Marcomagus

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Marcomagus is a Roman settlement district on the Roman road Trier – Cologne . It is listed in the Antonini Itinerarium as "Marcomago Vicus" and on the Tabula Peutingeriana as "Marcomagus".

The Eifel town of Marmagen in the Euskirchen district derives its name from this Roman vicus. The current location of Marmagen shows no significant traces of Roman settlement. Marmagen therefore probably goes back to a name transfer that often occurred in Merovingian times , i.e. H. in the 6th or 7th century, or back afterwards.

Marcomagus can be assumed between Marmagen and Nettersheim an der Urft. The original street vicus developed into an extensive settlement area with temples, work and manufacturing areas and a corresponding dense network of paths and streets during the Roman Empire . A high density of Roman traces is evidence of a cultural and economic heyday. In the “ Grüner Pütz ” corridor near Marcomagus, the Roman Eifel aqueduct , the so-called Roman Canal, begins , which led Eifel water into the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the Roman Cologne .

A Roman vicus has been archaeologically investigated in the district of Nettersheim an der Urft since 2009, and on May 18, 2014 an archaeological landscape park was opened in the vicus area, in which the partially reconstructed Görresburg is located and some strip houses in the area "Auf der Alten Gasse" as well as the small fort are indicated at the "Steinrütsch".

The province of Germania on the Tabula Peutingeriana (copy from the 17th century)

Research history overview

Eifel map by Alexandre von Wiltheim (1604–1695)
Source catchment of the Eifel aqueduct to Cologne at the "Grünen Pütz" near Nettersheim
Roman road in the slope of the Urft valley near Nettersheim with a clear ruts in the rock below left
"Görresburg" at the northern end of the vicus
Cast of a matron stone from the "Görresburg" for the Matronae Aufaniae. The consecration stone was donated by the street policeman Marcus Aurelius Agripinus.

It is particularly important for the local history of Marmagen when the vicus “Marcomagus” on the Roman road Trier – Cologne, the construction of which was a prerequisite for the emergence of the vicus, was founded; the question of where it was is also very old:

Marcomagus in ancient literature

The Roman historian Tacitus indirectly refers to the Roman road to Trier in chapter 41 of the first book of his annals , in which he writes about the mutiny of the legions in AD 14.

In the Gesta Treverorum of the 12th century it is reported that at the time of St. Maternus the Trier built an underground canal through the Bedagau to Cologne in order to supply their Cologne friends with wine in this way. The building was popularly known as the Devil's Canal.

In the geographical-historical literature of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as Aegidius Gelenius , Christoph Brouwer and Johann Friedrich Schannat , Marcomagus and Marmagen, respectively, represent the Roman road Trier – Cologne, which is still used in parts as a traffic route at this time, and the Roman Canal represents an undivided entity.

The infamous Marmagen milestone

A dispute about the age of the Roman road and thus also of the Marcomagus located on it - carried out in the writings of the Verein der Altertumsfreunde Bonn - ignites at the so-called Marmagen milestone .

Johann Friedrich Schannat reports on the first pages of the Eiflia illustrata from 1739 that the Count von Manderfeld-Blankenheim houses a Roman milestone in his museum at Blankenheim Castle, which he found in 1590 in the "Busch Morall" near Marcomagus. Earlier news of this milestone can be found in the 4th chapter of the 3rd book of the work Luciliburgensia sive Luxemburgum Romanum from 1680 by the Luxembourg scholar and archaeologist Alexander von Wiltheim (1604–1684), in which he describes the Roman road from Trier to Cologne. The inscription on the milestone handed down by Schannat and Wiltheim does not match.

Schannat also notes that this milestone was lost after the Counts of Manderfeld-Blankenheim had to leave their Blankenheim property. The place name he mentioned "Busch Morall" can be found in the Tranchot map and describes a wooded ridge in the Nettersheim district east of the Urft. The wooded mountain ridge named "Mürell Busch" in the Tranchot map is now called "Der Mürel".

Since the Roman governor Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is said to have been mentioned in the traditional inscription on the stone , who lived in 12 BC. Died, Schannat and subsequently many other Eifel historians justify the assumption that the Roman road Cologne-Trier was built before Christ, and deduce from this that the vicus “Marcomagus” is more than 2000 years old.

The Mechernich mountain official Bernhard Clemens August Eick and other archaeologists point out that the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the Roman Cologne, is mentioned in the inscription on the milestone , to which the distance is given as 39,000 passages . But since the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium was only proclaimed in 50, so their argumentation, this stone could not come from pre-Christian times. According to Eick, the milestone dates from the year 226 AD and has no inscription that Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa names.

19th century soil prospecting

It was not until the 19th century, triggered by the French and Prussian map of the Rhineland 1800–1828, that the question of exactly where Marcomagus should be located geographically came to the fore. Friedrich Wilhelm Schmidt and Bernhard Clemens August Eick set out for the Eifel based on the old descriptions and come across the remains of the Roman aqueduct several kilometers away from the village of Marmagen in the Urft valley; Eick examined the beginning of the Eifel aqueduct in a corridor called "Grüner Pütz".

The Prussian General von Veith also explored the Roman road from Trier to Cologne in the 1880s. In 1923 and 1931, the curator of the Provincial Museum Bonn, Joseph Hagen , summarized the findings of that time about this Roman traffic route in the 8th volume of the explanations for the Historical Atlas of the Reinlande , whereby the research of FW Schmidt and C. von Veith were also taken into account.

In agreement with its predecessors, Hagen finds a largely uniform route on the Roman highway from Trier to Icorigium . On the following section of the route over the Nettersheimer ridge and through the Urft valley, the natural landscape conditions already demanded compromises from the Romans with regard to the straight route of their trunk road. In the area of ​​Marcomagus, for example, a confusing picture of branches, secondary branches and crossings of the Roman road emerges. However, since Hagen and his predecessors neither set the time nor classify the street finds, but rather assume simultaneous streets of equal rank, their findings compete considerably for the supposedly authentic route.

The owner of the then Kneipp'schen Kuranstalt in Nettersheim, Paul Meller, had a square 10 m long at the "Steinrütsch" excavated in 1895 and found Roman sandstone blocks and other building materials from buildings that must have been destroyed by fire; There were also coins and other items in the ashes.

Newer research approaches

In the more recent research, the knowledge-guiding interest is no longer determined solely by territorial-strategic aspects. The research focuses on the practical living conditions in the Roman Rhineland, and the three hundred year history of the settlement of the originally Roman road post “Marcomagus” into a culturally and economically extensive settlement area comes into focus.

With regard to the infrastructure, the Roman roads must be considered as via militaria (Heerstraße), via vicinalis (provincial road or country road), and above all via privata , the private road, in addition to the actual Trier – Cologne trunk road , which are the connecting road between Roman manors or as a farm road to agricultural terraces and Pingen fields .

The aerial archaeological prospecting of the Nettersheim-Marmagen plateau by Gunter Amtmann in the 1980s brought new and unexpected insights: aerial photographs show the Roman road Trier-Cologne, as it stands out as a bright strip of color from the other arable land. Since 1994 the Rhenish Office for Soil Monument Preservation has been undertaking new soil surveys on the North Rhine-Westphalian section of the Roman road Trier-Cologne.

Excavations in the area of ​​the vicus

The following excavations have been carried out so far in the area of ​​the vicus:

  • The "Görresburg" was excavated in 1909 by Joseph Hagen and Hans Lehner .
  • In 1965 an attempt was made to excavate the “Steinrütsch” by Walter Sage , but this only brought partial results due to the ingress of water.
  • Since autumn 1975, known findings in four Roman monument districts in the municipality of Nettersheim have been secured and partially partially reconstructed; this also included the "Steinrütsch" and the "Görresburg".
  • In 2009 the archaeological investigations of the entire vicus began by the Archaeological Institute of the University of Cologne; the excavations include the "Steinrütsch", the "Görresburg" and also the area "Auf der Alten Gasse".

The archaeological investigations of the vicus since 2009

View of the "Steinrütsch" with the indicated small fort and the area "Auf der Alten Gasse". The Urft and the railway line are located between the two areas.

Since 2009 the area from "Steinrütsch" to Görresburg has been investigated by the Archaeological Institute of the University of Cologne. A Roman vicus is being explored , which stretches from the “Görresburg” ( 50 ° 28 ′ 56 ″  N , 6 ° 37 ′ 5 ″  E ) to the “Steinrütsch” ( 50 ° 28 ′ 39 ″  N , 6 ° 37 ′ 19 ″  O ) in the Urftaue extended. It had a supra-regional meaning. The vicus existed until the beginning of the 5th century. This is probably the wanted vicus with the name "Marcomagus". Since 2009, excavations have been taking place every summer in the area of ​​the vicus, especially on the “Steinrütsch”.

topography

The vicus lay partly in the valley on the Urft ("Steinrütsch"; altitude above sea ​​level : approx. 460 m) and then extended for about 600 m along the straight Roman highway, which over the valley slope slightly to the southeast (area "Auf the Alten Gasse ”) in a north-northwest direction up to the“ Görresburg ”(approx. 500  m above sea level ); behind the temple district, it then goes steeply down again into the valley of the Schleifbach, which flows into the Urft.

In 1870 a railway line was built along the Urft , which cuts the vicus and separates the “Steinrütsch” area from the “Auf der Alten Gasse” area.

"On the Alte Gasse" area

The Roman trunk road from Trier to Cologne ran right through the vicus. In the area “Auf der Alten Gasse” between “Görresburg” and “Steinrütsch” there were strip houses made of quarry stone or half-timbered along the 8 m wide highway.

The findings in the vicus indicate that it was struck by a fire in the last third of the 3rd century, as a result of which the buildings in the area "Auf der Alten Gasse" were largely abandoned. The fire disaster is probably related to a German invasion.

"Steinrütsch" area

The "Steinrütsch" was probably the settlement center of the vicus, which existed from the 1st to the early 5th century. At the "Steinrütsch" a large courtyard building was discovered, which was perhaps the station of the beneficiaries (street police) who are called "Görresburg" on the consecration stones of the matron shrine. Before the traveler coming from Trier crossed the Urft, he had to pass a small fort at the “Steinrütsch” in late antiquity.

Finds of metal slag and the remains of pear-shaped smelting furnaces outside the “Steinrütsch” show that iron was produced intensively in the vicus.

"Görresburg"

The Görresburg is a temple district in which the Matronae Aufaniae were venerated. The matron shrine was archaeologically examined by Joseph Hagen and Hans Lehner in 1909 and partially reconstructed in 1976 and 1977.

During the excavations since 2009, the matron sanctuary was again examined archaeologically. The sanctuary did not exist in pre-Roman times, but since the second half of the 1st century; From this time came a small earth altar found during the excavations, which was the center of a cultic area enclosed with a wooden fence, and several pits, some of which contained ashes. The main temple, reconstructed today, was built in the middle of the 2nd century. The sanctuary probably existed until the early 5th century.

Marcus Pettronius Patroclus, Gaius Lucretius Fatius and Marcus Aurelius Agripinus were three of the street policemen, beneficiaries who are known from the inscriptions on the matron stones found at the "Görresburg".

Roman times and findings in the area of ​​Marcomagus

Casting of a milestone at its place of discovery on the "Steinrütsch"
Digital terrain model with Roman road Trier-Cologne

Above all, the district of Nettersheim, in which the vicus is located, is rich in ground monuments from Roman times:

Roman highways in the districts of Marmagen and Nettersheim

The Roman trunk road Cologne-Trier reached the Nettersheim-Marmagen plateau near the "Grünen Pütz" via a serpentine ( 50 ° 30 ′ 40 ″  N , 6 ° 36 ′ 45 ″  E ) and then ran straight to the Schleifbach valley, which is from the road was crossed vertically; at the “Görresburg” the trunk road reached the vicus and overcame the Urft in it; behind the “Steinrütsch” road then continued through the “Mürel”, a wooded ridge.

On the Nettersheimer-Marmagen plateau, the plowed road embankment can still be seen in the digital terrain model. In the “Mürel”, south of the Vicus, the road can also be identified in the digital terrain model.

As early as 1965, fragments of a milestone from the time of Emperor Decius were found on the “Steinrütsch” near the Urft . So it dates back to around 250 AD. A cast of this milestone is now close to where it was found.

A second route of the Cologne-Trier trunk road also ran through the area of ​​the municipality of Nettersheim: It ran from the Eichtertal through the present-day location of Marmagen to the "Round Stone", which is perhaps the foundation of a Roman milestone.

Agricultural terraces and ping fields

There are arable terraces on mountain slopes near the vicus . Their origins are likely to be in Roman times, but they will have been expanded further in later times.

Of the Pingen fields , on which the Romans probably already mined ore, the area “Weilerbüsch” and “Weilerheck” near Bahrhaus deserves special mention.

Eifel aqueduct

Bernhard Clemens August Eick proved for the first time archaeologically that the source of the “Grünen Pütz” ( 50 ° 30 ′ 44 ″  N , 6 ° 36 ′ 30 ″  E ) was the outermost point of the water supply in ancient Cologne.

Nevertheless, Haberey still suspected a possible connection with the Eifel aqueduct because of the unfinished sandstone blocks on the "Steinrütsch". Haberey's presumption is now archaeologically refuted, as the meaning of the "Steinrütsch" has been clarified by the excavations since 2009.

Other Roman finds from the Marcomagus area

Numerous finds from Roman times have been made in the districts of Marmagen and Nettersheim. These include B. the following items:

  • 300 Roman bronze and silver coins, discovered in 1914 in the Marmagen district
  • Late Roman cremation grave of a man around 60 years old. The additions include a glass bowl depicting a lion hunt (initially interpreted as a bear hunting bowl), which allows it to be dated from the second quarter to the middle third of the 4th century AD. Found in 1950 in the Nettersheim district
  • Finds of remains of Roman buildings and the Roman road in Marmagen
  • Numerous finds in Marmagen such as B. Coin find from 1947/48, Roman cremation grave (discovered in 1957), iron melting furnace (1993), slag finds (1994)
  • Cremation graves near the vicus

Archaeological Landscape Park

On May 18, 2014, an archaeological landscape park was opened in the vicus area. Here, strip houses in the area “Auf der Alten Gasse” and the small fort on “Steinrütsch” are indicated by walls. The partially reconstructed temple complex "Görresburg" has been open to tourism since 1977.

Circular route with eight stations

A 4.5 km long circular route with eight stations leads from the Eifel Nature Center in Nettersheim to the Archaeological Landscape Park 1.5 km away and back:

image station Coordinates description
Eifel Nature Center-6724.jpg begin 50 ° 29 '24.2 "  N , 6 ° 37' 40.4"  E Roman road information center in the Eifel nature center as a starting point
Roman roads, Nettersheim-8646.jpg Station I. 50 ° 29 '15.1 "  N , 6 ° 37' 41.1"  E Roman road surfaces
Schleifbachtal southwest of Nettersheim, nature reserve-2268.jpg "Excursus" 50 ° 29 '4 "  N , 6 ° 37' 20.4"  E Schleifbachtal nature reserve
Matron shrine Görresburg-2796.jpg Station II 50 ° 28 '56.2 "  N , 6 ° 37' 5.5"  E Gallo-Roman temple district of Görresburg with a matron shrine
View of Marcomagus from Görresburg. -0281.jpg Station III 50 ° 28 '53.4 "  N , 6 ° 37' 4.4"  E View of the Marcomagus settlement between Nettersheim and Marmagen , extensive excavation work by the archaeologists of the University of Cologne, partial reconstructions at selected locations. Parts of the settlement on Römerstrasse are visible.
Floor plans of Roman strip houses near Nettersheim-0008.jpg Station IV 50 ° 28 ′ 51.7 "  N , 6 ° 37 ′ 10"  E Strip houses (archaeological window)
Steinrütsch factory near Nettersheim, small fort-2.jpg Station V 50 ° 28 '38.9 "  N , 6 ° 37' 18.3"  E Small fort on the Steinrütsch with a Roman bridge over the Urft
Rennofen, Nettersheim-8686.jpg Station VI 50 ° 29 '8.2 "  N , 6 ° 37' 38.2"  E Racing furnace
Werkhäuser with tavern, Nettersheim-8671.jpg Station VII 50 ° 29 '13.6 "  N , 6 ° 37' 42.9"  E Roman tavern
Roman Garden Nettersheim Archaeological Landscape Park Station VIII -8667.jpg Station VIII 50 ° 29 '24.1 "  N , 6 ° 37' 42.3"  E Roman garden

swell

  • A. Eick : The infamous Marmagen milestone . In: Yearbooks of the Society of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland . Book XXV. Bonn 1857, p. 28 ff .
  • Aegidius Gelenius: De admiranda, sacra et civili magnitudine Coloniae Claudiae Agrippinensis Augustae Ubiorum urbis. Libri IV . Colonia Agrippina 1645, p. 257 .
  • JWC A von Hüpsch : Epigrammatography or collection of inscriptions from the older, middle and more recent times of the Low German provinces, most of which are unprinted . Cologne am Rheine 1801, p. 45 .
  • Johann Friedrich Schannat: Eiflia illustrata or geographical and historical description of the Eifel . Ed .: Translated from the Latin manuscripts; Enriched with notes and additions, along with many images of antiquities, sigils and coats of arms, published by Bärsch . First section of the first volume. Johann Peter Bachem, Cologne on the Rhine 1824, p. 5 ff .
  • Steiner: Codex inscriptionum romanarum Rheni . Second part. Darmstadt 1837, p. 82 f .
  • Alexander Wiltheim: Luciliburgensia sive Luxemburgum Romanum . Ed .: August Neyen. Kuborn, Luxemburg 1842, p. 104 ff .

literature

  • Felix Bretz: 2000 years of Marmagen. Marcomagus in Roman times. New edition, 1995.
  • Mariola Hepa, Michelle Forrest and Salvatore Ortisi : New investigations in the vicus of Nettersheim. In: Jürgen Kunow (Hrsg.): Archeology in the Rhineland 2009. A publication of the LVR office for soil monument preservation in the Rhineland. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2383-5 , p. 89 ff.
  • Heinz Günter Horn : Agrippastraße Cologne-Trier. Section Nettersheim. Of serpentines, temples and guard stations. 1st edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-7616-2365-7 .
  • Heinz Günter Horn: The matron shrine near Nettersheim . In: Northeastern Eifel foreland - Euskirchen, Zülpich, Bad Münstereifel, Blankenheim. Part II: Excursions (=  Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz et al. [Hrsg.]: Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments . Volume 26 ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1974, p. 88 ff .
  • Heinz Günter Horn (Ed.): The Romans in North Rhine-Westphalia . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0312-1 .
  • Walter Janssen : Studies on the desert issue in the Franconian old settlements between the Rhine, Moselle and the north edge of the Eifel. Part II: Catalog (= Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn and Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland (ed.): Supplements to the Bonner Jahrbücher. Volume 35, Part II). Rheinland-Verlag u. a., Cologne 1975.
  • Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Pre- and early history . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, ISSN  0342-5819 , p. 39 ff .
  • Hans Lehner : The ancient stone monuments of the Provincial Museum in Bonn. F. Cohen, Bonn 1918, No. 277-312, pp. 130-142.
  • Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stephan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 279-288 .
  • Salvatore Ortisi, Imke Ristow: Nettersheim: vicus with matron shrine . In: Vera Rupp and Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , p. 105 ff .
  • Wolfgang Spickermann : Germania Inferior. Religious history of Roman Germania II. 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149381-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz Günter Horn: Out and about with the Romans: Agrippastraße . From Cologne to Dahlem in 4 stages. JP Bachem Verlag , Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-7616-2782-2 , p. 188 .
  2. ↑ P. Cornelius Tacitus: Annals. Latin-German. Edited by Erich Heller. With an introduction by Manfred Fuhrmann (= Tusculum Collection ). 3. Edition. Düsseldorf and Zurich 1997.
  3. ↑ Joseph Hagen: Römerstraßen der Rheinprovinz (=  explanations of the historical atlas of the Rhine province . Volume 8 ). 2nd Edition. Kurt Schroeder Verlag, Bonn 1931, p. 100 .
  4. ^ Emil Zenz (ed.): The deeds of the Trier. Volume 1, From the beginning to the year 1124. Paulinus Verlag, Trier 1955.
  5. ↑ Aegidius Gelenius: De admiranda, sacra et civili magnitudine Coloniae Claudiae Agrippinensis Augustae Ubiorum urbis. Libri IV . Colonia Agrippina 1645, p. 257 .
  6. ↑ Christopherus Browerus, P. Jacobus Masenius: Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV . Tomus primus. Liege 1670, p. 81 f .
  7. ↑ a b Eiflia illustrata, manuscript from 1739, Main State Archive Düsseldorf, Deposit City Cologne, Volume 5.
  8. ↑ A. Eick: The infamous Marmagen milestone . In: Yearbooks of the Society of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland . Book XXV. Bonn 1857, p. 28 ff .
  9. ↑ JWC A von Hüpsch: Epigrammatography or collection of inscriptions of the older, middle and more recent times of the Low German provinces of which the majority are unprinted . Cologne am Rheine 1801, p. 45 .
  10. ↑ A. Eick: The infamous Marmagen milestone . In: Yearbooks of the Society of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland . Book XXV. Bonn 1857, p. 29 ff .
  11. ↑ z. B. Steiner: Codex inscriptionum romanarum Rheni . Second part. Darmstadt 1837, p. 82 f .
  12. ↑ A. Eick: The infamous Marmagen milestone . In: Yearbooks of the Society of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland . Book XXV. Bonn 1857, p. 32 .
  13. ^ Research on the Roman roads etc. in the Rhineland . In: Friedrich Wilhelm Schmidt, Ernst Schmidt (ed.): Year books of the association of friends of antiquity in the Rhineland . Book XXXI. Bonn 1861, p. 50 .
  14. ^ A b C. A. Eick: The Roman aqueduct from the Eifel to Cologne with regard to the Roman settlements, fortifications and military roads that were initially located . A contribution to antiquity in the Rhineland. With a card. Max Cohen & Son, Bonn 1867, p. 26th ff .
  15. ^ From Veith: The Roman road from Trier to Cologne. In: Yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, Booklet LXXXIX, Bonn 1885, pp. 1–27.
  16. ↑ Joseph Hagen: Römerstraßen der Rheinprovinz (=  explanations of the historical atlas of the Rhine province . Volume 8 ). 2nd Edition. Kurt Schroeder Verlag, Bonn 1931.
  17. ^ Klaus Grewe: The Agrippastraße between Cologne and Trier. In: Jürgen Kunow (Ed.): Adventure space Römerstraße Cologne-Trier. Erftstadt Colloquium 2007 . (= Materials for the preservation of monuments in the Rhineland. Issue 18). A publication of the Rhineland Regional Council, Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9806426-9-9 , p. 32.
  18. ↑ Joseph Hagen: Römerstraßen der Rheinprovinz (=  explanations of the historical atlas of the Rhine province . Volume 8 ). 2nd Edition. Kurt Schroeder Verlag, Bonn 1931, p. 123 .
  19. ↑ Heinz-Günter Horn (Ed.): The Romans in North Rhine-Westphalia. Stuttgart 1987.
  20. ↑ Gunter Amtmann on http://www.wingarden.de/wing/luftprosp/fernstrasse/01.html
  21. ^ Klaus Grewe: The Agrippastraße between Cologne and Trier. In: Jürgen Kunow (Ed.): Adventure space Römerstraße Cologne-Trier. Erftstadt Colloquium 2007 . (= Materials for the preservation of monuments in the Rhineland. Issue 18). A publication of the Rhineland Regional Council, Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9806426-9-9 , p. 33.
  22. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: The matron shrine near Nettersheim . In: Northeastern Eifel foreland - Euskirchen, Zülpich, Bad Münstereifel, Blankenheim. Part II: Excursions (= Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz et al. [Hrsg.]: Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments . Volume 26 ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1974, p. 88 .
  23. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 60 .
  24. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 48 f .
  25. ↑ a b c Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 279 .
  26. ^ A b Heinz Günter Horn: Agrippastraße Cologne-Trier. Section Nettersheim. Of serpentines, temples and guard stations. 1st edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2011, pp. 39–40.
  27. ^ A b Mariola Hepa, Michelle Forrest and Savatore Ortisi: New investigations in the vicus of Nettersheim. In: Jürgen Kunow (Ed.): Archeology in the Rhineland 2009. P. 91.
  28. ↑ Topographical Information Management, Cologne District Government, Department GEObasis NRW (Minimap). Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  29. ^ Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 279 ff .
  30. ^ Salvatore Ortisi, Imke Ristow: Nettersheim: vicus with matron sanctuary . In: Vera Rupp and Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, p. 106 f .
  31. ^ Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 282 .
  32. ^ Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 282 f .
  33. ^ Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 283 ff .
  34. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: Nettersheim: Roman temple district . In: Heinz Günter Horn (Ed.): The Romans in North Rhine-Westphalia . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, p. 571 ff .
  35. ↑ a b c d Salvatore Ortisi: The vicus near Nettersheim (Kr. Euskirchen) and the Roman settlement of the upper Urft valley . In: Martin Grünewald / Stefan Wenzel (ed.): Roman land use in the Eifel . New excavations and research. Conference in Mayen, November 3rd to 6th, 2011. RGZM conferences. tape 16 . Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2012, p. 281 .
  36. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: The matron shrine near Nettersheim . In: Northeastern Eifel foreland - Euskirchen, Zülpich, Bad Münstereifel, Blankenheim. Part II: Excursions (= Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz et al. [Hrsg.]: Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments . Volume 26 ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1974, p. 92 .
  37. ^ Hans Lehner: The ancient stone monuments of the Provincial Museum in Bonn. F. Cohen, Bonn 1918, No. 277-312, pp. 130-142.
  38. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 55 ff .
  39. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: Agrippastraße Cologne-Trier. Section Nettersheim . Of serpentines, temples and guard stations. 1st edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2011, p. 26th f .
  40. ↑ Cornelius Ulbert, Katrin Lang-Novikov and Ursula Ulrich-Wick: Römerstraße experience space: Agrippa-Straße - investigations in the Eifel . In: Jürgen Kunow (Ed.): Archeology in the Rhineland 2009 . A publication of the LVR office for soil monument preservation in the Rhineland. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, p. 96 f .
  41. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 63 .
  42. ^ Antonius Jürgens: Practical soil monument maintenance: excavations and restorations of archaeological monuments in the community of Nettersheim . In: District Euskirchen (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the District Euskirchen 1978 . S. 135 .
  43. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: Agrippastraße Cologne-Trier. Section Nettersheim . Of serpentines, temples and guard stations. 1st edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2011, p. 27–30 and 56 f .
  44. ^ A b Rainer Laskowski: Nettersheim: Römische Ackerterrassen . In: Heinz Günter Horn (Ed.): The Romans in North Rhine-Westphalia . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, p. 575 f .
  45. ^ Rainer Laskowski: Nettersheim: Römisches Pingenfeld . In: Heinz Günter Horn (Ed.): The Romans in North Rhine-Westphalia . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, p. 576 f .
  46. ^ Heinz Günter Horn: Agrippastraße Cologne-Trier. Section Nettersheim . Of serpentines, temples and guard stations. 1st edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2011, p. 57 f .
  47. ^ Klaus Grewe : Aqueducts. Water for Rome's cities . The big overview - from the Roman Canal to the aqueduct marble. Regionalia Verlag, Rheinbach 2014, ISBN 978-3-95540-127-6 , pp. 265 f .
  48. ^ Waldemar Haberey: The Roman water pipes to Cologne . The technology of water supply to an ancient city (=  art and antiquity on the Rhine . No. 37 ). 2nd Edition. Rheinland-Verlag u. a., Bonn 1972, ISBN 3-7927-0146-4 , pp. 69 .
  49. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 47 .
  50. ^ Raymund Gottschalk: Late Roman graves in the area around Cologne. In: Jürgen Kunow (ed.): Rhenish excavations . tape 71 . Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2015, ISBN 978-3-8053-4956-7 , p. 368 (Younger scientific model with anthropological determination and dating.).
  51. ^ Felix Bretz: 2000 years of Marmagen. Marcomagus in Roman times. New edition. 1995, pp. 22-24.
  52. ↑ Felix Bretz: When does Marmagen celebrate? First mention of the place on a Roman world map. In: District Euskirchen (ed.): Yearbook of the District Euskirchen 1997 . S. 66 f .
  53. ^ Antonius Juergens and Marianne Juergens: Nettersheim: Ur- und Frühgeschichte . Stone Ages, Metal Ages, Romans, Franks. In: Eifelverein (ed.): Nettersheim community with the towns of Bouderath, Buir, Engelgau, Frohngau, Holzmülheim, Marmagen, Nettersheim, Pesch, Roderath, Tondorf, Zingsheim (=  series of publications: "The beautiful Eifel" . Nettersheim edition). 1st edition. 1984, p. 46 .

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Coordinates: 50 ° 28 ′ 39 ″  N , 6 ° 37 ′ 19 ″  E