Bremen women's movement

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The Bremen women's movement has brought about increasing, real equality between women and men in Bremen through various associations, groups and educational institutions since the 19th century .

history

First activities in the 19th century

The first women's movements already demanded political and social equality for women and men at the end of the 18th century . The strengthening of the social movement for more women's rights and a better legal position for women could only develop in Germany after 1848 in the second half of the 19th century. The first German women's newspaper was created in 1849 and the General German Women's Association (ADF) was founded in Leipzig in 1865 . The main goals of the first women's rights activists were women's suffrage . They were also - often pejoratively - referred to as suffragettes (English suffrage = right to vote).

The first women's associations in Bremen were active in charities:

  • The Small Women's Association existed from 1814 until around 1939. It looked after the wounded and helped the poor. Later he offered training aids for domestic professions.
  • The Great Women's Association from 1816 existed until around 1923/24. He also supported women in need and the frail, sick and elderly and offered sewing courses and assistance. Several of the association's foundations from 1890 to 1906 lost their assets during the period of inflation .
  • The women's health club from 1841 existed until the inflation period of 1923/24. He granted help for poor and sick women and later also for sick children. The association for female nursing developed from the association , which cared for over 500 sick people in 14 districts around 1910.
  • The women's association of the Red Cross for Germans across the sea and two patriotic women's associations of the Red Cross only existed after 1870 until the First World War.

In the rural area of ​​responsibility of the landlords , only the farmers could choose their jury (community representatives). Women were only allowed to vote if “they were in charge of their jobs”, so it was usually the widows with a farm.

From 1848 the women's rights activist Marie Mindermann campaigned for the revolutionary, democratic pastor Rudolph Dulon (1807–1870) at the time of the March 1848 Revolution . In 1851/52 she wrote various anonymous writings. The Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen sued her and in 1852 she was sentenced to eight days in prison. The right to vote for women was not found in the Bremen Constitution of 1849 either. The first democratic movement was suppressed in Bremen around 1851.

The struggle of the women's movement had its first climax in the 1890s when women rebelled against the planned family law of the new German Civil Code (BGB). Only after the repeal of the association laws of 1908, which had banned women from access to political associations and assemblies since 1850, women could become more active as party members.

The International Women's developed on the 2nd International Socialist Women's Conference 1910 in Copenhagen under the motto "agitation for women's suffrage." A women's day should now be organized every year. It was not until 1914 that International Women's Day was celebrated on March 8th, also in Bremen. It became a communist event after 1920. In 1975, the International Year of Women , the United Nations held a celebration for the first time on March 8th. Since 1982 March 8 has been celebrated as International Women's Day of the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) in all its branches.

Through education to emancipation

School system
Betty Gleim , painting by Georg Friedrich Adolph Schöner

In the old Bremen Latin schools from the 15th to the 18th century, such as the Paedagogeum and Gymnasium illustrious and the Athenaeum , no women were taught. Education for girls was to be a matter of private schools until 1916. Girls were also taught in the clip schools or parish schools from the middle of the 19th century. Betty Gleim opened a school for girls in 1806, which existed until 1815. Gleim's suggestions were only taken up by educators in the second half of the 19th century and implemented when teachers' seminars and schools for girls were founded.

In the Bremen school system there were higher schools for girls or girls only since 1858. By 1922, various private higher schools for girls or girls were founded. Around 1870 five secondary daughter schools are known in Bremen.

  • The Kippenberg-Gymnasium was founded in 1859 by August Kippenberg as a private teacher training college, expanded in 1868 to become a teaching institution for adult daughters and a teacher training college, in 1872 then a secondary school for girls and soon the largest private secondary school for girls in Germany. In 1889 Johanne Kippenberg took over the management of the school.
  • Frl. Struckmann's secondary girls' schools had existed since around 1860.
  • After 1860 there was the higher girls' school run by Miss Albers and Mr. habenich.
  • In 1870 Emilie Bendel opened her own secondary school for girls.
  • In 1878 Ida Janson took over the management of a daughters' community school. Attached to this school was a seminar for teachers with Mathilde Lammers as head.
  • In 1909 Anna Schomburg founded a secondary school on Hamburger Strasse; this became the Schomburg Lyceum in 1914 .

In 1913 Magda Böttner and Anna Vietor were the first women to take part as advisory members in the work of the debtors ' council. Until 1916, secondary education for girls only took place in private schools. In 1916 the first municipal lyceum was founded by the college at the Kleine Helle , with a kind of secondary school and a grammar school upper level.

Women's Employment Association
House of the women's acquisition and training association from 1951

1867 originated in Bremen association for the extension of the female work area in the following years, female employment club was called and then since 1895 as women's employment and training club changed its name (FEAV). The founders were Marie Mindermann , Ottilie Hoffmann and Henny Sattler , among others . From 1893 to 1898 the association had its headquarters in the old town of Bremen, at Geeren No. 47. 1898 was the opening of the first own club house of the FEAV in Bremen-Mitte in the Pelzerstraße No. 8/11. In 1918 Agnes Heineken became director of the FEAV schools. In 1933 the women's trade association was dissolved. Activities resumed in 1945 immediately after the war. In 1946 the association joined the newly established Bremen Women's Committee . The club has been in its new building at Carl-Ronning-Straße 2 / Pelzerstraße since 1952. The association dissolves at the end of 2018 and the assets are transferred to the University of Bremen Foundation .

Education

It was not until the end of the 19th century that women were gradually allowed to enroll at German universities . For centuries, universities had been an almost exclusively male domain.

Anna Stemmermann received her doctorate in Leipzig in 1907. med. and in 1920 she was the first licensed doctor in Bremen.

Politics and women's suffrage

The Association for Women 's Suffrage has been fighting for women's suffrage in Bremen and Germany since around 1900 . Rita Bardenheuer was active in the club . She spoke out against the eight-class suffrage from 1854 to 1918 in Bremen. In 1910 the Bremen Association for Women's Suffrage was founded and supported by the Social Democrats but also by some liberal politicians. In the parties, however, women did not play major roles.

In 1890 the Social Democrats tried for the first time to enforce women's suffrage in the Bremen citizenship . The liberal and conservative majority rejected the proposal "with laughter and unrest" without debate. Another application by the Bremen SPD in May 1914 in the citizenship to introduce women's suffrage was again rejected by a large majority by all other parties.

Anna Stiegler took part in the Third Social Democratic Women's Conference in Bremen in 1904 . In 1909, Rita Bardenheuer co-founded the Association for Maternity Protection and Sexual Reform in Bremen, which had existed since 1904 .

work life

Around 1888 male day workers earned around 3.50 marks a day, while women earned 2 marks a day. Almost 2,000 women who were working at the jute spinning and weaving mill in Bremen at this time received 8 to 9 marks per week, i.e. only 1.50 marks per day. In 1897 75% of the wage earners worked 10 hours a day. Compared to the previous conditions in the skilled trades, with up to 14 hours of work per day, this was a step forward. In 1899, 75% of working women stated that they had to earn extra because their husbands' low wages would otherwise not be enough. The children of working women are often left to their own devices. In 1907, around 27,000 workers were employed in the emerging Bremen industry, around 10% of them women.

Weimar Republic

In the revolution of 1918/1919 in Bremen, women's suffrage was supported by all left parties and some liberals, while the conservatives still rejected this right to vote. In the workers' and soldiers in Bremen and in the bodies of Bremer Soviet Republic no women were represented. The demand for equal rights for women has not yet been implemented in practice.

In the election for the German National Assembly on January 19, 1919, for the first time in Germany all “women who had reached the age of 20 on election day” were entitled to vote. 82.3% took their chance. Although the SPD had fought for women’s right to vote for a long time, women later voted for right-wing conservative parties.

The constitution of the German Reich of August 11, 1919 - also known as the Weimar Constitution for short - stipulated in Article 109

“All Germans are equal before the law. Men and women basically have the same civil rights and duties. "

This legal equality was still a citizen's right and not a human right , as was the case under the later Basic Law of 1949, a distinction was still made: men and women only have the same rights "in principle". In the Weimar Republic, the Reichstag was elected by men and women over the age of 20 in a general, direct, equal and secret ballot. The right to vote for women had prevailed. The right to gainful employment was subject to restrictions, the right to equal education was formally valid, but still had to be enforced. The number of women studying increased, even after 1936 (!).

On March 9, 1919, 18 women (=  9% ) were elected to the constituent assembly of the Bremen National Assembly of 1919/1920 . elected. In the Bremen Constitution of 1920, women's suffrage was also permanently anchored in Bremen.

From 1919 to 1945 there were no female senators. Only a few members of the Bremen citizenship were women from 1920 to 1933 such as Minna Bahnson ( DDP ), Rita Bardenheuer (SPD), Gesine Becker (KPD), Hermine Berthold (SPD), Cecilie Brickenstein ( DNVP ), Hanna Harder (SPD), Elisabeth Jensen (SPD), Clara Jung Mittag (SPD), Elise Kesselbeck (SPD, KPD), Elisabeth Lürssen ( DVP ), Helene Magarin (Bremerhaven) (SPD), Charlotte Niehaus (SPD), Mathilde Plate (DNVP), Käthe Popall (KPD ), Verena Rodewald (DVP) Guste Schepp ( German State Party ), Elise Schulenberg (DDP) and Anna Stiegler (SPD). In the six citizenship periods from 1920 to 1930/1933 there were 10 to 12 of the 120 MPs (=  8.3-10% ). Women. In the short period of the Weimar Republic and afterwards, the citizenship women moved various women's problems:

  • Minna Bahnson (DDP) was actively represented in many women's associations.
  • Rita Bardenheuer (SPD) was a member of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom in Bremen.
  • Gesine Becker (KPD) was committed to the situation of the workforce and women.
  • Hermine Berthold (SPD) was active in the women's group of the SPD and in the union-related consumer cooperative Vorwärts Bremen.
  • Elise Kesselbeck (SPD, KPD) worked on women's issues.
  • Elisabeth Lürssen was in the Federation of German Women's Associations and was active in the German Association of Women Academics . In the series of sources on the women's movement , she published a booklet on The Women of Absolutism .
  • Charlotte Niehaus (SPD) represented the welfare system and women's issues as an active member of the workers' welfare organization.
  • Mathilde Plate (DNVP) stood up for the strengthening of women's rights and was a member of the German Women's Association for alcohol-free culture .
  • In 1930 Käthe Popall (KPD) represented women at the Bremen jute spinning mill as works councilor.
  • Verena Rodewald (DVP) fought for better educational opportunities for girls, advocated the admission of female delegates to the school inspectorate and advocated the preservation of women's bathing establishments on the Weser .
  • Anna Stiegler (SPD) was active in many women's issues. As a resistance fighter against the Nazi dictatorship, she tried to alleviate the fate of her fellow prisoners in the Ravensbrück concentration camp , whom she called the "Angel of Ravensbrück".

In the short period of the Weimar Republic, only a few women found a position in the higher or higher service in the public service . There was still a lack of women with higher and academic degrees and only a few found their way to universities or academies. In the time of National Socialism , women's rights were pushed back in practice.

After 1945

Constitutional law after 1947/1949

In 1947 the state constitution of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen was passed by the Bremen citizenship , in which Article 2 says:

“All people are equal before the law and have the right to equal economic and cultural development opportunities. Nobody may be favored or disadvantaged because of their gender, their origin, their social position, their religious or political views. "

Article 3 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of 1949 added:

"Men and women have equal rights".

However, there was still a long way to go between constitutional norms and social reality.

Women's Committee

Agnes Heineken memorial at the vocational training center in Bremen

In 1946, Irmgard Enderle , Anna Klara Fischer , Agnes Heineken , Käthe Popall and Anna Stiegler founded the Bremen Women's Committee , a socially recognized, non-partisan and non-denominational umbrella organization of women's organizations from all areas of society in Bremen. The five founding women formed the executive board and published the following appeal:

“We have set up a women's committee. This committee is supposed to help, advise, stir up and mobilize women in Bremen. We call out to the women of Bremen: Do not stand aside, miserable and indifferent! Come and help! It's about your happiness in life, it's about your children! "

Charlotte Niehaus and Elisabeth Lürssen soon joined the women's committee. Bremen organizations such as the SPD , the KPD , the Bremen Democratic People's Party , the trade union associations in Bremen, the Bremen workers' aid organization , Caritas , the Jewish community in the state of Bremen , the organization of the welfare association and the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom in Bremen were on the women's committee represented. Today the association has over 40 organizations.

Irmgard Enderle (SPD) (1946–1947), Charlotte Niehaus SPD (1947–1948), Agnes Heineken (FDP) (1949–1950), Anna Klara Fischer (1951–1959), Gisela Müller-Wolff served as chairmen for the first few decades (SPD) (around 1960) and Hannelore Spies (CDU) (1960s / 70s).

Legal and social development

In 1955 the Federal Labor Court declared women's wages z. B. as low wage groups for unconstitutional.

classes

The co-education , the joint Taught by girls and boys in secondary schools was in Wesermünde already in the 1930s practiced (z. B. Humboldt school) and generally only introduced in the 1950s. In 1950 the lyceum - the former girls' school Anna Waetge on Mainstrasse - was integrated into the secondary school on Leibnizplatz . Coeducation existed from 1950 at the Hamburger Straße and Lessing School (Bremerhaven) , from 1955 at the Storm School and the Pestalozzi School in Bremerhaven, from 1956 at the Gerhard Rohlfs Oberschule , from 1963 at the Lyceum at the Kleine Helle and first 1971 at the Kippenberg-Gymnasium .

Housewife marriage

In 1958, the so-called housewife marriage , established by law, was abolished, according to which the man had the right to decide in all marital matters, including when the woman began to work, in all dispositions of the entire property and in the event of remarriage to the rights of the children.

In 1969, mothers were given full custody of illegitimate children and better maintenance entitlement from the father.

§ 218

In 1971 a large rally of the Bremen women's movement took place on the Bremen market square, which advocated the deletion of paragraph 218 in the penal code without replacement in the event of an abortion . In 1974, Paragraph 218 was changed so that an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy remains unpunished. In 1976, when an abortion trial was opened, there were protests and blockades of the courthouse, combined with clashes with the police and conservative counter-demonstrations. The protests were also carried out in Vegesack. In 1980 an arson attack was carried out against a medical practice for abortion in Bremen.

Family law

In 1976 the reform of marriage and family law took place : housekeeping and gainful employment became equal; Equal rights apply to financial matters in marriage beyond the power of the keys ( § 1357 ). Previously, women were formally only allowed to work insofar as this was compatible with their duties in the family; but the reality had already changed before. In the case of divorces , the breakdown principle now applies instead of the guilt principle. Since 1976 it has been possible to choose the woman's name as a family name .

1970s

The women's movement shifted its activities to general issues for the enforcement of fundamental rights for women. In 1979 the first information exchange for women took place in the lower town hall and the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen published the brochure Information exchange for women . Further information exchanges followed annually. In 1979 around 500 demonstrated their cause in the city center with the Hexenzug . In 1981 the Walpurgis Night demonstration followed ; this led to clashes with the police.

Central office, women's representative
Ursel Kerstein (1994)

In 1980 the Bremen Central Office for the Realization of Equal Rights for Women (FZS) was established by law as an authority of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen . Their task is to work towards and to ensure that the constitutional requirement of equal rights for women is fulfilled. The FZS is managed by the state commissioner for women . The first women's representative in Bremen was from 1982 to 1994 the member of parliament Ursel Kerstein (SPD); she was followed by Ulrike Hauffe (SPD).

In 1989 the first women's week took place in Bremerhaven .

Further improvement of the legal status

Since 1990, the Bremen State Equal Opportunities Act has improved the equality of women in the public service . Since 1991 women are no longer allowed to be excluded from the volunteer fire services. In 1991, one woman became the first general doctor in the armed forces .

In 1995 the Employment Protection Act regulated the protection against sexual harassment in the workplace. The Bundestag passes a new abortion law. A termination of pregnancy after counseling remains unpunished within the first 12 weeks.

Marital rape has been a criminal offense since 1997 . In 2000 the European Court of Justice ruled that women could become soldiers.

Women in leading positions

In 1993 Maria Jepsen in Hamburg was elected the world's first female bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 2005, Annemarie Mevissen and Barbara Grobien, two women, became honorary citizens of Bremen for the first time .

Further development

The counseling center for victims of trafficking in women and forced prostitution (BBMeZ) was founded in Bremen by the Inner Mission Bremen with the support of the Bremen Evangelical Church and the FZS.

In 2012, Finance Senator Karoline Linnert (Greens) published the report on the implementation of the State Equality Act with the introduction: “Women are continuously catching up. The positive trend of the last few years continues ”. According to this, in 2010 the proportion of women in the public sector was around 55 percent and among trainees 58.8 percent. “The proportion of women is also increasing at management level: 46.8 percent of employees at the highest management level are female”. "Far more women than men use part-time work". "8,939 employees work in the 19 companies in Bremen, the proportion of women is 68.7" percent. "

Women in Politics after 1945

In 1945 Käthe Popall (KPD) was appointed the first female senator in Bremen. In the first, appointed citizenship in 1946, only three out of 60 members were women (5%). In the first seven electoral terms from 1946 to 1971, the proportion of women fluctuated from 10 to 14 percent. In the eighth to eleventh electoral term from 1971 to 1987, 15 to 18 women were represented among 100 elected representatives, many of them from the SPD. Only with the 12th electoral term since 1987 did the proportion of women increase significantly to 28 women = 28 percent, of which 18 were SPD, 4 Greens, 4 CDU and 2 FDP.

In 1946, Anna Stiegler (SPD) became the first woman to be elected vice-president of the citizenship. In 1952 Annemarie Mevissen (SPD) was the first woman to be mayor of Bremen .

In the German Bundestag only men were present for Bremen 1949-1987. From 1987 to 1990 and since 1994, Marieluise Beck of the Greens became the first woman for Bremen in the Bundestag via the state list . From 1990 to 2002 Ilse Janz (SPD) belonged to constituency 52, Bremerhaven / Bremen-Nord, in the Bundestag. With Marie-Luise Beck (Greens) and Agnes Alpers (Linke), two women are currently represented for Bremen in six seats in the Bundestag.

In 1961, Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (CDU) was the first woman to join the federal government . In 1987 Marieluise Beck (Greens) was the first woman to become a member of the Bundestag from Bremen. In 1998, Ilse Janz (SPD) was the first woman to become the state chairman of a party in Bremen. In 1994 Karin Jöns (SPD) became the first woman in Bremen to join the European Parliament .

Bremen Senate

In 1984 Eva-Maria Lemke (SPD) became a woman senator again after Popall (KPD) and Mevissen (SPD).

Since the 1990s, women's issues have been represented by a Senator in the Senate : Sabine Uhl (SPD) (1990–1995), Christine Wischer (SPD) (1995–1999), Hilde Adolf (SPD) (1999–2002), Karin Röpke ( SPD) (2002–2006) Ingelore Rosenkötter (SPD) (2006–2011) and Anja Stahmann (Greens) (since 2011).

In 2007 Karoline Linnert (Greens) became mayor and senator for finances. After Mevissen, she is the second woman to act as deputy president of the Senate. In the Senate from 2011 under the leadership of Jens Böhrnsen (SPD), four of the eight members are women (= 50 percent).

Since 2015, five women have been represented in the Sieling Senate by nine Senate members: the SPD Claudia Bogedan , Eva Quante-Brandt and Ulrike Hiller and the Greens Karoline Linnert and Anja Stahmann .

Parties

SPD: In 1975, the Bremen working group of social democratic women in the SPD (ASF) organized the female conductors' meal in the House of the Citizens . The protest was directed against the famous Schaffermahlzeit of the Bremen business leaders and captains of the Haus Seefahrt Foundation , which so far almost completely excluded women. In 1977, a narrow majority of the SPD women's conference refused to offer a quota for internal party positions and saw this only as a “safe haven” for women! - In 1985, at a state party conference , the SPD Bremen decided to increase the proportion of women in the Bremen citizenship and in the Bremen advisory boards (district parliaments in Bremen) to be increased gradually to 50 percent. In 1988 Ilse Janz became the first woman to become the SPD state chairman.

CDU: The Bremen CDU also decided in 1985 to apply a quota for the occupation of party offices corresponding to the proportion of women in its membership (at that time 33.1%). However, state chairman Bernd Neumann was unable to ensure that in future a woman would always have to be elected as deputy chairwoman. From 2011 to 2012, Rita Mohr-Lüllmann was the CDU state chairwoman for the first time .

Greens: Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Bremen traditionally had an increased proportion of women in politics. Nevertheless, there was a big argument in 1987 when the only female candidate for the state executive, Christine Bernbacher, failed the election to the state executive. In 1991, Karoline Linnert became the first woman to become the leader of the Greens.

Citizenship

Committees and projects for women's work

  • The Bremen Women's Committee - Landesfrauenrat Bremen (bfa) - has existed since 1946. The umbrella organization of around 40 women's associations in the state of Bremen works in a non-partisan and religiously independent way for the implementation of equality.
  • The Bremen Women's Museum Association has existed since 1991 . The founders of the association were Carola Bintakies, Ruth Hampe, Elisabeth Hannover-Drück , Hannelore Heinze, Gisela Hildebrand, Christine Holzner-Rabe, Inge Jacob, Frauke Krahé, Ingrid Löwer, Renate Meyer-Braun, Romina Schmitter, Ellen Terwey and Brigitta Wolff. The background to the foundation of the association was the realization that existing museums in Bremen present everyday life and the contributions of women in a shortened form. The aim was therefore to review the achievements and work of women in the past and present and to bring them to the attention of the public. The association documents the achievements of important women on the Internet through portraits of women, organizes exhibitions, organizes series of lectures on women's issues, issues publications and advocates naming Bremen streets and schools with women's names.
  • The Bremen Central Office for the Realization of Equal Rights for Women (FZS) has been an authority in Bremen since 1980. It is your mission to work towards ensuring that the constitutional requirement of equal rights for women is fulfilled. The authority is managed by the State Commissioner for Women . The first women's representative was Ursel Kerstein (SPD) from 1982 to 1994 , followed by Ulrike Hauffe .
  • Belladonna Bremen, Sonnenstrasse 8, founded in 1986, is an association for culture, education and business for women that promotes political, social and cultural education. Her women's press archive with 370,000 articles is the largest archive of its kind in Northern Europe. The documentation center also includes a library with over 7,000 volumes.
  • The project thealit Frauen.Kultur.Labor. in Bremen was created in 1990/91 from the former Frauenkulturhaus Bremen from 1982 with the aim of introducing feminist positions into the discussion.

Goals reached late

Shepherd meal

The Schaffermahlzeit is in Bremen is "the oldest continuing, annually repeated fraternal meal in the world". However, women were excluded from this feast until 2014. Public criticism only led to the fact that in 2009 the head of the Schaffermahlzeit did not exclude women from the Schaffermahlzeit. But 2010 was only a men's event. In 1996, the captain Barbara Massing was accepted as a member of the Haus Seefahrt Foundation . In 2004 she was the first woman to take part in the Schaffermahlzeit.

The Association of Social Democratic Women therefore (ASF) in Bremen led since 1975 as a protest against the practice of domestic maritime exclusion woman in Schaffermahlzeit Schafferinnenmahl by. In 2015, female guests were invited to the 471st Schaffermahlzeit “as high-ranking, external representatives of companies, countries and institutes”. The first commercial worker will be Janina Marahrens-Hashagen, President of the Chamber of Commerce, who will host the Schaffermahlzeit in 2022.

Bremen ice bet

The Bremen ice bet has been an annual custom since 1829 with a bet and a festival. All presidents, keynote speakers and guests have so far been gentlemen. Meanwhile, the women are enjoying themselves in the neighboring Parkhotel Bremen with the women’s program, to which the men only join after the ice betting party. In June 2013, the state parliament, the Bremen citizenship , passed a demand with a clear majority to allow women in the future.

Early Bremen women's rights activists

In alphabetical order and main activity before 1960

  • Sigrid Åkerhielm (1875–1967), women's rights activist in Bremen, board member and chairwoman of the Bremen section of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom (IFFF)
  • Minna Bahnson (1866–1947), on the board of the Association of North German Women's Associations , secretary in the Bremen Women's Employment and Training Association , member of the German Association for Women's Suffrage , the Association for Mothers and Baby Homes , the Bremen Housewives Association and the Women's City Association
  • Dora Behrmann (1877–1942), teacher, member of the women's suffrage movement and the general teachers' association
  • Emilie Bendel (1839–1915), educator, school founder and director of the women's school
  • Marie Böttner (1858–1937), pedagogue, chairwoman of the Bremen Teachers Association (VBL) founded in 1889, participates in international women's congresses in Berlin, Amsterdam and London
  • Marie Eggers-Smidt (1844–1923), women's rights activist, for social actions in the prostitution sector, among others
  • Ella Ehlers (1904–1985), politician (KPD, SPD)
  • Irmgard Enderle (1895–1985), socialist politician, trade unionist, journalist and member of the Bremen Citizenship (SPD)
  • Anna Klara Fischer (1887–1967), educator and social politician
  • Betty Gleim (1781–1827), educator, school founder and writer
  • Agnes Heineken (1872–1954), educator and politician (DDP)
  • Theda Heineken (1907–1993), educator, trade unionist (GEW) and politician (DDP, FDP)
  • Grete Hermann (1901–1984), mathematician, physicist, philosopher and educator; since 1930 she fought against National Socialism. She emigrated to England in 1937, returned to Bremen in 1946, built up the college of education and has been involved in the educational policy of the SPD since 1947.
  • Hedwig Heyl (1850–1934) was a Berlin women's rights activist and social politician who was born and raised in Bremen.
  • Ottilie Hoffmann (1835–1925), educator and social politician
  • Beta Isenberg (1846–1933), patron in the social, church and art sectors, chairwoman of the association for a refuge for women and girls.
  • Ida Janson (1847–1923), educator and headmistress
  • Clara Jung Mittag (1881–1961), politician (SPD), member of the Bremen citizenship from 1920 to 1933
  • Helene Kaisen (1889–1973), politician (SPD), wife of Mayor Wilhelm Kaisen
  • Johanne Kippenberg (1842–1925), teacher and headmistress
  • Auguste Kirchhoff (1867–1940), 1905 member of the board of the Bremen Association for Women's Suffrage , member of the German Association for Maternity Protection, founder of the Bremen Housewives Association
  • Luise Koch (1860–1934), teacher, 1904 in the German Association for Women's Suffrage , chairwoman of the Bremen Association for Women's Suffrage
  • Hanna Kunath (1909–1994), first female pilot in Bremen and aviation pioneer
  • Mathilde Lammers (1837–1905), educator
  • Wilma Landwehr (1913–1981), factory worker, politician (KPD, SPD), member of the Bremen citizenship (SPD)
  • Elly Ley (1888–1982), educator, politician (DVP, FDP), member of the Bremen citizenship
  • Lucy Lindhorn (1850–1919), from 1893 to 1917 first female chairwoman of the women's trade association
  • Elisabeth Lürssen (1880–1972), doctorate in education, member of the Bremen citizenship (DVP, BDP), founder of the Bremen Women's Committee and co-founder of the German Women's Ring
  • Marie Mindermann (1808–1882), writer
  • Gisela Müller-Wolff (1922–2000), economist and politician (SPD), member of the Bremen citizenship
  • Helene Neesen (1868–1956), headed the Frauenstadtbund from 1914 to 1916, founded the housewives' association, was on the board of the women's suffrage association and built the Horn country house around 1928/29 .
  • Charlotte Niehaus (1882–1975), social worker, politician (SPD) and member of the Bremen citizenship
  • Tami Oelfken (1888–1957), writer and reform pedagogue
  • Käthe Popall (1907–1984), politician (KPD) and first female senator
  • Verena Rodewald (1866–1937), politician, 1910 chairwoman of the Bremen Women’s City Association , member of the Bremen Citizenship (DVP)
  • Henny Sattler (1829–1913), associated with Ottilie Hoffmann and Marie Mindermann with the women's movement, in 1867 founded the women's trade association
  • Meta Sattler (1867–1958), social worker, gave courses for girls and women groups for social aid work, head of the women's work subdivision , women's rights advice center and home care at the welfare senator, 1919/20 member of the Bremen National Assembly (DDP)
  • Guste Schepp (1886–1967), educator, member of the Bremen citizenship ( German State Party ), chairwoman of the Association of North German Women's Associations
  • Adele Schmitz (1868–1951), chairwoman of the Bremen group of the German Association for Maternity Protection and Sexual Reform , member of the Bremen local group of the German Women's Suffrage Association , participant in the International Women's Peace Congress in The Hague
  • Anna Schomburg (1875–1955), teacher and school founder
  • Hannelore Spies (1918–1986), educator, member of the Bremen citizenship (CDU), chairwoman of the women's committee
  • Anna Stiegler (1881–1963), politician (SPD) and member of the Bremen citizenship
  • Marie von Seggern (1884–1973), volunteer welfare worker, communal (Bremerhaven) and state politician (SPD), Member of the Bundestag
  • Käthe Stricker (1878–1979), teacher, 1904 in the German Women's Suffrage Association
  • Anna Vietor (1860–1929), teacher and headmistress,

See also

literature

  • Bremer Frauenstadtbuch 2005. (PDF; 959 kB) Ed .: Senator for Labor, Women, Health, Youth and Social Affairs and Bremen Central Office for the Realization of Equal Rights for Women, Bremen 2005.
  • Herbert Black Forest : The Great Bremen Lexicon . 2 volumes. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X .
  • Herbert Black Forest: History of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen . Volume II and III, Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-283-7 .
  • Renate Meyer-Braun: Women in Parliament! Portraits of female MPs in the Bremen citizenship . Hauschild, Bremen 1991, ISBN 3-926598-44-1 .
  • Beate Hoecker, Renate Meyer-Braun: Bremen women cope with the post-war period . Bremen 1988.
  • Hannelore Cyrus: Born free - 1000 years of women's history in Bremen . Verlag in der Sonnenstrasse, Bremen 1997, ISBN 3-926768-03-7 .
  • Werner Kloos : Bremen Lexicon . Hauschild, Bremen 1980, ISBN 3-920699-31-9 .
  • Dagmar Stuckmann: "Give women space" - 100 years of International Women's Day in Bremen . Thun-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-9809513-7-1 .
  • Wiltrud Drechsel (Ed.): Higher daughters, for the socialization of middle-class girls in the 19th century . (= Contributions to the social history of Bremen. Issue 21). Edition Temmen , Bremen 2001, ISBN 3-86108-640-9 .
  • Elisabeth Meyer-Rentschausen: Female culture and social work. A history of the women's movement using Bremen as an example, 1810–1927 . Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-412-09288-6 .
  • Beate Hoecker, Renate Meyer-Braun: BREMERINNEN cope with the post-war period . Steintor Verlagsgesellschaft, Bremen 1988, ISBN 3-926028-29-7 .
  • Bremen Women's Museum: 75 years of women's suffrage for Bremen citizenship . Brochure for the exhibition, Bremen 1994

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nina Willborn: An end with a new beginning . In: Weser-Kurier from May 22, 2018.
  2. ↑ Lisa-Maria Röhling: The hour for women struck in 1919 - The way was paved - The long way to codetermination . In: WK Geschichte Bremen 1918–1939 . Bremen 2019.
  3. ↑ Karl Marten Barfuß, Hartmut Müller, Daniel Tilgner (eds.): History of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 1945 to 2005. Volume 2: 1970–1989. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8378-1020-2 , p. 104.
  4. ^ Finance department: Report on the implementation of the State Equal Opportunities Act in 2010. senatspressestelle.bremen.de . Bremen 2012.
  5. ↑ Schaffermahl remains a purely men's event. In: Weser Courier . January 7, 2010.
  6. ↑ Bremen Women's Committee
  7. ↑ Bremen Women's Museum
  8. ^ ZGF Bremen
  9. ↑ Esther Nöggerath: Largest women's press archive in Northern Europe. In: Weser courier. December 22, 2015, p. 22. (see also belladonna-bremen.de)
  10. ^ Official homepage of Thealit
  11. ↑ Frauke Fischer: Women made it. In: Weser courier . July 11, 2014, p. 7.
  12. ↑ MK Kreiszeitung from February 12, 2002: Sensation in Bremen: Janina Marahrens-Hashagen becomes first creator .
  13. ↑ Citizenship for women at the Schafferahl. ( Memento from June 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Radio Bremen, June 20, 2013.