Manicaria
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Young plants of Manicaria saccifera in Costa Rica |
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Manicaria is a genus of palm that is native to Central America. It is the only representative of the Manicarieae tribe .
features
The representatives are robust, single or multi-stemmed, unreinforced palms. They are several times blooming and monoecious . The trunk is rather short, upright to prostrate, and sometimes dichotomously branched. It has conspicuous rings from the leaf scars. At the base the trunk is enlarged and has a multitude of roots.
The number of chromosomes is unknown.
leaves
The leaves are very large and remain on the plant longer after they die (marzescence). The leaves are pinnate or undivided, or they are variously divided up to the rachis or only partially. The leaf sheath tears open opposite the petiole , it becomes narrow and is deeply furrowed distally. The edges are covered with numerous fibers. The petiole is long, deeply furrowed on top, keeled on the underside. The stem is covered with small, rough scales on the underside. When the leaf blade is divided, the segments are simply folded, narrow, long and with a short two-part tip. The middle ribs protrude clearly on the underside, as do the intercostal ribs.
Inflorescences
The inflorescences single, between the leaves (interfoliar) and are proterandrisch . They are branched one to four times. The peduncle is short, round in cross-section, rather slender and provided with thick red hair. The cover sheet is long, tubular, slightly onion-like thickened at the base and narrowed to a firm tip. It completely envelops the inflorescence, is flexible, network-like and consists of thin, interconnected fibers. The bract on the inflorescence stalk is similar to the previous leaf, but starts about in the middle of the inflorescence stalk. A few long, fibrous, incomplete prophylls stand above this first one. The inflorescence axis is longer than the stem. On it are rather long, narrow, pointed bracts in a spiral arrangement, each with a flower-bearing axis (rachilla) in each armpit. The rachillae are short to moderately long, stand rather crowded, and are bald or covered with deciduous, dark red hair. The bracts on the rachillae are stiff, pointed and have a few (one to three) triads at the base.
blossoms
The male flowers are slightly asymmetrical and obovate in the bud. The three sepals are broadly rounded, fused at the base to about a third of the length, and imbricat in the free area . The base is thick, the edges thin. The three petals are more than twice as long as the sepals and are connected to the receptaculum to form a solid base. Basal they are fused with the filaments. The lobes are free, thick, valvat , and furrowed on top. There are 30 to 35 stamens . The filaments are circular in cross section, they are moderately long and curled up in various ways in the bud. The anthers are elongated, dorsifix above the base, opening intrors. The connective are tannic . One stamp rudiment is missing. The pollen is ellipsoidal or triangular, with slight to distinct asymmetry. The germ opening is a distal sulcus or a trichotomosulcus. The longest axis measures 32 to 40 µm.
The female flowers are briefly ovate in the bud. The three sepals are free, imbricat, with a spatulate tip. The three petals are unequal, thick and valvate. There are around 15 straight, flat, thin staminodes . The gynoeceum is triangular in cross section, obovate, truncate, with three compartments each with an ovule . On it sit three central, straight, overgrown styluses that end in three straight scars . The ovules have grown laterally and are anatropic.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are large, rounded with one to three lobes and one to three seeds. The scar remains are subbasal. The exocarp is obsolescent at maturity, the outer mesocarp is woody and covered with wart-like outgrowths, the inner mesocarp is spongy, tannic. The endocarp is thin and smooth. The seed is rounded, sits basal. The raphenous branches are sunken, run parallel, are hardly branched. The endosperm is homogeneous and hollow. The embryo is basal.
Distribution and locations
Manicaria occurs in Central America and South America. The area includes, on the one hand, southern Central America and the Pacific coast of neighboring northern South America, and, on the other hand, the area of the Orinoco Delta, the Guyanas and the Amazon Basin. It grows in freshwater swamps mostly near the coast. Sometimes it forms large, dense stands.
Systematics
The genus Manicaria Gaertn. is placed within the Arecaceae family in the Arecoideae subfamily and alone forms the Manicarieae tribe. The tribe is part of the "core arecoids" within the subfamily. The exact systematic position of the tribe within these core arecoids is uncertain.
In the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , the following types are recognized:
- Manicaria martiana Burret : The home is the southeastern Colombia and the northern Brazil.
- Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. : The distribution area includes tropical Central and South America.
The genus Manicaria was established by the German botanist Joseph Gärtner in 1791 with the only species Manicaria saccifera , which was then known from the coasts of northern South America. Martius and Wallace later found the species in the Amazon Delta. In 1864 Grisebach described a second species, Manicaria pluckenetii from Trinidad , but this has been considered a variety of Manicaria saccifera since Drude's work in 1881 .
In the interior of the Amazon, the genus was first described by Trail 1876, who described the plants on sandy soils on the Rio Negro near Manaus as Manicaria saccifera var. Mediterranea . In 1928 Max Burret described Manicaria martiana, also from Manaus. He considered the variety described by Trail as a synonym for its species. In 1930 Burret described Manicaria atricha from the Río Vaupés on the Brazilian-Colombian border. There has been no genre revision since then. Modern studies on the genre can be found by Wessels Boer 1988, Henderson 1995 and Henderson et al. 1995. Wessels Boer recognized all three species, but also left open the possibility that it could only be one species, Manicaria saccifera . Henderson and Henderson et al. recognized only Manicaria saccifera . Later authors followed the latter opinion, including Govaerts and Dransfield 2005 as well as the authors of Genera Palmarum 2008. Field research in the area of the Río Vaupés together with herbarium studies, however, let Bernal and Galeano raise Manicaria martiana again to an independent species in 2010 .
They were followed by the editors of the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families database at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
use
Various Indian peoples prepare cough medicine from the milk of unripe fruits. This liquid is also used to treat fever and diarrhea in young children, sometimes in combination with various other plants.
Each tree provides around 7 kg of fruit per year. These contain about 57% oil similar to coconut oil .
The bracts of the inflorescences ( spathe ) are made into hats and rucksacks, the leaf stalks are used as kindling. The leaves are used for roofing.
supporting documents
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 454-457.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Manicaria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 23, 2013.
- ↑ a b Rodrigo Bernal, Gloria Galeano: Notes on Mauritiella, Manicaria and Leopoldinia . Palms, Volume 54, 2010, pp. 119-132.
- ^ A b c Mark J. Plotkin, Michael J. Balick: Medicinal Uses of South American Palms . Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 10, 1984, pp. 157-179, here p. 172.
