern form of networking . To be there is an honor even for Germany's elite, said the Handelsblatt in 2009 and stated : "The invitation to the Schaffermahlzeit is an accolade among company captains".

The guest list always reads like a who's who of business. For example, the following took part as company leaders: Lakshmi Mittal , the then CEO of Mittal Steel Company and today's CEO of ArcelorMittal (participation in 2007), Klaus Kleinfeld , CEO of the US aluminum group Alcoa Inc. (2008), Wolfgang Reitzle , head of the DAX Linde AG Group (2009), and the Chairman of the Board of Management of Daimler AG , Dieter Zetsche (2010). The group of invited guests also high-ranking representatives from politics, science and culture, such as the part Governing Mayor of Berlin , Klaus Wowereit (2008), the chemist and president of the Leibniz Association , Ernst Rietschel (2007), or the Nobel Prize for Literature -carrier Günter Grass (2007).

“Bremen's horizon never ends at the city wall. The citizens of this city have always been particularly open to what moves Europe and the world. "

- Hans-Dietrich Genscher : Speech as guest of honor (as the then Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs) at the Schaffermahlzeit 1989

literature

• Haus Seefahrt Foundation (ed.): 466. Schaffermahlzeit. The Seafaring House of Bremen 02/12/2010 . 1st edition, Inselmann Verlag, Grasberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-938331-30-9 . ( Photo book , photographer: Klaus Fittschen)
• Rüdiger Hoffmann u. a .: The Schaffermahlzeit and the Haus Seefahrt in Bremen . Bremer Landesbank (ed.), Verlag Media Projects, Bremen 2007, without ISBN.
• Klaus Berthold: Rituals, customs and table manners of the Bremen merchants . Bremen Chamber of Commerce (ed.), Schünemann Verlag , Bremen 2007, ISBN 978-3-7961-1902-6 , pp. 78-105.
• Herbert Black Forest : The Great Bremen Lexicon . Edition Temmen , Bremen 2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X .
• Peter-Alexander Reischauer: Modern Schaffermahlzeiten . In: Die Wittheit zu Bremen (ed.), Hans Kloft u. a. (Red.): Festivals and customs in Bremen. Contributions to the cultural and social history of the Hanseatic city . Hauschild Verlag , Bremen 2000, ISBN 3-89757-042-4 , pp. 250-259. (1999/2000 yearbook of Wittheit zu Bremen)
• Hermann Gutmann : Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Döll Verlag, Bremen 1999, ISBN 3-88808-244-7 .
• Heinz-Gerd Hofschen: "Faithful to its tradition, Bremen's economy is firm, standing behind the Führer with sincere admiration and gratitude, working" - on the history of the Bremen Schaffermahl 1933–1938 . In: University of Bremen , teaching and research project on the history of the Bremen labor movement: Bremen 1933–45. From trading center to armaments smiths . Kulturzentrum Schlachthof, Bremen 1983, without ISBN. (Exhibition brochure)
• Rolf Reinemuth: merchant, caper and Kraweele. How poor shipping came about . Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford 1974, ISBN 3-7822-0101-9 .
• Karl H. Schwebel : Haus Seefahrt, Bremen, his merchants and captains. Four hundred years of service to the German seaman, 1545–1945 . Verlag H. Krohn, Bremen 1947, without ISBN.
• Johann Georg Kohl : The seafaring house in Bremen . Reprint of the edition by Verlag Strack, Bremen 1862: Hauschild Verlag, Bremen 1984, ISBN 3-920699-51-3 . ( Printed in Fraktur . Subtitle added when reprinting: Dedicated to the seafaring house on the occasion of the 440th Schaffermahlzeit on February 10, 1984. )

Web links

Commons : Schaffermahlzeit  - Collection of images

• The Schaffermahlzeit on the Haus Seefahrt website
• Radio Bremen : Bremer Schaffermahlzeit - reports, videos and audio contributions ( Memento from February 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
• Radio Bremen: Bremer Schaffermahl ( Memento from February 25, 2007 on the Internet Archive ) - Dossier (Archived version from February 12, 2007, on the Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

1. ^ Radio Bremen : collecting for seamen in need. (No longer available online.) In: Online dossier on the Bremen Schaffermahlzeit. February 5, 2010, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 10, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
2. ↑ ^{a b} Haus Seefahrt , Bremen: The Schaffermahlzeit. (No longer available online.) In: Internet presence → Home page. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013 ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Peter-Alexander Reischauer: Modern Schaffermahlzeiten . In: Festivals and Customs in Bremen . Bremen 2000, p. 255.
4. ^ The Bremer Schaffermahlzeit (tradition since 1545). The Senator for the Interior and Sport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (www.inneres.bremen.de), accessed on February 6, 2010 .  
5. ^ Elisabeth Neugebauer: Gleanings. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahl 2007. bremen.online GmbH, Bremen (bremen.de), February 15, 2007, formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
6. ↑ Bernd Klose: Friday, February 13, 2009 → August 18: 465th Schaffermahl. (PDF; 395 kB) In: Program week from 9.2.2009 to 15.2.2009. Northwest Radio , accessed April 5, 2010 . 
7. ↑ Compare: The Bremen Schaffermahlzeit (tradition since 1545). The Senator for the Interior and Sports of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (www.inneres.bremen.de), accessed on February 6, 2010 (quote: “Over the course of five centuries, the […] Schaffermahlzeit has become one of the most important social events in Germany and Target of business leaders around the world. "). 
8. ↑ ^{a b} Schaffermahlzeit and Matthiae-Mahl - these are the differences. Hamburger Abendblatt , February 20, 2010, accessed on April 4, 2010 (quote: "The Bremen public likes to see the Schaffermahlzeit as the flagship of the city, but the traditional exclusion of women is increasingly coming under criticism."). 
9. ↑ ^{a b} Compare: Ulrike Hauffe (State Commissioner for Women of the State of Bremen): Risk factor woman. Annoying: Schaffermahl 2010 still women-free. (No longer available online.) In: Society + Politics → Comment by the State Commissioner for Women. frauenseiten.bremen (www.bremen.eu), January 15, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Denise von der Ahé: Schaffermahlzeit opens completely for women. In: norderlesen.de. November 27, 2019, accessed January 25, 2020 . 
11. ^ Johann Georg Kohl: The seafaring house in Bremen . Reprint of the edition from 1862, Bremen 1984, pp. 1–2.
12. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, p. 19.
13. ^ Ulrich Weidinger: With cogs to the market place . Hauschild Verlag, Bremen 1997, ISBN 3-931785-09-2 , p. 482.
14. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, p. 26.
15. ^ Johann Georg Kohl: The seafaring house in Bremen . Reprint of the edition from 1862, Bremen 1984, p. 197.
16. ↑ ^{a b} History of the Schaffermahlzeit. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ↑ Beer is toasted three times. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on December 9, 2013 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
18. ↑ Heinrich Wiegand Petzet: Towards a star. Encounters and conversations with Martin Heidegger, 1929–1976 . Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-7973-0414-5 , pp. 80-82.
19. ↑ Personal details . In: Der Spiegel . No. 6 , 1979, pp. 218 ( online ).
20. ↑ Katrin Wilkens: Instead of modesty, PR on one's own behalf . In: Die Welt , February 12, 2006
21. ↑ Bremen: Demos accompany Schaffermahlzeit. Die Welt , February 9, 2008, accessed April 5, 2010 . 
22. ↑ Name "Schaffermahlzeit" registered as a trademark. In: 466th Bremen Schaffermahlzeit. Radio Bremen , February 2010, archived from the original on February 13, 2011 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . 
23. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, p. 99.
24. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, pp. 150–151.
25. ↑ Conductor's meal. In: Working group of female creators. SPD - Community of Representatives Bremen-Nord, accessed on April 11, 2014 . 
26. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, pp. 151–152.
27. ↑ ^{a b} Tom Levine: Mrs. Captain, gentlemen . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 16, 2004
28. ↑ Speech by Federal Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel at the 463rd Schaffermahlzeit on February 9, 2007 in Bremen . , Publications of the Federal Government, accessed on January 30, 2013.
29. ↑ A meeting with a surprise effect. Encounters in Bremen: The state women's representative Ulrike Hauffe meets the head of Haus Seefahrt, Michael Schroiff . In: Weser-Kurier , July 10, 2009, p. 11.
30. ↑ Jürgen Hinrichs: 466th Schaffermahlzeit. Dutchman serves cheese for dessert. Weser-Kurier, Bremen, February 10, accessed on February 15, 2010 . 
31. ↑ Frauke Fischer: Jens Böhrnsen should propose women . In: Weser-Kurier , April 17, 2010, p. 13.
32. ↑ Elke Hoesmann: Women demand participation in the Schaffermahl . In: Weser-Kurier , April 25, 2010, p. 11.
33. ↑ Among men. Gender question at the Schaffermahl . In: taz , January 14, 2011.
34. ↑ Bremische Bürgerschaft, Drs. 18/910 of May 14, 2012
35. ↑ Radio Bremen archive link ( memento of the original from October 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
36. ↑ Frauke Fischer: Women made it . In: Weser-Kurier of July 11, 2014, p. 7.
37. ↑ Frauke Fischer: Schaffermahlzeit with premiere . In: Weser-Kurier of February 14, 2015, p. 11.
38. ↑ Heike Zeigler: Women and the Schaffermahlzeit: a chronology. In: butenunbinnen.de . February 5, 2019, accessed January 25, 2020 . 
39. ↑ Jürgen Hinrichs: All-man maneuvers for the first creator . In: Weser courier . February 13, 2020, p. 11 .
40. ↑ Climate protest confuses Bremen Schaffermahlzeit. In: butenunbinnen.de . February 14, 2020, accessed February 15, 2020 . 
41. ↑ ^{a b c} Constitution and laws of the House of Seafaring on the basis of the constitutions of 1545 and 1562 revised on October 26, 1981 by resolution of the chiefs and senior elders in agreement with the 22 elders and approved by the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen on October 12th. March 1982 . Wagner, Bremen 1982.
42. ↑ Haus Seefahrt → What does it do. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on May 23, 2015 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
43. ↑ Hans-Otto Busche: To the Schaffermahlzeit: Memories . In: Weser courier . February 14, 1964, p. 17 .
44. ↑ Margot Walther: Silver and a touch of spring . In: Weser courier . February 13, 1993, p. 17 .
45. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Peter-Alexander Reischauer: Modern Schaffermahlzeiten . In: Festivals and Customs in Bremen . Bremen 2000, pp. 255-256.
46. ↑ Mayor Böhrnsen welcomes Federal President Köhler as the guest of honor at the Schaffermahlzeit. In: press release. Senate Chancellery of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, February 13, 2009, accessed on April 11, 2014 . 
47. ↑ Frauke Fischer: Schaffer and guests agree: A great honor . In: Weser-Kurier , February 13, 2010, p. 10.
48. ↑ ^{a b c d} Holger Dohmen: A meal like a journey through time . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , February 17, 2003.
49. ^ About the individual pieces: Alfred Löhr: Bremer Silber - From the Beginnings to Art Nouveau , exhibition catalog Focke-Museum Bremen, 1981, pp. 104–110
50. ↑ ^{a b} History explained in a hurry. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.eu), 2013, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
51. ↑ ^{a b c d} Peter-Alexander Reischauer: Modern Schaffermahlzeiten . In: Festivals and Customs in Bremen . Bremen 2000, pp. 256-257.
52. ↑ Captains drink nurse beer. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
53. ↑ Compare: The wines of the Schaffermahlzeit 2010. In: Christian Wulff is the guest of honor of the 466th Schaffermahlzeit on February 12, 2010. Press office of the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, January 7, 2010, accessed on April 11, 2014 . 
54. ↑ Section 3, Paragraph 8 of the Bremen Non-Smoking Protection Act. Transparency portal Bremen, accessed on April 20, 2016 . 
55. ↑ Chronology 2007 → press release I. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
56. ↑ Die Schaffer 2011. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.eu), 2012, archived from the original on September 2, 2014 ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
57. ↑ Die Schaffer 2012. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.eu), 2012, archived from the original on September 2, 2014 ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
58. ↑ Die Schaffer 2013. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.eu), 2013, archived from the original on February 21, 2014 ; Retrieved February 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
59. ↑ Die Schaffer 2014. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.eu), 2014, archived from the original on February 21, 2014 ; accessed on February 17, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
60. ↑ Die Schaffer 2015. In: Schaffermahlzeit. Senate Press Office, 2015, accessed February 13, 2015 . 
61. ↑ 472. Schaffermahlzeit in Bremen Town Hall - Federal Foreign Minister Dr. Frank-Walter Steinmeier as guest. In: Schaffermahlzeit. Senate Press Office, February 12, 2016, accessed January 22, 2018 . 
62. ↑ 473. Schaffermahlzeit in Bremen City Hall - Guest of Honor Federal Minister Alexander Dobrindt. In: Schaffermahlzeit. Senate Press Office, February 10, 2017, accessed on January 22, 2018 . 
63. ↑ Haus Seefahrt welcomes Hamburg's First Mayor Olaf Scholz as the guest of honor at the Schaffermahlzeit 2018. In: Schaffermahlzeit. Senate Press Office, January 11, 2018, accessed January 22, 2018 . 
64. ↑ Haus Seefahrt welcomes Saxony's Prime Minister Michael Kretschmer as the guest of honor at the Schaffermahlzeit 2019. In: senatspressestelle.bremen.de. Senate Press Office, February 8, 2019, accessed January 25, 2020 . 
65. ↑ Haus Seefahrt welcomes Federal Economics Minister Peter Altmaier as the guest of honor at the Schaffermahlzeit 2020. In: senatspressestelle.bremen.de. Senate Press Office, January 7, 2020, accessed on January 25, 2020 . 
66. ↑ Thomas Kuzaj: Between Schnoor & Schlachte: Male workers until 2021. In: Kreiszeitung.de . February 6, 2019, accessed February 15, 2020 . 
67. ^ Karl H. Schwebel: Seafaring House Bremen. His merchants and captains . Bremen 1947, p. 18.
68. ↑ Heinz-Gerd Hofschen: "Faithful to its tradition, Bremen's economy is firmly established, standing behind the Führer with sincere admiration and gratitude, working" - on the history of the Bremen Schaffermahl 1933-1938 . In: University of Bremen, teaching and research project on the history of the Bremen labor movement: Bremen 1933–45. From trading center to armaments smiths . Bremen 1983.
69. ^ Hermann Gutmann: Haus Seefahrt in Bremen and his Schaffermahlzeit . Bremen 1999, pp. 121-123.
70. ↑ Christoph Stölzl (Ed.): German Historical Museum. Ideas - controversies - perspectives . Propylaen Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-549-06682-1 , pp. 28-30.
71. ^ Reimer Witt: The battle at Hemmingstedt - truth and legend. (PDF; 325 kB) In: Yearbook Democratic History , Volume 12. Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education Schleswig-Holstein V., 1999, pp. 45-46 , accessed April 6, 2010 . 
72. ↑ Hans Henry Lamotte: Speech at the 435th General Assembly of 'Haus Seefahrt' on February 5, 1980 . P. 1.
73. ↑ Michael Brandt: 2010: Already rich in highlights . In: Weser-Kurier , January 2, 2010.
74. ↑ Frauke Fischer: To good neighbors . In: Weser-Kurier , February 13, 2010, p. 37.
75. ↑ Roland Mischke: Purely for men. The annual Schaffermahl takes place in Bremen today for the 465th time . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 13, 2009
76. ↑ ^{a b} Mark C. Schneider: Bremen traditional event. Crisis peak in brown cabbage and pee. Handelsblatt , February 16, 2009, accessed on February 15, 2010 . 
77. ↑ Chronology 2007 → Speeches of the Schaffer. (No longer available online.) In: Schaffermahlzeit. Haus Seefahrt Foundation, Bremen (www.schaffermahlzeit.de), 2013, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; Retrieved April 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 12, 2010 in this version .