Lyceum Carolinum
The Lyceum Carolinum was a university in the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt . It was founded in 1812 by Grand Duke Karl Theodor von Dalberg and was repealed in 1814 after the Free City of Frankfurt was restored. It was not until 1914 that Frankfurt am Main received a university again with the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
history
When the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt was founded in 1810, in addition to the municipal grammar school that had existed since 1520 , which only accepted students of the Lutheran denomination, there was also the Catholic grammar school Fridericianum founded in 1790 by Archbishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal of Mainz .
With the Education Act of February 1, 1812, the Grand Duke ordered the Frankfurt grammar school to be opened to all denominations - including Jews who had only had equal rights since 1811 - and the Catholic grammar school to be closed. Dalberg ordered the high school to be converted into a scientific preschool for a new lyceum . In the other departmental capitals of the Grand Duchy, Aschaffenburg , Hanau and Fulda , further lyceums were to be founded. In §13 of the Education Act it said:
"By studying history, philology, philosophy, mathematics, natural history, natural science and the general encyclopedia, the Lyceen are supposed to elevate the mind of the students to a higher intellectual culture and to accustom them to a scientific treatment of the most important objects of human thought."
The lyceum was to become the philosophical faculty of a grand ducal university . A general science course at the Lyceum was to be the prerequisite for access to the other faculties of the Grand Ducal University and to prepare the students for a subsequent course at a specialized faculty, which was to be set up as an academy based on the French model. The legal training should be based at the law school in Wetzlar , the seat of the former Reich Chamber of Commerce , and the medical-surgical special school at the Senckenberg Foundation in Frankfurt. The Charles University of Aschaffenburg was a central location, to which the remaining part of the University of Mainz , which was closed in 1798, had emigrated.
Dalberg appointed Theodor Pauli from Mainz as general curator of public education . This appointed the Frankfurt lawyer Johann Friedrich Heinrich Schlosser to the grand ducal high school and study council and director of the lyceum.
The Lyceum took its seat in the premises of the Senckenberg Foundation near the Eschenheimer Tor and began teaching on November 9, 1812 with seven professors, at the same time as the Medical and Surgical Academy. At the end of September 1813, the first year of study was to end with an academic celebration. In the meantime, however, the political situation had become so acute that the ceremony had to be canceled. On September 28th, the Grand Duke left Frankfurt forever.
The second year of study was supposed to begin on November 2, 1813. On this day, shortly after the Battle of Leipzig , troops of the coalition occupied Frankfurt, so the beginning of the semester was postponed to November 13th. On this day the students of the new year came to the inscription . However, only one of the older lyceists of the previous year had reappeared. The rest of them had decided not to continue their studies, went to another university or volunteered for the Allied Army. Nevertheless, the lectures began on November 15, 1813.
In March 1814 only seven lyceists remained, who were supervised by the seven professors. In the meantime the city of Frankfurt had regained its old freedom; the supervision of the lyceum had passed to the Frankfurt high school and study inspection. With the end of the Grand Duchy, the funds for the upkeep of the Lyceum had ceased to exist, so a Senate commission commissioned with an expert opinion recommended in April 1814 that the old grammar school be restored and that the direct transition from grammar school to university be re-established. The lyceum was to be converted into a select class attached to the grammar school in the winter semester of 1814/15 . The restored grammar school was to " exist as a secondary school at the same time and be set up in such a way that no part of the religious community was prevented from attending it." A corresponding senate resolution was passed on August 25, 1814. However, it could no longer stop the end of the lyceum. On September 27, 1814, the Senate closed the Lyceum; classes had come to a standstill after the end of summer. The planned selection class at the grammar school was set up in the spring of 1815, but only existed for a short time.
Study regulations
The curriculum of the Lyceum, which Pauli decreed in September 1812, was designed for four semesters of study. Each week, 27 lectures were provided, including in the first year ( Cursus each 9 philosophical linguistically-Past and mathematical and scientific and philosophical in the second year 11, 10 mathematics and natural science and 6 classical language). The main subjects were philosophy with the subjects of logic , metaphysics , moral philosophy , aesthetics , history of philosophical systems and general encyclopedia , ancient languages ( Latin , Greek and Hebrew ) as well as mathematics and natural sciences , including natural history and natural science ( physics ).
At the beginning of each semester, a printed course catalog , the Catalogus praelectionum, was published . The enrollment of the candidates was celebrated with a solemn ceremony. In addition to the enrolled students who are presented as cand. Phil. in Lyceo Carol. Franc. aM , there were also guest auditors . The average age of students who transferred after the seventh year of high school was 16 years.
The lyceum had its own academic jurisdiction . The regulations for the candidates were laid down in a disciplinary law . This included the punctual and complete attendance at all lectures, a fixed seating arrangement for the entire semester, the obligation to behave appropriately and the prohibition to visit billiards, coffee houses and taverns . The intended disciplinary punishments were simple and public reprimands, incarceration lasting several hours to three days , consilium abeundi and public relegation . Candidates were subject to general jurisdiction in all civil , embarrassing and police offenses .
financing
To finance the lyceum, Dalberg made a fund of 3000 guilders (florins) available per year in November 1812 . The fund also received the enrollment and stamp fees of the students and professors as well as the college fees of the students. Each student had 14 florins when they first matriculated, later 10 florins per semester 45 kr. to pay. Guest students paid 5 fl. Per class hour. The bookkeeping of the Lyceum took over the rentmaster of the community hospital .
Of the five professors employed at the grammar school, only Poppe completely transferred to the Lyceum. He kept his previous grammar school teacher salary plus commercial work and an additional 600 florins, so that, including all allowances, he earned an annual salary of 2132 florins 39 4/7 kr. came. This also included deposits of firewood, grain, wine and salt.
Professors Matthiä, Grotefend, Schlosser, Hering and Roth remained full-time at the grammar school. For their teaching activities at the Lyceum they received allowances of 150 fl. (Roth) to 600 fl. (Schlosser). Molitor continued to teach part-time at the Philanthropist and received an allowance of 750 florins at the lyceum. In total, the professors' salary at the lyceum cost 2900 florins per year.
The medical-surgical school took over the rent in the Senckenberg monastery, the payment of the pedell and the physics servant . The supply of humanities literature was incumbent on the city library , which at that time was located in the rooms of the grammar school in the former barefoot monastery . The Senckenberg library was responsible for the scientific literature .
Personalities
The professors of the lyceum were mainly appointed from the college of the grammar school. The rector Friedrich Christian Matthiä and his vice rector Georg Friedrich Grotefend became professors for classical literature . Friedrich Christoph Schlosser became professor for world history and the history of philosophical systems , Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe for natural history, natural science and mathematics , Georg Michael Roth for the encyclopedia and Simon Heinrich Adolf Herling for the Hebrew language . From the College of Jewish philanthropist was Franz Joseph Molitor professor of philosophy.
After the end of the Carolinum, the professors returned to the grammar school or the Philanthropin.
The historian Johann Friedrich Böhmer and the doctor and natural scientist Johann Michael Mappes later emerged among the students at the Lyceum .
literature
- Otto Liermann: The Lyceum Carolinum. A contribution to the history of education in the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. , Supplement to the program of the Wöhler Realgymnasium in Frankfurt am Main, Easter 1908 ( digitized version )
Individual evidence
- ^ Vote of the Senate Deputation on August 13, 1814