List of Frisian words

This list of Frisian words contains words from six Frisian dialects and the neighboring languages Dutch, Low German, High German and Danish. It serves as a supplement to the specialist articles in the individual languages.

Statements from the comparison

The tabular form demonstrates the relationship between the dialects and the influence of the neighboring languages. The following observations are possible:

While all neighboring languages use the same stem for money , the Frisian dialects have their own stem of the same word. There is probably a common root from Old Frisian here . Compare old Frisian jeld .
The words for 'Christmas' and 'fried potatoes' are more likely to be taken from neighboring languages. The potato came to Europe only after the Old Frisian was split up.
Words such as those for 'blue', 'three', 'sit' and 'clothes' have a common root word in all languages. A common root in the group of West Germanic languages can be assumed here.
The bilingualism of the West Frisians within the Netherlands means that modern words are adopted from Dutch.
The geographical isolation of the "language island" Saterland from the other dialects increases the difference.
Among the North Frisian dialects, mainland Frisian (like mooring ) differs more from the three island dialects.
The further north a dialect area is, the greater the influence of Danish on vocabulary.

Limits of use

The comparison is made difficult by the different orthographic systems. The template already shows deviations from common spellings. An objective comparison would be possible through phonetic notation .

If words from neighboring languages are similar, this is not necessarily a sign of the relationship between the two languages, but often an indication of the contact between the two groups through trade and culture. The relationship between two languages is more clearly recognizable from the grammatical structure.

In reality, all the languages shown are more diverse: The Frisian dialects are only a selection from West Frisian , East Frisian and North Frisian ; In addition to the high-level languages Dutch standard language (Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands), Standard German ( Standard German) and Standard Danish (Rigsdansk), there are dialect forms - in particular, there is no uniform Low German .

Sources of information

The selection follows the synopsis from the Århammar example sentences . It contains selected basic words of everyday language. The individual words appear inflected in the context. In order to represent them in isolation, attempts were made to use the form of the infinitive for verbs and the form of the nominative for adjectives and nouns . Plural forms were retained. In the example sentences, the order of the words is the same in all languages except for the Danish one, in which the predicate is not at the end of the sentence (the article was instead before the noun, as in the other languages).

Six selected Frisian dialect areas
	Dutch	Dutch : Largely identical to the dialect of the provinces of North and South Holland.
	West Frisian	Westerlauwers (west of the Lauwers River) from the Dutch province of Friesland. Corresponds to the dialect near the city of Leeuwarden . In the Netherlands, it is considered standard Frisian and was developed from Kleifriesian (Kleifries) and Forest Frisian (Woudenfries). The orthography is closer to Dutch.
	East Frisian	Sater Frisian (Seeltersk) is the only remaining dialect of East Frisian . The orthography is approximated to German.
	North Frisian	Mooring (Mååring) consists of two of 8 dialects on the North Frisian mainland and the Halligen (and historically the island of Strand ). This area was only settled by Friesen 400 years after the islands of Sylt, Föhr and Amrum. The dialect differs accordingly.
		Föhr-Amrumer Frisian ( Fering - Öömrang ) are two very similar dialects that are summarized here.
		Sylt Frisian ( Sölring )
		Helgoland Frisian ( Halunder )
	Low German	Low German is represented here by the dialect of West Schleswig .
	Standard German	Standard German
	Standard Danish	Danish (Rigsdansk) developed from the dialects of Copenhagen and (until 1658) Malmös as the country's political and cultural centers. The North Frisians had more contact with the Danish dialect South Jutian (Sønderjysk) in the variants Vestlige Sønderjysk and Mellemslesvigsk .

Frisian dialects compared to the neighboring languages
Dutch	Westerlouwers	Saterlandic	Mooring	Foehr / Amrum	Sylt	Heligoland	Low German	Standard German	Danish
vuur	fjoer	fjuur	iilj	ial '	jöl '	iáál	For	Fire	ild
en	en	U.N	än	on	en	en	U.N	and	above
water	Weather	woater	wååder	weeder	weeter	weeter	Wåter	water	vand
to like	meie	like	mooge	my	May	May	to like	to like	vil
rivet	net	nit	ai	egg	ek	ni	not	Not	ikke
graag	graag / jerne	jädden	hål	hal '	get	gearn	geern	gladly	with pleasure
iets	wat / eat	wat	wat	wat	wat	wat	wat	something	noget
met elkaar	mei-inoar	mädnunner	ma'nouder	mä-arköler / -arkööder	me-arküðer	med-arker	mitenanner	together	med down
doen	dwaan	dwoon	douen	dun	dön	dun	doon	to do	gøre
lift	hawwe	would have	heewe	haa	håå	hoa	inhibit	to have	have
van	fan	hairdryer	foon	faan	fan	fan	vun	from	fra
hun	wait	here	jare	hear	jåår	mr	Ehr / jerre / emme	their	deres
children	Bern	bäidene	bjarne / young (en) se	juggling	boys	artist	Kinner	children	børn
three	trije	träi	tra	trii	trii	tree	dree	three	tre
jongens	jonges	thought	urge	dringer	dreenger	juggling	guys	Boys	tight
meisjes	famkes	heavy	foomne	foomnen	fååmner	foameler	Deerns	girl	piger
krijgen / kregen	krije / krigen	Wars / Kregen	foue / füngen	fu / fing	fo / caught	who / fin	get / create	get / got	få / fik
elk	elk	älke	arks	ark	ark	all / ark	each	each	hvert
jaar	jier / all	jier	iir	juar	jåår	jooar	Johr	year	år
met	jierren	tou	do	do	tö	do	to	to	til
Kerst	mei krysttyd	middewinter	jül	jul	jööl	wiinachten	Christmas Eve	Christmas	jul
money	jild	jeeld	giilj	jil '	jil '	jül	money	money	penge
of	of	of	oor / unti	of	of	uuder	or	or	eller
kleren / kleding	klean	klodere / kledoazje	kluuse	kluaser / tjüch	kluaðer / tjüch	kloor / tjüch	Kleder / cloth	Clothes / clothing	klæder / tøj
gestuurd	stjoerd	soant	shaked	stjüürd	stjüürd	sant	sends	cleverly	sends
moeder	mem	mäme	mam	mam	mooter	mem	Mudder	mother	mor
Vader	Ness	babe	taatje / taäte	aatj	fååðer	foor	Vadder	father	far
quakes	custom	custom	sate	sat	set	set	manners	sit	sidder
in	yn	in	önj	uun	ön	uun	in	in	i
bluew	baluw	blue	ween	blä	stupid	bli	blue	blue	blå
kamer	keamer	stowe	dörnsch	dörnsk	kööv	dörnsk	Stuuv	Room	do
aan	by	to / bie	bai	bi	bi	bi	to / bi	on	ved
small	lyts	lit	lat	let	lit	let	lütt	small	lille
rond	run	round	trin	trin	down	rin	round	round	round
blackboard	blackboard	disk	Scheew	boosel	ståål	taffel	Disch	table	board
eten	ite	iete	Ääse	iidj	iit	iit	ät	eat	spiser
worst	woárst	know	sausage	marig / sausage	fair	marri	Know	sausage	pølser
fried aardappels	bacteria ierpels / jirpels	broadtuwwelke	brooskantüfle	braaset eer (daa) pler	brååðet iartebels	broadkantüffels	Brådketüffeln	fried potatoes	brasede kartofler
met	my	maid	ma	mä	me	med	With	With	med
measure up	measure up	soakse	kniw (ing) e	kniiwer	kniiwer	kniiwer	knife	knife	knive
forward	foarken	fuurken	gooble	goobler / furken	gååweler	goabeler	Gåbeln	Forks	gafler
lepels	lappels	solve	schii (si) nge	skaaser / skaaier	skaaser / skaaier	leepeler	Läpel	spoon	skeer

Note: some nouns are plural. Alternative words are separated by a slash. Frisian capital letters were ignored.

literature

Horst H. Munske u. a. (Ed.): Handbook of Frisian . Niemeyer, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-484-73048-X .
Nils Århammar : North Frisian . In: Jan Wirrer (Ed.): Minority and regional languages in Europe . Wiesbaden 2000, pages 144-158.
Nils Århammar North Frisian, a threatened minority language in ten dialects: an inventory (PDF file)
Thomas Steensen : The North Frisians and their language: some basic facts in: Christel Stolz (Ed.): In addition to German. The autochthonous minority and regional languages of Germany . Diversitas Linguarium Volume 23. Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 2009, ISBN 978-3-8196-0730-1

Swadesh list

Wiktionary takes a slightly different approach with a Swadesh list of 207 elementary words named after Morris Swadesh . It is not the connection between Frisian and the neighboring languages that is relevant here, but the relationship between the Frisian dialects. The North Frisian dialects are almost entirely represented.

Individual evidence

↑ North Friesland was under Danish rule until 1864, partly it belonged to the Duchy of Schleswig , which was a Danish fiefdom, and partly it belonged to the royal enclaves .

↑ Otto S. Knottnerus: De vergeten Friezen. Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over a boeiend topic . (The forgotten Frisians. Failed pamphlet by Benny Siewertsen on an exciting topic) in: De Vrije Fries. Jaarboek 2008 , pages 213–238 shows that some kays north of the Wiedau and today's border were also inhabited by Frisians . Digitized as PDF file The Frisians in South Jutland (Sønderjylland) ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Århammar 2000: page 157f
↑ Woordenboek the Friese taal (Westerlauwersfries)
^ Marron Curtis Fort : Sater Frisian Dictionary. 2nd, completely revised and greatly expanded edition. With 1 CD-ROM, 2015, ISBN 978-3-87548-723-7 .
^ Vilhelm Tams Jörgensen: Snaak friisk !: Interfriisk leksikon ; german, dansk, mooring, fering-öömrang, sölring, halunder, frysk, English. Nordfriisk Instituut, Bräist [Bredstedt] 1977; ISBN 978-3880070639
↑ North Frisian dictionary section d. CAU, Kiel: Fering-Öömrang Wurdenbuk: Dictionary of the Frisian dialect by Föhr and Amrum Verlag Wachholtz, Neumünster 2002; ISBN 978-3529046193
^ Hermann Schmidt: Dictionary of the Sylter Frisian language (Söl'ring Uurterbok) . Sölr'ring Foriining eV, Keitum 1969
^ Willy Krogmann : Helgoland dictionary. Delivery 1-5 , Franz Steiner Verlag 2016; ISBN 9783515029339
↑ By clicking in the header, the entire table can be sorted according to each individual language.

[1] North Friesland was under Danish rule until 1864, partly it belonged to the Duchy of Schleswig , which was a Danish fiefdom, and partly it belonged to the royal enclaves .