Little Yenisei
The Small Yenisei ( Russian Малый Енисей / Maly Yenisei ; Tuvan Каа-Хем / Kaa-Chem , "Small River") is the 563 km long, left or eastern source river of Yenisei in Mongolia and to Russia belonging southern Siberian republic of Tuva .
course
Most of the mainly Russian sources give the origin of the Little Yenisei as the lake Dood Nuur (Russified form Dod-Nur ) in northern Mongolia; the river length of 563 km refers to this. The lake is located in the northwest of the Chöwsgöl-Aimag at an altitude of 1538 m in the large Darchad Depression between the Ulan Taiga Mountains up to 3351 m high in the west and the up to 3093 m high Chordol-Sardag Mountains with the large lake beyond Chöwsgöl Nuur in the east.
The upper reaches of the river from the lake to the Mongolian-Russian border is called Shishchid gol (mong. Шишхид гол ; also Shishged gol , Шишгэд гол ) in Mongolia , as is the lower section of the southern of the two main tributaries of the Dood Nuur. Most of its source rivers arise in the 3000 m high mountainous region southwest of the Darchad Depression. The northern main tributary of the Dood Nuur, the Schargyn gol (mong. Шаргын гол ), and its source rivers originate mainly in the Eastern Sayan on the border with Russia. The lake tributaries are up to 200 km long with source rivers.
On the border with Russia, the Little Yenisei (or Schischchid gol) picks up the Bugsejn gol (also Busijn gol ) from the left and, a few kilometers later, the Bilin from the right. This area is called Ush-Beldir, Tuvin for "triple confluence"; there is a small town of the same name with a sanatorium also called Usch-Beldir ( ⊙ ). From here to the 870 m elevation of the Balyktyg-Chem (Балыктыг-Хем; ⊙ ) ultimately coming from the south , the river is also called Kyzyl-Chem , Tuvinian for “Red River”.
Some sources also refer to the lower reaches of the Balyktyg-Chem from the confluence of the smaller Saryg Er ( ⊙ ) coming from Mongolia as “Little Yenisei”. The Balyktyg-Chem itself rises in the mountains between the ridges Chorumnug-Taiga and Sangilen ( ⊙ ), which are the eastern continuations of the Tannu-ola Mountains , which is therefore sometimes given as the headwaters of the Little Yenisei. The Balyktyg-Chem flows in a large arc first mainly to the east, then to the northwest and north.
The Little Yenisei with Schischchid gol and Kysyl-Chem flows from the Dood Nuur after leaving the Darchad Depression for almost its entire length approximately in an east-west direction in a predominantly narrow valley through the mountainous landscape of northern Mongolia and overgrown by boreal coniferous forest (taiga) of southeastern Tuva. In the lower reaches, he turns to the northwest, and its valley opens up to between the mountains Westsajan and Tannu-ola Mountains located Tuvan basin in the central part of the Republic.
In this depression, the Little Yenisei on the northern edge of the republic capital Kysyl ( 631 m ) joins at an altitude of about 619 m with the Big Yenisei ( Bii-Chem ) coming from the right to form the Yenisei , one of the largest rivers in Siberia. The upper reaches of the actual Yenisei on the territory of the Republic of Tuva and further up to the emergence of the West Sayan into the Minussinsk Basin is also called Upper Yenisei (Russian Werchni Jenissei ; Tuvinian Ulug-Chem , about "Mighty River").
Near the mouth, the Little Yenisei is more than 200 m wide; the flow velocity is 2.3 m / s. The most important tributaries besides the aforementioned are Uschep and Dersig from the right and Ulug-Schiwei, Sisim and Buren from the left.
Hydrology
The catchment area of the river covers 58,700 km². The Little Yenisei freezes between December and April / May, followed by flooding that lasts until July during the snowmelt, which accounts for almost half of the annual runoff. The autumn ice drift can last up to a month and a half.
| level | Distance to the mouth (km) |
Mean flow rate (m³ / s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | Minimum (March) |
Maximum (June) |
||
| Kyzyl | 2 | 410 | 96 | 1024 |
| Saryg-Sep | 100 | 417 | 87 | 1065 |
| Ust-Uschep | 170 | 333 | 68 | 895 |
Use and infrastructure
The Little Yenisei is navigable for 142 kilometers from the village of Beschei to the mouth. Further up the river, navigation is hardly possible due to the rapids . Because of this, however, the Little Yenisei with Kysyl-Chem and Balyktyg-Chem is popular among canoeists .
The catchment area of the Little Yenisei is more densely populated than that of the Big Yenisei, especially on the lower reaches of the Tuvinian Depression. There, on the left bank, the district administrative center of Kaa-Chem is located not far from the republic capital Kyzyl and further upstream on the right bank, the district administrative center of Saryg-Sep . These and other places are connected by a road running along the river, which crosses it about 20 km above Kyzyl and the mouth with the only bridge over the river. Above Saryg-Sep, on the Little Yenisei, there are the villages of Beschei, Uschep, Unschei and Schiwei, which are predominantly inhabited by Russian Orthodox , who withdrew to the remote area in the early 20th century and have partially maintained their traditional way of life to this day. The village of Tsagaannuur is located on the west bank of the Dood Nuur near the source of the Little Yenisei in Mongolia.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Article Little Yenisei in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ a b Little Yenisei in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ a b Little Yenisei at the Kysyl gauge - hydrographic data from R-ArcticNET (only 25 observation years)
- ↑ eg. Soviet General Staff map 1: 500,000, Leaf M-47-A, 1983 edition
- ↑ a b Kleiner Jenissei ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in the dictionary of modern geographical terms . Moscow 2003–2006 (Russian)
- ↑ Little Yenisei at the Saryg-Sep gauge - hydrographic data from R-ArcticNET
- ↑ Little Yenisei at the Ust-Uschep gauge - hydrographic data from R-ArcticNET
- ^ List of Inland Waterways of the Russian Federation (confirmed by Order No. 1800 of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2002); on-line
