March snail
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The fruiting bodies of the March snail ( Hygrophorus marzuolus ) develop under the needle layer. |
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| Hygrophorus marzuolus | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr .: Fr.) Bres. |
The March Schneckling , Marchellerling or snow mushroom ( Hygrophorus marzuolus ) is a very early in the year fructifying mushroom from the family of the snail relatives (Hygrophoraceae). It is considered a good edible mushroom and, despite its very variable appearance, can hardly be confused with it simply because of its early appearance.
features
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Macroscopic features
The stately fruiting bodies reach a hat up to 15 cm wide . Most of the specimens are much smaller and have a hat diameter between 5 and 10 cm. When young, the hat is usually dark, slate-gray, regularly arched and rolled up like a deaf at the edge . Older hats are mostly torn, wavy, or at least irregular. The colors also vary greatly and are unevenly distributed: The basic color remains a dark slate gray, in which large white regions, greenish-gray, brown-gray and almost black regions are included. Almost white specimens are also common. The surface of the hat is mostly dry and never greasy-slimy like other snails. The distant and almost always forked lamellae have a waxy consistency. They are broad or slightly bulged, less often they run weakly down the stalk . In young specimens they have a whitish color, later light gray tones predominate. The compact, solid handle is also initially white, later grayish with brown or gray color markings towards the base of the hat. Towards the base of the stem it is thickened like a club. In young mushrooms it is usually straight, later twisted and curved and often very thick, so that the cap only slightly protrudes beyond the diameter of the stem. Older specimens often show a fibrous torn stem.
Microscopic features
The flesh of the lamellae ( lamellae trama ) is indistinctly bilateral, somewhat mixed up. On each of the up to 70 µm long spore stands ( basidia ), 4 spores mature. The broadly elliptical / egg-shaped to approximately circular spores measure 6–8.5 (–9.5) × 4–5.5 (–6.5) µm.
Species delimitation
Due to its early appearance, the March snail can hardly be confused with other lamellar mushrooms. The gray-brown snail ( Hygrophorus camarophyllus ) is quite similar and closely related . However, it is one of the autumn mushrooms. The large snail has a strikingly contrasting soot-brown hat and whitish lamellae that run down the handle. The rare species occurs in mountain conifer forests.
Ecology and phenology
The March snail is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic partnership with various conifers, but also with some deciduous trees. Its most important tree partner is the silver fir , followed by spruce and pine , and more rarely the common beech . Outside of Germany he probably also has a relationship with chestnuts , oaks and cedars . The fungus inhabits species-rich mixed mountain forests, such as bedstraw-fir forests and spruce, fir and spruce forests that are weakly acidic to the soil. It likes loose, humus-rich, fresh, weakly acidic to weakly alkaline, relatively nutrient-poor and mostly sandy soils over marl, gravel and base-rich silicate rock. It rarely occurs directly above lime and lean silicates.
The fruiting bodies appear immediately after the snow has melted, mainly in the hills and mountains. In very mild winters, the first mushrooms can be found as early as January. Usually, however, the focus of publication is not until the second half of March to the beginning of April. The fruiting bodies break out mostly in clusters as fully developed fruiting bodies under the snow, moss or litter.
distribution
The occurrence of the March snail extends to western North America (Idaho, USA), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Morocco, the snail can be found in the Rif Mountains under cedar trees . In Europe the species is very sparsely distributed, in many regions it is completely absent. It occurs in the vicinity of the Alps , Carpathians and in a smaller exclave in the Eastern Pyrenees . This distribution corresponds almost exactly to the distribution area of the silver fir. The snail was found in Italy ( Apennines and Northern Italy), Slovenia, Croatia, rarely in Serbia and Romania, in Spain, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic and rarely in Slovakia. The main areas of its occurrence are in eastern Austria and especially in Slovenia . There is also evidence from the Republic of Macedonia and Greece.
The northern limit of distribution runs through the middle of Germany. The main distribution area is here in Baden-Württemberg in the southern Black Forest , but the snail can also be found in Bavaria and Thuringia. There are stray finds in North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. It was first detected in the Eifel in March 2016. The endangered species is listed in endangerment category 2 on Germany's Red List .
meaning
The March snail is considered a good edible mushroom that is suitable for all types of mushroom preparation. Its very early occurrence in an otherwise “mushroom-free” season makes it particularly desirable for many mushroom pickers. Perhaps that is why its taste value is sometimes overestimated. The fungi are often difficult to spot because they develop under the layer of leaves or needles. Experienced seekers can identify sites by the slightly raised conifer, moss or leafy hills. Once you have discovered a mushroom, you can usually look forward to a rich harvest, as the fruiting bodies almost always appear in colonies. Remnants of fungus can also indicate an occurrence, since the fruiting bodies are eagerly eaten by squirrels and mice. In Germany the fungus is very rare and therefore particularly protected; collecting is prohibited, even in small quantities.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 46 .
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , pp. 113-115.
- ↑ a b c Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around . A paperback for identifying and looking up around 600 native mushroom species. Park-Verlag, Hamburg 1949, p. 200 ( PDF; 6.1 MB ).
- ↑ Frieder Gröger: Identification key for leaf mushrooms and boletus in Europe. Part I . In: Regensburger Mykologische Schriften . tape 13 . Regensburg Botanical Society , 2006, ISSN 0944-2820 , p. 163 (master key; generic key; species key for Röhrlinge and relatives, wax-leaved, light-leaved oyster, light-leaved and red-leaved).
- ↑ Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions. The remaining genera of Agaricales with white spore powder . In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 3 . Fungicon, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-940316-03-5 , p. 395-396 .
- ^ Frank Dämmrich, Andreas Gminder, Hans-Jürgen Hardtke, Peter Karasch, Martin Schmidt: Title . In: Mushrooms of Germany. German Society for Mycology , 2016, accessed on March 28, 2016 .
- ^ A b Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres. In: Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved August 11, 2011 .
- ^ Svetozar Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( Online [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on July 9, 2013]). , National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Dimitrios Dimou, Georgios I. Zervakis, Elias Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 104 , 2008, p. 39–42 ( PDF; 584 kB ).
- ↑ Klaus Büchler, Petra Eimann, Werner Eimann: The March snail in the Eifel . In: The Tintling . Issue 2/2016, No. 99 , 2016, ISSN 1430-595X , p. 83-84 .
Web links
- March Schneckling, Marchellerling. Mushroom Association of the Baden Region, accessed on July 9, 2013 .
- March celeriac, March snail, snow mushroom - Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Rick. Association for Mushroom Science Birsfelden and the surrounding area, accessed on July 9, 2013 .
