Llullaillaco
| Llullaillaco | ||
|---|---|---|
 The Llullaillaco from the northwest in 2002 |
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| height | 6739 m | |
| location | Argentina / Chile | |
| Mountains | To the | |
| Dominance | 264.53 km → Tres Cruces | |
| Notch height | 2344 m | |
| Coordinates | 24 ° 43 ′ 12 ″ S , 68 ° 32 ′ 13 ″ W | |
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| Type | Stratovolcano | |
| Age of the rock | Pleistocene | |
| Last eruption | 1877 | |
| First ascent | December 1, 1952 by the Chileans Bión González León and Juan Harseim | |
| particularities | Third highest volcano on earth, at the same time its second highest active volcano | |
The Llullaillaco (also: Llullayllacu ) on the border between Argentina and Chile is at 6739 m after the Ojos del Salado , the extinct Monte Pissis and the also extinct Tres Cruces the fourth highest volcano and before the Guallatiri in Chile the second highest active volcano on earth. Indian buildings on its summit are considered to be the highest archaeological finds in the world.
Geography and geology
The mountain is located in the Llullaillaco National Park in a remote region of the Atacama Desert . Starting points for ascents are the desert oasis of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and San Antonio de los Cobres in Argentina. As one of the highest mountains in the Andes and the “roof of the Atacama Desert”, the summit is permanently covered with snow, and at the same time it is the highest unglaciated summit in the world.
The development of this volcano is divided into two phases:
- Llullaillaco I , the original volcano that has existed since the Pleistocene , now consists of two heavily eroded craters with associated lava flows, some of which are up to 20 km in length. The lava flows mainly flow in a westerly direction.
- Llullaillaco II is the now inactive and well-preserved volcanic cone that erupted in 1854, 1868 and last time in 1877. This makes the Llullaillaco the highest active volcano in historical times.
history
The name Llullaillaco means "dirty (llullay) lagoon (llaco or yaco)" in Quechua because the volcano, viewed from the east, rises behind a salt pan.
Its shape makes the Llullaillaco an imposing appearance. Furthermore, the spring water emerging from its flanks is an important source of life in the otherwise extremely dry Atacama Desert. The Llullaillaco was therefore a sacred mountain for the pre-Columbian population , the “home of the gods” and a symbol of fertility.
Presumably the Incas climbed the Llullaillaco before 1500. On its summit they erected extensive buildings that were used for religious purposes and sacrifices. Among other things, a staircase, various small stone houses and terraces have been preserved as ruins to this day.
The first modern ascent took place on December 1, 1952 by the Chileans Bión González León and Juan Harseim. In 1953 and 1954, Hans-Ulrich Rudel , Karl Morghen and Rolf Dangl also managed to climb, which Rudel initially considered to be the first ascent, as he did not find any Chilean legacies on the summit.
In 1958 and 1961, the Austrian Matthias Rebitsch explored the archaeological sites and undertook the first excavations in the rudiments of the building without being able to explain their purpose and significance. It is the highest archaeological site in the world.
In March 1999, archaeologists and mountaineers on an expedition of the National Geographic Society led by the American anthropologist Johan Reinhard discovered three frozen child mummies , the age of which was later determined to be around 500 years. The team worked 13 days under adverse conditions, such as snowstorms and cold temperatures down to -37 ° C, to rescue the mummies and also uncovered numerous artifacts: 20 clothed and 16 unclothed fictional figures as well as dozens of other accessories such as statuettes, pottery, bags with food and Coca pouch . Since 2004, the mummies and other artifacts have been exhibited in the newly founded Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña de Salta in Salta .
As part of a mini expedition of the PES Innsbruck in 2002, Klaus Springfeld, Gunter Jürschik, Peter Krois as well as Federico Norte and Alejandro Lewis from Salta climbed the Holy Mountain along the path of the Inca priests. They found the round huts as well as the ceremonial area with the Incas sacrificial site in excellent condition. From the excavations from 1999 nothing was recognizable.
In 2005 the first ascent of a new route was made from the southwest side by Manfred Buchroithner , Martin Frey and Reinhold Lazar.
See also
literature
- John Biggar : The Andes: A Guide For Climbers , 2nd ed., BigR Publishing (Andes), 1999, pp. 144-145, ISBN 0-9536087-0-0 .
- Michael R. Kelsey: Climber's and Hiker's Guide to the World's Mountains & Volcanoes , 4th ed., Kelsey Publishing, 2001, pp. 1196-1197.
- Reinhold Lazar: The highest climate station on earth at Llullaillaco (6739m) , in: Robert Kostka , Aconcagua and the Andes to the Tropic of Capricorn , 1st edition, Weishaupt Verlag, 2006, pp. 53–57, ISBN 3-7059 -0229-6 .
- Eckehard Radehose: America's Dream Mountains: Alaska to Tierra del Fuego , 2nd edition, Bergverlag Rother , 2002, pp. 147–151, ISBN 3-7633-3006-2 .
- Mathias Rebitsch : Sun sacrifices of the Inca up to 6700 m , in: Rudi Mayr, Stille Abenteuerbetween Andes and Himalaya , 1st edition, Steiger Verlag, 1985, pp. 41–57, ISBN 3-85423-039-7 .
- Johan Reinhard : The icy grave , National Geographic Magazine Germany, No. 11/1999, pp. 78–97.
- Johan Reinhard: The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes , 1st ed., National Geographic Society, 2005, ISBN 0-7922-6838-5 .
Web links
- Llullaillaco in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
- Museum of High Mountain Archeology in Salta (Spanish)
- Institute for Height Archeology at the Catholic University in Salta (Spanish)
- Report on the construction of the highest temperature measuring station in the world (Llullaillaco, 6739 m) ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) from geoWEB Graz - Institute for Geography and Spatial Research, Graz
- LLULLAILLACO (Filmed with a drone) on YouTube , accessed February 17, 2020.
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Gratzl: Myth Mountain. Lexicon of the important mountains from mythology, cultural history and religion . Hollinek, Purkersdorf 2000, ISBN 3-85119-280-X , p. 216-217 .
- ↑ Website of the Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña de Salta .
- ^ Manfred F. Buchroithner & Reinhold Lazar: Llullaillaco 2005: Nido del Condor, an initial ascent of the route; Announcements 2020, Academic Section Graz in the PES , pp. 27–31