Bremen school system
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The general school system in Bremen developed since the Middle Ages from church schools and Latin schools to a three -tier school system at the end of the 19th century and finally to a two-tier school system with elementary school , as well as high school and grammar school since 2010.
history
Before 1800
middle Ages
In the Middle Ages , the monastery schools were responsible for education . In Bremen there was probably only one cathedral school for the training of future priests. In addition, the pastors gave lessons in the parishes . The Dominicans gave Latin lectures in the 15th century in the St. Catherine's Monastery .
General schools
As a result of the Reformation , the monasteries in Bremen were dissolved. The Protestant church order provided for community schools in the parishes in 1534, which were subordinate to the pastors. In Bremen there were the four parishes (parishes) Liebfrauen , Stephani , Ansgarii and Martini . The lessons were given by discipliners and teachers and were limited to reading, writing, occasionally arithmetic and singing, and religion. The upper classes sometimes kept house tutors .
The Remberti School was founded in 1596 in the parish of St. Remberti and existed until 1970. Its last building was built in 1852 at Fedellisten .
Latin schools
Reformed Latin School
In 1528 the reformed Free Latin School was founded - called Frey Schole , Schola Bremensis or also the school of scholars . It was in the former St. Catherine's monastery . Ancient languages such as Latin , Greek and Hebrew were in the foreground.
In 1562 this school opened for the offspring of the "common citizens".
In 1584 the school was divided into a publica classis and an upper school class. An academic superstructure was created as a hybrid of high school and university.
Educational museum and grammar school illustrious
In 1610 it was reclassified to a pedagogue - a six-class elementary school - and the illustrious grammar school as an academic branch.
Lutheran Latin School
In 1642, the Lutheran Latin Cathedral School at Bremen Cathedral was founded by the Archbishop and the Cathedral Chapter as a competition school to the Reformed Pedagogue . The school was located in the Kapitelhaus on Domsheide . The rector and sub- rector also had to work in the cathedral service. The first rector was the Hamburg Magister Hülsemann. The cantor gave music lessons . In 1648 the Duchy of Bremen and the school became Swedish, so it remained Lutheran and was subject to the church consistory . Six teachers - now exempt from church service - taught around 80 students. In 1681 the school was incorporated as the Athenaeum as a department for students, also as a competitor to the reformed pedagogical museum. The Athenaeum was the academic, advanced level of the Latin School. The students received lectures from the Rector, Vice Rector and Sub-Rector. The library was important and the number of students small. In 1718 the Duchy of Bremen and the school became Hanoverian . 89 students attended the school at this time. The Athenaeum was the academic, advanced level of the Latin School.
After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the institution went to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. The Athenaeum became a lyceum and 170 students attended the facility. In 1817 the Athenaeum was incorporated into the secondary school .
19th century
The educational system in Bremen was only very slightly developed around 1800. The first citizen school in Bremen only existed for a short time. The higher education system was reformed in 1817. Private schools shaped the general (“lower”) school system and the first changes in the parish, pre-school, elementary and rural schools as well as in the clip schools .
Education for girls was to remain a matter of private schools until 1916.
The developments in detail:
School Inspectorate - Scholarch
Until the 19th century, the school system consisted of church and private schools and was largely under the supervision of the churches. Only over the higher school system, the grammar school and later also the secondary school, was there a state school supervision by the scholarchate with two scholarchen (head of the school), of which a mayor and a councilor or senator. At the beginning of the 19th century, the scholarchate expanded, consisting of a mayor and eight senators. Since 1852, in addition to the scholarchate, there was a debt deputation with a responsible senator, ten members of the citizenry and three teachers. There was also a school council made up of representatives from the municipal parishes. Since 1885, the Scholarchat became the Senate Commission for the School System , which participated in the school deputation.
It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the state's influence increased with the introduction of compulsory schooling (1844), the first citizens' school (1855) and the first elementary school (1862). For the "lower" schools, the school inspectorate was a state inspection consisting of a mayor and eight senators; a senator was responsible for the school caretaker for each school district.
Parish and elementary schools
In 1824 there were eight parish schools in Bremen in the urban area. There were also numerous private elementary schools - a form of elementary schools - which, according to an ordinance of 1822/23, were classified as “lower schools”. In 1843 there were 39 such schools in Bremen, 17 of them in the old town, 9 in the new town and 13 in the suburbs. One thaler had to be paid monthly for each student. In 1823 school maintenance was divided into five districts: western and eastern old town, new town, Rembertivorstadt and Michaelisvorstadt.
Special schools or auxiliary schools have been set up for the disabled, the deaf and the hard of hearing since 1827.
Citizen School
In 1798 the pastors Johann Ludwig Ewald and Johann Caspar Häfeli wrote the work Presentation to Bremen's patriotic and noble-minded citizens regarding the establishment of a community school . As a result, a new private school for boys developed at the beginning of the 19th century as an intermediate level between the parish schools and the scholarly schools. Knowledge for practical (real) life was imparted for commercial and industrial professions. The subjects of grammar and orthography , religion, history, geography, natural history, philosophy, geometry, drawing and singing were taught in two classes in a rented bar . The school only existed for three years.
The reform pedagogue Jakob Blendermann worked in the community school in his first years.
secondary schools
In 1802 the business school was formed as an educational basis for the trades professions.
After the French era in Bremen , the higher education system for boys had to be redesigned. The upper level of the grammar school is said to have expired at the end of the 18th century. Senator Johann Smidt had been the driving force here since 1816 and a deputation developed the structural changes. In 1817 the Paedagogeum and Lyceum were combined and reorganized as a general scholarly, action and pre-school
In 1817 the new, three-part secondary school was built consisting of the
- Preschool for boys from 8 to 14 years of age was located in Eschenhof (a building belonging to the Domdechanei on Domsheide ). It was spun off from the association in 1886 and became a secondary school ,
- Business school as a follow-up school with lessons in languages, literature and realities , which was located in the Eschenhof ; This later became the secondary school ,
- Scholars' school , which created the prerequisites for university studies and was called grammar school in 1857 and then old grammar school and was located in the Kapitelhaus at Bremen Cathedral until 1857 , then also in Eschenhof .
For the transition to grammar school, commercial school or secondary school, there were private, preparatory schools around 1813 (Blendermann private school) and around 1840.
In 1872/73, the secondary school was given a late Classicist new building on Dechanatstrasse according to plans by Alexander Schröder .
In 1886, the pre-school was spun off from the secondary school network and partially incorporated into the other two schools (commercial school and grammar school). The preparation for the upper level was left to the private schools.
The commercial school was transformed into an upper secondary school in 1893 .
Free schools, elementary schools
In 1844 compulsory schooling was introduced in Bremen.
Free Schools: From 1848-1850 taught Bremen eight school fees free free schools , which precursor of the elementary schools. Boys and girls were taught in separate schools. Many more free schools emerged. According to a contract of 1855, five parishes each had a school and in 1866 all eight parishes in the city area.
Primary school : In 1848 there were 25 private country schools for which the state granted grants. The Bremen rural communities had parish schools with secondary schools. After the respective incorporation of the Bremen rural communities, it became urban elementary schools . The first state primary school was established in 1862 on Neustadtswall; others were added. The Winkelschulen , known as Klippschulen in Northern Germany , as privately organized schools that were not officially recognized, disappeared.
The elementary school system was expanded in the course of the city expansion up to the First World War. Some existing schools were expanded and between 1892 and 1914 25 new schools were built, including two auxiliary schools for children with learning disabilities.
Other private and church schools were nationalized, including the Ansgarischule (1895), the Liebfrauenschule (1901) and the St. Paulischule (1909).
Lehe, Geestemünde, Wulsdorf
The later districts of Lehe , Geestemünde and Wulsdorf belonged to the Prussian province of Hanover until 1945 . In the 19th century, the children were still taught in the sexton schools. The oldest surviving school buildings in these communities are the Alt Leher School of 1801/1861/1866 and Altwulsdorfer school from 1866. The School Inspection Act of 1872 by the Prussian Ministry of Culture was the Kulturkampf the church school inspection in the Kingdom of Prussia canceled and all schools subject to state supervision. With the School Maintenance Act in Prussia of 1908, the political communities took over these types of schools from the church.
Citizen or secondary school
In 1854/55 a new, state high school , similar to the one from 1798, with the headmaster Heinrich Graefe was built . The school had 270 boys in seven classes who were housed in the Katharinenkloster . In 1868 it became a Realschule ( Realschule 2nd order ), corresponding to the Prussian school system , called Realschule in the old town . Graefe remained the director, followed in 1868 by the botanist Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau .
In 1898/99 Christoffer Wessel Debbe's private secondary school was incorporated into the state secondary school in the old town. From 1937, the secondary schools in Bremen were generally referred to as secondary schools.
Vocational educational institutions
The history of institutionalized commercial training in Bremen begins with the private drawing school for craftsmen , which was set up by Johann Ludwig Geitz, who was assigned a suitable room in the rooms of the former lyceum , a municipal cathedral building in the area of today's bell . In 1825 the Sunday drawing school for aspiring artists and craftsmen emerged from this institution . The architect Molthan was employed as a teacher, Wilhelm Friedrich Bremer was appointed director and Geitz also remained in office until 1857. In two classes, 50-70 apprentices were taught free of charge until the late 1850s.
On March 15, 1855, at the instigation of the Chamber of Commerce, a low-level trade school with two classes was built in the former St. Catherine's Monastery, but it failed due to a lack of participation and resistance from the Senate and citizens. In 1863 the drawing school (sic!) Continued its activities in the commercial building. A boys' school was established as a preschool for them in 1861 , both of which were directed by the painter Wilhelm Steinhäuser . The strong popularity led to rapid expansion. As early as 1871 there was a first specialist class for lithographers, painters, sculptors and chasers. The technical institute for tradespeople was established in 1873, and its director August Töpfer later developed the trade museum (1884) from its model collection of handicrafts , which then merged with the Focke Museum in 1924 .
In addition, in addition to the Steinhäusers commercial drawing school, a commercial advanced training school for apprentices and journeymen of the craftsmen was set up in the commercial building in 1886 under the direction of Friedrich Entholt in Grossenstrasse. In 1903 she got a new building on the Weserbahn .
Since the end of the 1870s, the Chamber of Commerce had urged the Senate to attend the advanced training school. But this form of compulsory schooling was not implemented until the 20th century. Well stimulated by an expert school report in which Franz Koop, director of the three above-mentioned commercial schools since 1904, called for a subject-specific compulsory school, a law was passed on December 30, 1908 according to which all male commercial workers for three years up to At the age of 18, there was an obligation to attend the vocational training school . The trade school on the Weserbahn therefore had to be expanded considerably in 1910. Some guilds (hairdressers, confectioners) continued their technical schools for a short time. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, the system of vocational and industrial training was diversified and increasingly also took commercial branches into account.
Higher girls or daughter schools
Bremen
In 1858 Graefe founded a preparatory school and a secondary school for girls (higher stands for higher school), which his Kassel friend Johann August Martin Janson then ran from 1860. By 1922, various private high school for girls or girls were founded, which were also known as lyceums and whose teaching went beyond elementary schools and elementary schools. In 1878, after the death of her father, Ida Janson took over the management of her father's daughters' community school , which had received a new building in Wilhadistraße since 1865. Attached to this school was a seminar for teachers with Mathilde Lammers as head.
The Kippenberg-Gymnasium was founded in 1859 by August Kippenberg (1830-1889), first as a private teacher training college , expanded in 1868 to become a teaching institution for adult daughters and a teacher training college , in 1872 then a secondary school for girls and soon the largest private secondary school for girls in Germany. In 1922 the school became public. In 1971, the form of the all-girls school ended with co-education . The school is now a high school.
Bremerhaven
In 1855, teachers created the private school with higher elementary instruction in Backhaus and in 1858 the higher private school in Peix. The pastorate candidate Dreyer founded a school in 1865, which was perhaps the forerunner of the Progymnasium from 1878.
Geestemünder Lyzeum: In 1858 Mrs. Backhaus established the higher private school for girls in a residential building on the corner of Köperstrasse and Marktstrasse (later Verdener Strasse), which is the predecessor of the municipal lyceum in Geestemünde. From 1863 Mr. Ordemann directed this school and in 1880, after his death, his wife became head of the school. In 1898 this Ordemann private daughter school became the municipal high school for girls with now 90 students. Director was now Dr. Stephan and Frau Ordemann remained as teachers. In 1903, the school received a new three- to four-storey building in neo -Gothic style on what was then Bahnhofsstrasse (today Klußmannstrasse 10/11). The three towering gables were remarkable. The town hall of Geestemünd, which was destroyed in the war, has stood in the neighborhood since 1914. The Lyceum now taught 290 students. In 1910 an upper lyceum was attached to the lyceum with ten classes as a teacher’s seminar. In addition, there was temporarily a practice school at Schulstrasse 7. In 1923 the Lyceum became the German High School . In 1926 girls were able to get their Abitur at this school for the first time. In 1942 it was merged with the Bremerhaven Municipal Lyceum and the Oberreal-Studienanstalt . The Gorch-Fock Elementary School is located on the site of the school building that was bombed in 1944.
Teacher seminars
Bremen
At the cathedral school, a first teachers' seminar was established in 1810 to train students to become assistant teachers . In 1821 the city took over the seminar and provided a classroom in the secondary school . The seminarians received a two-year seminar course and were already practically active in the school service. The liberal reform pedagogue Johann Gottlob Wilhelm Steckel led the seminar until his death in 1846. After that, the seminar stagnated. It was not until 1857, under the direction of August Lüben, that the teachers' seminar was further expanded.
In 1857 this facility in the Contrescarpe 147 house under the direction of August Lüben and two other educators experienced a significant boom. In 1860 the seminar moved to Kreftingstrasse 1. In 1897 a new building was built in Hamburger Strasse for the seminar that the authoritarian seminar director Dr. Otto Uhlhorn was in charge. In 1926 the teachers' seminar was given up at this location and a secondary school (with Abitur) was developed at the Gymnasium on Hamburger Straße, first from 1922 , the Oberschule, then a Gymnasium, an Upper School Center and a School Center for Secondary School I and from 2002 / 03 a high school.
Bremerhaven
The Geestemünder Lyceum from 1898 had also been a teacher’s seminar since 1910 as an upper lyceum, at times with a practice school at Schulstraße 7.
Reforms
From 1876 to 1885 the reforms for the higher education system were discussed again. From 1885 the Senate Commission for Schools took over the direction and supervision and was responsible for all appointments of teachers.
In 1889 it was regulated by law that all "middle-class" rural communities in their district had to maintain schools under the supervision of the Senate Commission, represented by the authority for rural schools .
In 1892/93 the professional school supervision was introduced by the school council for the higher schools and by the school inspector for the elementary school system, the conservative Johann August Köppe, who strived for a "strict learning school".
Bremen teachers' association
The Bremen teachers' association was founded in 1884 as an opposition to the inspector and the great conference of the school authorities. The association was in favor of educational freedoms and for modern methods of teaching. In 1884 the association had 29 members, in 1887 there were already 223 and in 1910 even 693 members. Opinions were found in the pedagogy, singing, economics and natural sciences sections. In 1905 the determined reformers gained the upper hand and the SPD had a decisive influence in the club. The authority took action against various members in 1909/10.
20th century to 1945
The three-tier school system established itself and consisted of elementary schools, secondary schools (middle schools) and grammar schools in Bremen until 2010.
Reform forces until 1918
Resistance to the strict learning school grew; a more modern “pedagogy from the child” with a “lively teaching” was required. Young teachers, especially from the Social Democrats , protested against the strictly regulated curriculum of 1898, against school inspector Köppe and against religious instruction. Fritz Gansberg , Heinrich Scharrelmann and Wilhelm Scharrelmann were to become the most important representatives of the reform pedagogues . Gansberg wanted to awaken, develop and maintain creative powers through lecturing and performing classes. His works have been recognized nationwide. In 1905/06 the conflict between Köppe and the Bremen teachers' association intensified . 160 teachers signed a public resolution against Köppe drafted by Wilhelm Holzmeier (SPD). The Senate reprimanded four teachers, but Köppe also resigned and retired. Disciplinary proceedings were initiated against Wilhelm Scharrelmann in 1905 and only stopped in 1908.
In 1907 the teachers 'association called for a large teachers' convention. In 1909 the senate and the citizenship introduced a much smaller convention of school principals and one representative each. In 1907, the SPD unsuccessfully called for a “unified school”. In 1901, 1908 and 1911 the Senate also rejected the “free elementary school” that the left-wing liberals had been calling for since 1889.
The free school , i.e. the exemption from school fees for the poor, remained in place.
The teachers' association then wanted to prevent the association from becoming politicized. In 1909, however, a moderate board was voted out and in 1910 the teachers' association was radicalized. The first unrest led to the dismissal of Holzmeier (SPD). This dismissal, a public birthday telegram from "social democratic teachers" to August Bebel (SPD) and the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against the four teachers intensified the unrest. Scharrelmann left public school. 450 bourgeois teachers spoke out against the radicals , but mass demonstrations for the accused teachers. The four teachers had to leave the schools anyway. Even Emil Sun man (SPD), editors at the school political struggle sheet Roland , was released finally in 1913 "because of agitation". The reformers initially failed.
Coeducation: The co-education as a common education of boys and girls has been demanded by the reformers. In 1907, the Debt Committee rejected these efforts. It was only after 1945 that boys 'and girls' schools could be merged. According to the deputation, “individual girls and women who are striving further” were allowed to attend higher schools for boys (grammar school) up to their Abitur from around 1900.
School building after 1900: New school buildings were built around the turn of the century; Alexander Schröder , Heinrich Flügel , Ferdinand Köhler and Paul Kranz, Wilhelm Knop , Hugo Weber and Hans Ohnesorge were significant architects .
Higher schools
In Prussia, the system of higher schools was differentiated from 1882/1892 into the ancient-language, humanistic grammar school , the natural science secondary school and the upper secondary school without Latin . This trend also caught on in Bremen. In 1893 the commercial school was converted into a kind of upper secondary school.
In 1905 the main school in Bremen was changed to Dechanatstrasse
- the humanistic old grammar school with now nine (instead of ten) grade levels with the languages Latin and Greek
- the upper secondary school (formerly commercial school) with the languages French and English.
The following new secondary schools were added in Bremen:
- The Realgymnasium was built in 1905/06 on Kaiser-Friedrich-Straße, today Hermann-Böse-Straße, and was a reform high school with French as the first and Latin as the second and English as the third foreign language.
- The new grammar school from 1906 on Parkallee (1939 Carl-Peters-Schule , 1945 Oberschule am Barkhof , then grammar school am Barkhof ) was a reform grammar school , which as a boys’s school initially had a somewhat modern language orientation with French, Latin in the lower secondary and Latin in the Sub-second in Greek followed. In 1939 a mathematical / scientific branch was added. In 1990 the school was closed.
The following grammar schools existed and emerged in the state of Bremen:
- The Vegesack Realgymnasium emerged from the old Realschule , which became a first-class Realschule in 1874 , rose to Realgymnasium in 1882, was Realschule again in 1894 and, from 1897, became Realgymnasium based on the Prussian model. In 1938 the Reformrealgymnasium in Vegesack was In: Gerhard Rohlfs school. renamed. Later the school was called Gerhard-Rohlfs-Gymnasium , or Gerhard-Rohlfs-Oberschule , after 1977 Vegesack School Center (with sec. I and II) and since 1993/94 Vegesack Gymnasium .
- In Bremerhaven (today center ) there was the Realschule first order since 1880 , a kind of Realgymnasium, which in 1882 became a humanistic grammar school.
- In neighboring Lehe there was an upper secondary school since 1906, which later became the Lessing School on Hafenstrasse.
- In the neighboring Geestemünde the Realgymnasium existed as a reform high school from 1903/04 with the attached, Latin-free Realschule from 1885, which provided English as the first foreign language since 1887; for the first time at a public school in Germany. The school was located on Schulstrasse in 1889. In 1908 a new building was built on Hohenzollern-Ring (later Friedrich-Ebert-Straße). In the 1920s and 1930s high school areas and in 1941 the school itself were given up. In 1945 a high school with a humanistic branch was established here, which was named Wilhelm Raabe School in 1950 and was a high school until 1977/78. This became a school center for secondary level I.
As further high schools developed:
The school on Leibnizplatz was built in 1909 as a secondary school in Neustadt on Friedrich-Ebert-Straße .
In 1926 it was finally called Oberrealschule, in 1945 designated as Oberschule, in 1950 merged with the Lyceum on Mainstraße, designated as Gymnasium in 1957, in 1988 as a school center for secondary level II in Neustadt , dissolved in 1988/89, reopened in 1991 as a school center on Leibnizplatz , and in 1994 as an integrated district school at Leibnizplatz and converted to secondary school in 2010. These changes at only one school also show the many reforms and undesirable developments in Bremen.
Lyceum
In 1901, the privately founded in 1865 in Vegesack has Higher Töchterschule state as Municipal Higher School for Girls Vegesack , later Municipal Lyceum Vegesack taken.
In 1902, the higher private girls' school in Lehe moved into a new building on the corner of Lutherstrasse and Mühlenstrasse (today Stormstrasse) , from 1904 onwards, and from 1904 onwards, the Kaiserin-Auguste-Viktoria-Schule . From 1924 the lyceum was called Staatliche Theodor Storm School Wesermünde . In 1969 the grammar school was incorporated into the Scholl Geschwister School Center .
In 1914 there were another five recognized, private, state-subsidized, higher girls' schools with 2500 pupils in Bremen, namely the schools of Bredenkamp, Janson, Kippenberg, Kriebisch and Vietor. These schools were comparable to the Prussian high schools. There was also the upper lyceum (comparable to an upper secondary school or secondary school) of August Kippenberg , the higher girls 'school of Marie Roselius, the girls' school of Anna Waetge in Neustadt and the Lyzeum Schomburg founded by Anna Schomburg , which had also taken in some boys. The Kippenberg-Oberrealschule was headed from 1919 to 1949 by Mathilde Plate , the senior director of studies .
In 1897 the new association for the establishment of a girls' high school had already started its activities. In 1907 the school deputation was ready for the admission of individual girls to the state higher schools. In 1913, Marie Böttner and Anna Vietor were the first women to take part as advisory members in the work of the debtors ' council.
The Elternbund called for the nationalization of private schools. In 1914, the school council decided to build a state high school. In 1916 this first municipal lyceum with a study facility at the Kleine Helle was founded with a kind of secondary school and a grammar school upper level and was headed by school board member Dr. Bohm provisionally headed. (1950: A, B and D branches; after around 1954 only D branches).
In the 1920s, the Higher School for Girls in the Bremen Neustadt was converted to the Lyceum (1937 high school ). The school was headed from 1924 to 1945 by the director of studies (from 1926) Emmy Grave .
There was also the girls ' secondary school in Karlstrasse in the eastern suburbs , which was run from 1926 to 1932 by the director of studies (from 1926) Johanna Lürssen (1932/34 and 1945/50 school councilor for the secondary girls' school system) and from 1932 on by the director of studies, Marie Quincke .
In 1928 the Lyceum des Westens in Walle , at Langen Reihe 81, was added as a secondary school (1937 Oberschule). The school was run from 1929 to 1933 by the director of studies (from 1929) Marie Quincke. Since 1950 this building has been used for the new Bremen University of Education .
Realschulen
The citizen schools were also in Bremen since the late 19th century as secondary schools called and later to 1965 as a middle school.
Around 1900 there were secondary schools in Bremen's old town on Sögestraße and the one at Doventor.
In 1899 the private secondary school of CW Debbe closed. Therefore the Neustadt was undersupplied. In 1909 a state secondary school was established here (later a school on Leibnizplatz , see above).
In 1913 the Realschule am Waller Ring was opened to relieve the Realschule am Doventor for Walle and Gröpelingen .
Professional training
In the 19th century, professional training was still a matter for the respective trades and educational associations. The first advanced training schools were set up in 1890 in the Bremen commercial building with the commercial drawing school and in Grossenstrasse with the commercial advanced training school . Both schools were expanded and divided into specialist and vocational departments. In 1908/09 these schools had around 2,200 students.
From 1902 a center for commercial schools was continuously built on the Weserbahn .
In Vegesack there had been a vocational training school since the turn of the century , which around 170 students attended in 1901/02.
In Bremerhaven there was a municipal machinist and trade school with around 360 students.
In 1904, the debtor and the Bremen Chamber of Commerce advocated the obligation of apprentices to attend a vocational training school. It was not until 1908 that a law was passed according to which all male industrial workers were required to attend an advanced vocational training school for three years up to the age of 18 . The trade school on the Weserbahn therefore had to be expanded considerably in 1910. Some guilds (hairdressers, confectioners) continued their technical schools for a short time.
Mandatory visits to Vegesack were ordered from 1909. There was already a commercial department here.
In Bremerhaven, the municipal advanced training school developed from the machinist and trade school .
Bremen adult education center
The first adult education center in Bremen was founded in 1919 by an association. The association was dissolved by the Nazis in 1935. After that, the tasks were taken over by the district training office of the NSDAP.
Women's training
The association for the expansion of the female work area from 1867, since 1895 women's acquisition and training association in the Pelzerstrasse, offered advanced training for girls and women; since 1867 for commercial professions and sewing, since 1870 for child care, since 1881 for nursing and since 1898 for housekeeping. The women's school , under the direction of Emilie Bendel , expanded the offer with subjects such as economics, civic studies, English, art history, home economics, nutrition, home bookkeeping or cooking, in preparation for vocational training. In 1915 the school was closed in favor of a women's service school .
In 1925 compulsory vocational schooling was extended to female apprentices, in 1934 it was extended from one to three years and related to the national vocational school for housekeeping , which was now in line with the state .
Commercial training
The commercial association Union of 1801 offered courses and lectures for advanced training as early as the 19th century. In 1901 the Union opened a new business school in a new building on Balgebrückstraße with lessons in German, arithmetic, English, bookkeeping and geography as well as for advanced learners in French, Spanish, shorthand and typing. In 1907 this business school was transferred to a foundation.
The conservative Bremen Chamber of Commerce successfully prevented - also in 1908 when the vocational training school was set up - that commercial training became compulsory. These apprentices were trained on a voluntary basis. In 1911 the township demanded the establishment of a training school for the retail trade and in 1912 this compulsory school was opened.
Auxiliary schools
Special schools or auxiliary schools have been established by the churches since 1827 for the disabled, the deaf and the hard of hearing. From 1889 to 1900 the house at Violenstrasse 13 was used as an auxiliary school.
The public auxiliary schools were the beginning of the special schooling of poorly gifted and developmentally disturbed children in Bremen from around 1911; at that time a pioneering educational reform facility for the learning and language disabled. These facilities included the auxiliary school I (1913, Neustadt, Mainstraße), the auxiliary school II (1911, Walle, Vegesacker Straße), the school on Gothaer Straße (1914, Findorff), the auxiliary school Hastedt (1907-1960s, im Zollhaus) and the Debber School as an auxiliary school (since 1906 – around 1913) on Ansgariistraße.
In Bremerhaven there were u. a. the auxiliary school on Uhlandstraße (today Deichschule), from 1951 to the Pestalozzischule Bremerhaven and the auxiliary school Humboldtschule II .
The name of the auxiliary school changed after the Second World War to special school and then to support center . Today (2018), inclusive schooling is taking place in general schools in almost all areas as part of current school policy developments .
The reform pedagogue Wilhelm Scharrelmann taught at the auxiliary school Vegesacker Straße from 1908 to 1921.
societies
The association Vorwärts from 1846 continuously expanded its range of further training for innocent workers .
The Lessing Association from 1891 was also founded as a workers' education association and held courses, readings and lectures.
Teachers seminar
In 1911 the citizens decided to set up a state seminary with a training school. The seminar was provisionally located in the former commercial drawing school on the Weserbahn. Karl Kippenberg took over the management of the institution. In 1914 the building on Karlstrasse was ready to move into.
In Geestemünde in 1907 a seminar for female teachers was connected to the existing municipal girls' school.
Commercial school
The Association of Merchants, the Union of 1801 , organized courses for budding merchants at the end of the 19th century. In 1907, the Union's commercial school on Wachtstrasse was established. In 1929, as a free commercial training institute for the wholesale trade , this school received a state license for advanced training and as a technical college.
In 1942 this commercial school became state-owned. Their building was bombed in 1944 and classes were held in various places.
Reforms since 1919
After the First World War , a more liberal school administration introduced the experimental schools required by the teachers' association . The private secondary schools for daughter schools and the parish schools were nationalized, the pre-schools for the secondary schools were given up, auxiliary schools and advanced trains at the elementary school were set up for talented pupils, and the vocational school system was expanded.
In 1920 the progressive teachers' association that met in the Überseemuseum had 704 members, including 51 teachers. In 1933 the association was dissolved.
Despite the first reforms, the form of teaching has changed little in the 1920s: frontal teaching and drums remain. The Deutsche Kurrentschrift ( German script ) was standard at the beginning of the 20th century. The Latin script was introduced in the primers . In order to make it easier for the children to learn to write, the block letters and the German Sütterlin script (later German folk script ) were introduced to younger students in Bremen and abolished again in 1940.
The religious instruction , which was non-denominational before 1914, is transformed into a specialized Biblical story whose participation is voluntary in Bremen; not so in the other German states.
National Socialism
Synchronization
During National Socialism , 44 communist and social democratic teachers were dismissed on March 16, 1933, as well as a high school board and several employees of the school authorities. School principals lost their leadership positions and teachers were transferred to prison sentences. For example, Carl Dietz (DVP), Christian Paulmann (SPD) and Oskar Drees (SPD) had to retire during this time. In March and April 1933, the Bremen teachers 'newspaper was banned, the Bremen teachers' association was transferred to the NS-teachers 'association (NSLB) and the Bremen teachers' association received an NSDAP member as chairman. The three experimental schools lost their special mission. Heinrich Scharrelmann , who has been with the Nazi teachers' association since 1931, was appointed by Mayor Richard Markert (NSDAP) as a specialist advisor for the Nazi reforms; but this was only for a short time. The responsible senator until 1945 was Richard von Hoff (NSDAP), Dr. Seidler (NSDAP) his closest confidante and Karl Kunze (initially non-party) his state school board. Only 52 teachers (= 3%) were NSDAP members in 1933; In 1937 there should be 633 teachers. By the end of 1934, many Nazi educators then held important positions as senior and district school councilors in the school administration and as headmasters.
New rules
In May 1933 there was a legal regulation that all unemployed male adolescents received further training or specialist instruction. In 1934 a vocational school for housekeeping, a business school, a business school in Vegesack and an administration academy were established. New school books such as the Reichslesebuch and the history book Volk und Führer and retrained teachers conveyed the Nazi ideology. The Nazi salute had been compulsory since July 1933 , from 1934 regular flag honors took place, Hitler speeches were broadcast over loudspeakers, “great national-political films” were shown, weekly sayings of the movement were announced and national celebrations , such as the State Youth Day, were often held in schools.
Innovations came in 1934 with the model aircraft construction at boys' schools, the promotion of school camps , in 1935 with the introduction of a country year with the motto “Connection with Mother Earth” for school leavers without an apprenticeship, 1936 with the fourth year of vocational school and with the expansion of the state women's technical college . In Hamburg and Oldenburg universities for teacher training were set up with training lasting four semesters. Life skills with the race theory was in 1935 the subject Biology in the upper classes; Population politics , family research and ancestral records were part of the class. The Low German language should be cultivated through lessons and attendance of the Stedinger Festival for school classes was almost a must.
Higher schools
In 1936, English became the first foreign language in the curriculum. In 1937, by decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and National Education, the grammar schools were given the uniform designation of the Upper School in the Reich . Only the old-language grammar schools like the old grammar school in Bremen kept their names. The eighty-year-old school and the fifty-year-old old-language Bremerhaven grammar school on what is now Grazer Straße , however, was also renamed the Mayor Smidt School, Oberschule for boys in Bremerhaven in 1938 and merged with the secondary school of this double school (now the Lloyd grammar school).
In 1938 the secondary schools were given namesake such as Horst Wessel , colonialist Carl Peters , General Lettow-Vorbeck , Captain Paul König , Africa researcher Rohlfs or colonial merchant Lüderitz, as well as Bremen personalities such as the astronomer Olbers , Mayor Smidt and school founders such as Kippenberg , Ida Janson , Anna Schomburg , Anna Vietor and Marie Roselius.
Private schools
The three church private schools that still existed in the 1930s were under strict state supervision. The anti-church mayor Böhmcker managed through political and financial pressure that the two Catholic schools became state-run in 1938.
Adult education
In 1941 adult education was merged and standardized as a popular education center . A working group brought together the activities of Wittheit , Goethe-Bund Bremen , Union , Die Maus , Kraft durch Freude (KdF) and Reinhold Muchow School under the leadership of Hinrich Knittermeyer.
School system in the war
Schools faced many difficulties during World War II . Schoolchildren in the upper classes increasingly completed their secondary school exams in order to become soldiers. Instead of teaching, pupils had to do auxiliary services for the Hitler Youth (HJ) and guard and messenger services for the police and the party and for the Wehrmacht as HJ naval and flak helpers .
In 1941, teacher training was discontinued. The start of school was postponed after the summer vacation. Air raids interrupted the school day. Schools that were bombed out led to considerable space problems. 40 percent of male teachers served in the war and young female teachers were only able to partially compensate for the failures. The number of missed lessons is said to have been over 30 percent in 1941/43 and increased to 50 to 70 percent in 1944/45. An increasing neglect of the young people could be observed.
Kinderlandverschickung: Since 1940, and increasingly since 1941/42, children increasingly had to be evacuated from bomb-threatened Bremen. The war-related deportation to Kinderland (KLV) was initially cautiously accepted by the parents in 1940/41. In January 1941 500 children left at Bremen in Gau Salzburg for six months housed to be. Three more transports to Upper Bavaria followed. In 1941/42 around 4,500 children were sent. Regular lessons were no longer possible. In August 1943 entire schools were evacuated with the younger age groups by 26 special trains to Saxony , Kurhessen and Weser-Ems . When Saxony was about to be occupied, the return transport was dangerous and difficult and it was carried out without the consent of the Hitler Youth. In March 1945, 4,000 children were back in Bremen. At the end of March 1945, the other 700 children were repatriated from Saxony and from the five KVL camps in Kurhessen.
In military service: In 1943 over 500 and in 1944 already 1150 young people born between 1926 and 1928 served as air force helpers in military missions for the flak . After the 7th grade, these students received a certificate of maturity and then served in the Reich Labor Service and then in the Wehrmacht. At the end of 1944, schoolchildren had to do digging work around Bremen. In Volkssturm also the youth of the vintages were used from 1925 to 1928 and the Wehrmacht.
After 1945 to 1975
New beginning
After the Second World War , old school buildings had to be renovated in the midst of the rubble, new schools built and school operations started. Of the 2,130 classrooms, only 452 remained after the war. Christian Paulmann (SPD) was appointed Senator for Schools and Education on June 6, 1945 by the American military government. The arts and science authorities were incorporated in August 1946.
The re-established teachers' association elected the educator, trade unionist and politician Paul Goosmann (SPD) as chairman from 1946 to 1952 . School reformers such as Goosmann, Christian Paulmann (SPD), Hans Warninghoff (SPD) and Friedrich Aevermann (SPD) determined the new course. The association joined the German Trade Union Federation (DGB) and the Education and Science Union (GEW) in 1948 .
In 1950 a law on the major school reform came into force
- the six-year elementary school,
- the high school with different branches (A to D),
- the participation of parents and a collegial school management,
- opportunities for group and work lessons,
- community studies and
- the common teaching of girls and boys ( co-education ).
General education schools
After 1945, the school system largely remained with the secondary school (previously elementary school), middle school and high school as well as special and auxiliary schools. The unified school aimed at by the school reformers did not prevail, but the demands for it remained.
Large classes, overwhelmed teachers, lack of space and mostly desolate schools and classrooms shaped the image of the new beginning. In 1945/46 there were only 251 classrooms for elementary schools and 50 for secondary schools. Within one year, 274 rooms for the elementary schools and 80 for the higher schools could be prepared; the lack of space was still great. Over 10,000 required school hours were canceled in 1946.
Primary school : The primary schools - still combined with the Hauptschule - were increasingly given their independence and from 1950 onwards they were consistently self-employed.
The high schools (initially also called Volksoberschulen ) received branches
A or later H = Hauptschule,
B or M = Middle School,
C = Business School and
D or G = Gymnasium.
There were now additive comprehensive schools , especially in Bremerhaven this system with the Humboldt , Körner, Lessing , Pestalozzi , Theodor Storm and Wilhelm Raabe Schools could hold up until 1974/75 and 1976 respectively.
In 1955, the federal states sought standardization in the German school system with the Düsseldorf Agreement . Therefore, the Bremen School Act of 1950 was changed in 1957. The six-year compulsory primary school allowed exceptions and the designations of the school branches (A – D) changed (see above). In 1959 a ninth year of compulsory schooling was introduced for the Hauptschule
The evening grammar school was established in Bremen in 1947 in the school on Hamburger Strasse . Lessons in classes with up to 20 students were held by part-time teachers at this school after work. In 1957 the evening school was set up for this purpose. In 1995/96 the school, which was combined in 1988, moved to the Bremen Vocational Training Center (BBZ).
Bremen adult education center
In October 1946, on the instructions of the American military government, a public youth college was set up in Bremen. In November 1946 a branch was set up in Bremen-Nord. The Bremen adult education center with nine locations (2018) developed from this .
coeducation
The co-education , the joint Taught by girls and boys in secondary schools was in Wesermünde already in the 1930s practiced (eg Humboldt School.) And 1950 generally introduced and implemented step by step: From 1950 u. a. Gymnasium on Hamburger Strasse in Bremen, school on Leibnizplatz in Bremen, Lessing School (Bremerhaven) or Wilhelm Raabe School (Bremerhaven) , from 1955 at the Storm School and the Pestalozzi School in Bremerhaven, from 1956 Gerhard Rohlfs High School in Bremen-Nord , from 1963 Lyceum at the Kleine Helle in Bremen and only in 1971 at the former Lyceum the Kippenberg-Gymnasium in Bremen.
Teacher training
PS, PH and Uni
Unaffected teachers who had been dismissed by the National Socialists were hired, but could not make up for the great lack of teachers. A provisional pedagogical seminar started training new teachers in a very shortened study period from December 1945 until the newly founded Bremen University of Education took over the pedagogy course in the summer of 1947 . The college of education was incorporated into the newly founded University of Bremen from 1971 to 1973 ; initially as subject area 6: social pedagogy, diploma education, educational science and currently (2011) as subject area 12: educational science .
LASL
The State Office for School Practice and Teacher Examination (LASL) had been set up in 1953, initially in Humboldtstrasse as a pedagogical office for the advanced training of teachers , then called the School Practical Institute and then LASL . It was moved to the Grüner Weg and in 1998 was moved to the seminar and research building of the University of Bremen .
WIS and LIS
Since February 1946 there has been a study seminar for trainee students in secondary schools at the Helgolander Strasse school , then at the Kleine Helle school , then at Kniehauer Strasse, then Pieperstrasse and then Faulenstrasse . Since the 1970s, the seminar has been called the Scientific Institute for School Practice (WIS) and since 1998 the State Institute for School (LIS), which is located at 20 Weidedamm .
On April 20, 1970, the practical school institute was opened on Stormstrasse in Bremerhaven-Lehe.
The State Institute for Schools (LIS) in Bremen from 1998 now maintains a branch in Bremerhaven on Deichstrasse in Bremerhaven-Mitte.
School reforms from 1975
In 1971 a Bremen School Development Plan was passed and in 1975 a new Bremen School Act followed. The school system now provided
- the four-year basic level (primary area)
- the six-year secondary level in different types of schools
- the two-year orientation level (grades 5 and 6) and
- the four-year lower secondary level (class 7-10 class) and
- the subsequent secondary level II with high school diploma and technical college entrance qualification
New rules determine the cooperation between school, students (co-determination), teachers and parents. About 25 old schools had to be closed. For this purpose, some new schools were built in order to modernize the school structures.
comprehensive school
From 1970 onwards, the reformers were able to enforce the comprehensive school as a regular school at some locations, such as the Bremen-West comprehensive school on Lissaer Strasse, the Bremen-Ost comprehensive school on Walliser Strasse, the Lesum school association and the comprehensive school for social pedagogy at Weidedamm 20. The comprehensive school Bremen Mitte (GSM) of the lower secondary level on Hemelinger Strasse and Brokstrasse in Steintor in Bremen was founded in 1988/89 at the request of parents and teachers.
Lower secondary education
From 1976/77 which was secondary in Bremen with the grades subjected to a multiple change of the central formation. School centers emerged and changed school forms were introduced. After the four-year elementary school , the lower secondary level ( Sek. I ) was divided from grades 5 and 6 into an orientation level, which was followed by differentiated classes from grades 7 to 9 and 10 respectively. In the Integrated District Schools (IS) that then followed, the Hauptschule , Realschule and the middle level of the grammar school sector were merged and partially integrated.
All-day schools emerged and the concept of reliable school , which was introduced in elementary schools, was also used in some secondary schools . The secondary schools began to establish a cooperation with one of their assigned secondary schools or a grammar school.
In 1979 the voluntary tenth year of secondary school was introduced. It is intended to provide professional orientation in subjects such as industrial studies, technical works, chemistry and physics.
Upper secondary education
After graduating from the lower secondary level, the upper secondary level followed . In Bremen there were still the continuous grammar schools from grades 5 to 13, some of which were also included in the school centers for upper secondary level.
From the mid-1970s, the upper secondary level was also reformed. Various high schools and vocational schools were concentrated in school centers.
In Bremen this took place in school centers of the upper secondary level and a. in
- Blumenthal, SZ Blumenthal , Eggestedter Strasse
- Burg-Grambke, SZ Alwin-Lonke-Straße
- Huchting (dissolved only common location)
- Lesum, SZ on Bördestrasse
- Neue Vahr SZ Im Holter Feld (built in 1975, closed in 2001)
- Osterholz-Tenever (dissolved only common location)
- Walle, SZ Walle , Lange Reihe 81
- Walle, SZ am Rübekamp
In Bremerhaven , three new upper-level school centers were formed from the upper levels of five existing high schools and various vocational schools, with the upper level grammar school and the vocational schools:
- The school center at the Bürgerpark in Geestemünde in a new building from 1975/76 (since 1988 Carl von Ossietzky School Center (SZ CvO)) with the Bürgerpark and von Mitte commercial schools ( Grazer Straße ).
- The Mayor Smidt School Center in Mitte in three existing buildings on Grazerstrasse, Bogenstrasse and Zeppelinstrasse with the commercial college.
- The Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in Lehe with the home economics school.
Vocational schools
429 of the 580 classrooms were destroyed by the war. In addition to the existing 151 classrooms, a further 36 rooms could be prepared by the end of 1946. The lack of space was catastrophic.
The vocational school system had to be expanded considerably after 1945, with the vocational school for trade, craft, trade and housekeeping as well as the vocational schools and the various technical schools.
The Bremen Vocational Training Center (BBZ) in Bremen-Mitte was built from 1952 to 1954 according to plans by Hans Krajewski from the Bremen Building Department to alleviate the first classroom problem.
Commercial and Higher Commercial School
The commercial school , which was bombed out during the war , was run at various locations in 1946 as vocational schools for wholesalers, retailers and office apprentices. In 1962 the independent business school was re-established in a building on Grenzstrasse in Walle . It was then expanded further and in 1974 the department for higher commercial schools was given an upper level. In 1999 the commercial and higher commercial school and the commercial vocational school for credit in Huckelriede merged to form a school center for secondary level II on Grenzstrasse with the departments of commercial and commercial college as well as commercial vocational school for credit institutes, insurance companies and industry. The upper level of the gymnasium was run as a vocational high school for economics (BGy) from 2000 .
School building
After the war-damaged schools had been restored, many new schools were built, especially in the 1960s and 1970s and in the large new buildings, planned by architects such as Hermann Brede , Hans Krajewski , Ludwig Almstadt and Werner Glade , among others . The comprehensive schools East and West were large and confusing.
The school center at the Bürgerpark (today the Carl von Ossietzky School Center (SZ CvO)), designed by Helmut Bohnsack, was built in Bremerhaven-Geestemünde by 1975 and , with 4,200 students, became the largest school in Bremerhaven and Bremen.
The pedagogue and historian Schwarzwälder characterized the situation in Bremen in 2003 with the following statements: “It is undisputed that there has been a wealth of improvements in the school system since the Second World War. Numerous new school buildings were built, the supply of teaching and learning materials improved, the number of classes decreased, etc. [...] The tone in schools became freer, but also rougher and the number of acts of violence increased. [...] The integration of a growing number of foreign children in numerous schools was a particular challenge. "
All-day schools
All -day schools have increasingly been established since the 1980s . In 2007/08 there were 48 all-day schools in the state of Bremen (= 33%), of which 38 in Bremen (= 33%) and 10 in Bremerhaven (= 33%) as well as 19 in primary education (= 19%), 11 at school centers (= 44%), 12 at comprehensive schools (= 75%), 2 at grammar schools (= 22%), 3 at support centers (= 15%) and 1 at private schools.
In all-day schools, the learning time should be rhythmized throughout. The morning and afternoon activities of the students should be related. There are schools that have been set up as a whole (bound form) or only for individual class groups (partially bound form) as all-day schools. The learning time on at least three days of the week should be at least seven hours a day. A lunch break of at least 45 minutes is to be provided for the pupils if the lessons last longer than 6 lessons during the day. Supplementary learning and support offers were provided by additional staff.
With the support of the federal government through the investment program “Future Education and Care” (IZBB) 2003–2009 , all-day school operations in the state of Bremen could be improved. Measures to improve the school quality were partly implemented beforehand or initiated by the program in order to strengthen the school as a social place by expanding the mandatory all-day offers at elementary schools and secondary schools.
School Acts 1994 and 2005
The Schools Act of 1994 strengthened the independence of the schools, introduced school inspections, maintained or newly established high schools, and established the integrated district schools as comprehensive schools.
In 2005, the School Act regulated the expiry of the orientation level, the Abitur after eight years was introduced, the merger of secondary and secondary schools was implemented and the six-year elementary school was made possible as an attempt at school.
High school in Bremen
The Oberschule in Bremen was created according to the School Act of 2009, when the general education state school system in Bremen was reclassified into a two-tier system. The school system then consists of the levels of elementary school and secondary schools (mostly up to grade 10 or 13) and grammar schools (up to grade 12). By August 1, 2011, all school centers, district schools and comprehensive schools in Bremen should be converted into secondary schools by year.
In addition to the nine grammar schools, there are 41 secondary schools in the state of Bremen (as of 2014), nine of which are in Bremerhaven.
Vocational technical schools (FOS)
After completing secondary school, there are various options for obtaining the Abitur. Graduates can attend dual qualification courses or the vocational high school. However, you can also attend the technical college (FOS), which leads to the technical college entrance qualification and which is followed by the vocational college, with the completion of which you also receive the general higher education entrance qualification.
There are around nine technical colleges in the state of Bremen (as of November 2011), four of them in Bremerhaven.
Open school
The open all-day school offers free education and care five days a week from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Since 2003/04, 18 of the 74 primary schools in the city of Bremen have been set up as all-day primary schools. From 2012/13, 13 additional locations are to be added as open or tied all-day schools.
inclusion
With inclusion (inclusion) of the educational approach is called for reform in Bremen, are starting teaching in 2010/11 from children with and without disabilities with a special educational needs in common. In 2012/13, 30 primary schools have their own centers for supportive pedagogy (ZuP) and 44 primary schools are organized in 21 ZuP networks. Special needs education has started at 30 secondary schools.
School degrees
In 2015 , 7386 young people from Bremen had the following school-leaving qualifications:
- Without vocational qualification: 447 (6.1%)
- Basic or advanced vocational qualification: 1295 (17.5%)
- Middle school leaving certificate: 2711 (36.7%)
- Abitur: 2933 (39.7%)
In 2016 , of the expected 3,532 high school graduates in Bremen, 1,876 women (53%) and 1,656 men (47%) will be. Of these, 2,769 come from grammar schools and high schools, 344 from private schools, 321 from vocational grammar schools and 98 from evening schools.
Current school system
The general education state school system in Bremen was reclassified into a two-tier system in 2010 . After primary school, there are two secondary schools in the general education area: Gymnasium and Oberschule. Both types of school are equivalent. The grammar school enables the Abitur after 12 years, the secondary school after 13 years, some secondary schools also after 12 years. The Abitur can also be taken at some of the vocational schools.
- Primary schools (primary level) from grades 1 to 4
-
High schools in Bremen with the
- Vocational qualification (BBR) after class 10
- Middle school leaving certificate (MSA) after grade 10
- Technical college entrance qualification (FHR) after grade 12
- Abitur after class 13 (rule)
- Abitur after class 12 (possible)
- High schools
- with the Abitur after class 12
- but also with BBR, MSA and FHR.
There are currently (as of 2015)
- In Bremen
- 74 primary schools, including one with a special profile
- 18 support centers mostly at different elementary schools
- 33 secondary schools (with comprehensive schools)
- 9 of them from the 5th to the 13th year (as of 2017)
- 6 technical colleges (FOS)
- 8 high schools in Huchting, Lehe, Kattenturm, Mitte, Schwachhausen (two), Steintor, Vegesack and Obervieland
- 5 school centers of the upper secondary level with grammar school and vocational school (Blumenthal, Burg-Gramke, Lesum, Walle (two))
- 11 Vocational schools for general matters or for upper secondary level as well as u. a. for assistant training, for creative trades, for wholesale and foreign trade and transport, for metal technology, for technology, for housekeeping and social education, for trade and economy.
- 13 independent general education schools
- 19 independent vocational schools
- 1 adult school (school center for adults) in Mitte
- In Bremerhaven
- 17 elementary schools
- 3 support centers
- 10 high schools
- 4 technical colleges (FOS)
- 4 upper secondary schools in Geestemünde and Mitte (3)
- 1 continuous high school
- 3 vocational schools
- 1 evening school
The support centers in the general school system have the task of offering support, education and instruction tailored to the individual problems and disabilities of students (learning, language and behavior; perception and development, social and emotional development, physical and motor development, hearing, sight, Sick)
Also still exist
- Factory schools that connect to secondary school from grades 9 to 11 with the BBR.
- Adult school Bremen (EWS) with the 2nd educational path for suitable professionals who meet the necessary requirements to acquire educational qualifications not yet acquired.
They are being phased out and replaced by the secondary school
- two comprehensive schools as a type of school in which students from all courses are taught together.
- Secondary schools in grades 5 to 10
In 2009 there were around 160 schools with 2270 classes and around 56,000 pupils in the city of Bremen. In Bremerhaven there were 570 classes with around 13,000 students and in the state of Bremen 2840 classes with 69,000 students. The share of private students was 10%.
The renovation of the public school system was completed by 2012. There are 33 secondary schools and eight grammar schools in Bremen. Special educational support at all schools in Bremen through centers for supportive education (ZuP) will continue until 2011.
In 2013 there were 67 all-day schools in the city of Bremen , including 27 of 33 secondary schools, two of eight grammar schools, 17 schools and ten open all-day schools.
In 2015 the itslearning learning platform was introduced nationwide for the schools in Bremen and Bremerhaven after an evaluation phase by the State Institute for Schools.
Competent authorities and associations
State and City of Bremen
The Senator for Education and the Senator for Children and Education has been and is responsible for state affairs in the state and the municipal interests of the city of Bremen since 1945 . Department 2 - Education is currently responsible.
Senators
Christian Paulmann (SPD) (1945–1951), Willy Dehnkamp (SPD) (1951–1965), Moritz Thape (SPD) (1965–1979), Horst von Hassel (SPD) (1979–1983), Horst Werner Franke (SPD ) (1983–1990), Henning Scherf (SPD) (1990–1995), Bringfriede Kahrs (SPD) (1995–1999), Willi Lemke (SPD) (1999–2007), Renate Jürgens-Pieper (SPD) (2007– 2012) and Eva Quante-Brandt (SPD) (2012–2015), Claudia Bogedan (SPD) (since 2015).
State School Board, Education Department
The highest authority representative for the school system was the respective state school board from 1919 to 1993 .
State school councilors included: Bohm from 1919 to 1932?, Karl Kurz from 1932 to August 1945 and again from 1950 after the Second World War Friedrich Aevermann (1950–1955), Alfred Buhl (1955–1962 / 63), Hans Warminghoff (1962 / 63–1969), Horst Banse around 1969–1980, Hans-Georg Mews (* 1931; † 2010) (1980–1992). The position of a state school board teacher was not filled again afterwards. Instead, a council of state acted as a lawyer representing the senator.
In Department 2 - Education of the Senatorial Office, all specialist areas are combined. From 2003 to 2013 the reform pedagogue Cornelia von Ilsemann and then the lawyer Detlef von Lühren and from 2015 to 2019 Michael Huesmann headed this department.
State institutes
The department of the Education Senator includes the State Institute for Schools (LIS), which supports the schools in the state of Bremen in their development and acts as a competence center. In addition to its tasks as a state institute, the LIS performs municipal educational tasks for the city of Bremen.
Citizenship
In the Bremen citizenship , the deputation for education deals with the school system.
Seaside City of Bremerhaven
In Bremerhaven, Department IV of the Bremerhaven municipal authority is responsible for u. a. the education authority , the adult education center and the school services . As the municipal school authority, the education authority administers the city's school affairs: school supervision, personnel, pupil, household affairs, school development planning and school space planning. The school services are responsible for teacher training, media centers in schools and the psychological counseling center.
Alfons Tallert (SPD) was the head of the school and culture department for many years from 1958 to 1983 . The full-time department head was (2011) City Councilor Dr. Rainer Paulenz (SPD) and is City Councilor Michael Frost.
Other associations
- Education and Science Union - GEW Bremen with the BLZ (formerly Bremer LehrerZeitung )
- Bremen Philologists Association in the German Philologists Association (DPhV)
- General Student Representation Bremen (GSV)
- Stadtschülerring (SSR) Bremerhaven
Religious instruction in Bremen
Biblical history lessons (BGU) take place in public schools in Bremen regardless of the denomination and replace denominational religious instruction in other federal states.
Since the Reformation, the majority of the Calvinist Reformed churches in the city of Bremen have been in conflict with the Bremen Cathedral and the Duchy of Bremen surrounding the city , in which the Lutheran churches dominated. The children of Calvinists and Lutherans were therefore taught separately in the schools of the parishes.
The common instruction has its origin in the educational education of the citizen school from 1799 by the pastors Johann Ludwig Ewald and Johann Caspar Häfeli . In the first half of the 19th century, education increasingly became a state responsibility and school was compulsory. The non-denominational religious instruction with biblical history without catechism instruction was then adopted around 1820 for the new free schools in Bremen and later also for the schools in the parishes.
In the Bremen school dispute from 1905 to 1907, the teachers protested against the state religious instruction and the strict school supervision by the school inspector Köppe, who angered the teachers against himself through frequent observations and "official religious tests". In 1905 a memorandum was published on religious instruction or not? with the main argument that religion is a private matter. The teachers, Wilhelm Holzmeier , Fritz Gansberg and Wilhelm Scharrelmann , who were significantly involved in the protests, wanted to remove the school authorities from school service. They were reprimanded and fined in 1907.
After the Second World War, the parliamentary majority ( SPD , BVP ) in Bremen wanted to offer biblical history in state schools without the participation of the churches. In 1947 it was laid down in Article 32, Paragraph 1 (“The general public schools are community schools with non-denominational teaching in Biblical history on a generally Christian basis”) of the Bremen state constitution. In 1948/49, when the Basic Law was being drafted , an exception had to be made for Bremen from the provision of Article 7, Paragraph 3, Clause 1 of the Basic Law ("Religious instruction is a regular subject in public schools with the exception of non-denominational schools") by the so-called Bremen clause in Art. 141 GG.
See also
- List of schools in Bremen
- Old grammar school (Bremen) and cathedral school and Athenaeum Bremen
- Commercial School (Bremen)
- Bremen teacher seminars
- Bremen School Museum from 1984 in the Auf der Hohwisch school, created from the Bremen School History Collection .
- Realschule in the old town (Bremen)
- High School (Bremen)
- History of the city of Bremen
- For the individual schools in the Bremen city and districts, see there.
- To the development of technical schools see at University of Bremen , Bremen University of Arts , School of Public Administration Bremen , Bremerhaven University
literature
General
- Herbert Black Forest : The Great Bremen Lexicon . Edition Temmen , Bremen 2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X .
- Herbert Black Forest: History of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen . Volumes I to V, Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-283-7 .
- Friedrich Entholt , Hinrich Wulff : Pictures from the history of the elementary school system . Bremen 1928.
- Hinrich Wulff: History of the Bremen elementary school . Bad Heilbrunn 1967.
- Senator for Education: The Bremen Schools . Bremen 1966.
- Karl Marten Barfuß, Hartmut Müller, Daniel Tilgner (eds.): History of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 1945 to 2005 . Volume 1: 1945-1969. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2008, ISBN 978-3-86108-575-1 , pp. 162-174, 271-273, 335, 464-469, 564-568.
- Mathias Lüdecke: A question of origin. Answers to the educational misery of the state of Bremen and chronology of the reforms. In: Weser courier . February 19, 2015, p. 9. ( weser-kurier.de )
- Kerstin Jergus: “From the beginnings of civic education in Bremen. Wilhelm Christian Müller's Educational Institute ”, in: Wilhelm Christian Müller. Contributions to the music and cultural history of Bremen around 1800 , ed. v. Christian Kämpf, Bremen 2016, pp. 56–70, ISBN 978-3-944552-88-0 .
To the school buildings
- Rolf Kirsch: School buildings in Bremen in the post-war period . In: Preservation of monuments in Bremen - architecture of the post-war period. Series of publications by the State Office for Monument Preservation , Vol. 12, Edition Temmen , Bremen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8378-1045-5 .
- Eberhard Syring: Bremen and its buildings - 1950–1979. Schünemann Verlag, Bremen 2014, ISBN 978-3-944552-30-9 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Emil Naupert: History of the commercial schools of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Bremen [around 1968]
- ^ Johann Focke : Geitz. In: Bremen biography of the 19th century. 1912, p. 168 f.
- ^ Jörn Christiansen: On the history of the museum. In: Focke Museum. A guide to the collections. Bremen 1998, p. 8.
- ↑ Harry Gabcke , Renate Gabcke, Herbert Körtge, Manfred Ernst: Bremerhaven in two centuries. Volume I: from 1827 to 1918. Nordwestdeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Bremerhaven 1989/1991, ISBN 3-927857-00-9 , p. 158.
- ^ A b Fritz Peters: Bremen between 1933 and 1945: A Chronicle. BoD - Books on Demand, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86741-373-2 , p. 142.
- ^ To Weser and Jade, Regional History. Klaus Dede, accessed February 7, 2011 .
- ↑ Frauke Hellwig (interview): It was not allowed to hit at the experimental schools . In: WK Geschichte Bremen 1918–1939 . Bremen 2019.
- ^ State Institute for Schools
- ↑ Nordsee-Zeitung. May 22, 1973.
- ^ Gabcke: Bremerhaven in two centuries . Volume III, Nordwestdeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Bremerhaven 1991, ISBN 3-927857-22-X , p. 131.
- ^ Herbert Black Forest: The Great Bremen Lexicon . Bremen 2003, p. 785.
- ↑ Country information on the IZBB ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Matthias Lüdecke: Plans for new all-day elementary schools are becoming concrete. In: Weser courier . January 31, 2012, p. 9. (map and list).
- ↑ Weser Courier. April 11, 2016, p. 8: A maturation process .
- ^ Secondary schools in Bremen on the Senate website, accessed on August 18, 2014.
- ↑ Weser Courier. January 16, 2011, p. 11.
- ↑ Press office of the Senate of August 31, 2012: On Monday, the holidays will end for 47,493 Bremen schoolchildren at general schools .
- ↑ Matthias Lüdecke: All-day school in danger? In: Weser courier. March 1, 2013, p. 9.
- ↑ Bremen works with "itslearning". Landesinstitut für Schule (Bremen) , June 5, 2015, accessed on June 17, 2020 .
- ↑ Bremen and Bremerhaven introduce itslearning nationwide. itslearning , March 13, 2014, accessed June 17, 2020 .
