Market hall V
The market hall V was the first freestanding retail market hall on the Magdeburger Platz in Berlin-Tiergarten in the second phase of the municipal building program for the Berlin market halls , which lasted from 1886 to 1888. The small market halls distributed over all parts of the city, mostly built inexpensively inside the property, were supposed to ensure , in cooperation with the central market hall at Alexanderplatz, the sufficient supply of the constantly growing population of Berlin with cheap and unspoiled food and the streets and squares from the increasingly unsanitary and as a traffic obstacle free perceived weekly markets . Markthalle V, a particularly carefully designed example of Berlin market hall architecture because of its free-standing location, was destroyed in the Second World War. Their remains were cleared away in 1956.
Construction phase and opening
The city council had already approved the construction of Markthalle V on Magdeburger Platz on February 14, 1884. The location was favorable for supplying the districts southwest of the city center and the property was already owned by the city, so that a quick realization was to be expected. Objections from the residents, who would have preferred to see a vacant square with horticultural decorations, as well as the still pending approval of the king to partially build over the square, however, led to delays. Only after more than three years could the city council on June 23, 1887 approve the final construction plans drawn up in the office of the city building councilor Hermann Blankenstein . On April 3, 1888, construction work began on the hall, which covered about a fifth of the square. Market Hall V opened on November 21 of the same year after a very short construction period as the last hall in the second construction phase. At the same time, the police headquarters closed the previous weekly market on Magdeburger Platz.
As a result of the low property acquisition costs of 93,240 marks , Markthalle V was the one with the lowest total construction costs at 341,881 marks. The area, which was reduced to the bare minimum due to the objections of the residents, drove the costs per square meter of the market hall to 174.8 marks, which was only exceeded by the central market hall in the expensive inner city area.
Description of the hall
The hall covered a rectangle of 68.54 × 28.54 meters with an area of 1956 square meters. Four entrances led in the middle of each side into the market hall, which was surrounded by a 2.0 meter wide sidewalk and a 6.5 meter wide driveway for setting up the market vendors' carts. Four 8.0 meter wide driveways in the axes of the entrances to the market hall opened up the driveway from the streets surrounding the square and provided sufficient space for market traffic.
Despite the free-standing location, Blankenstein chose the same construction for the market hall as for the other halls. Here, too, there was a combination of surrounding walls made of conventional brickwork with an iron supporting structure resting on these walls and narrow cast iron columns, which supported the roof structure. Only the outer walls, usually not or only partially visible and mostly windowless due to the location inside the property, were given a special architectural design. With his “market basilica ”, Blankenstein found a type of market hall that shaped the surroundings of Magdeburger Platz as well as the building project “market hall” in Berlin as a whole.
basement, cellar
The main canal of the newly built sewer system , which ran across the square, determined the height of the market hall. Blankenstein gave the surrounding access roads a slight gradient of 1:40, raised the sidewalks around the market hall 15 centimeters higher and still achieved a distance of 2.25 meters between the floor and ceiling of the basement. The ice cellar requested by the market hall administration for the hall , in which the ice for cooling perishable food was stored, was located in the middle of the south wall. The ice got into the cellar through a throw in the space between the vestibule and the portal of the south entrance above. Light shafts around the building illuminated the basement with daylight. The basement was ventilated through masonry ducts in the pillars of the fronts and ventilation pipes in the pillars of the central nave of the market hall. Two stairs and two lifts to the left and right of the entrances on the long side opened up the basement. From inside and outside, a staircase led directly into the basement at the left corner of the narrow side.
ground floor
Because of the protests of the residents, the floor space of the market hall was restricted to the bare minimum. Valuable stand space could not be dispensed with, so the premises for the administration of the market hall, the toilets, the market supervisor and the market police were reduced to a minimum and instead of a dining restaurant - as in the other market halls - only a coffee kitchen was set up. These rooms were separated on the two narrow sides of the market hall by 2.5 meters deep and 3.5 meters high built-in iron frameworks . The market area was divided into a 3.0 meter wide cross aisle between the entrances on the long sides and three longitudinal aisles, the two middle ones being 2.75 meters wide and the two outer ones 2.5 meters wide. 76 stalls sold meat, game and poultry, 16 stalls offered river fish and 96 stalls covered the need for vegetables, fruit, flour and butter. An open space of 154 square meters was available in the middle for wood, birds and flowers. Blankenstein designed the inner walls of the market hall with light yellow and light red bricks. Above a 31 centimeter high granite plinth followed in the lower third of the wall, approximately up to the height of the hall windows, light red facing bricks. The color of the wall zones above it was determined by the light yellow facing bricks. Non-slip, ribbed Sinzinger tiles covered the hall floor. Two electric clocks above the vestibules on the narrow sides of the hall showed the time. The bad experiences with electrical lighting in the previous small market halls due to the lower reliability and higher costs induced the market hall administration to install conventional gas lighting in market hall V. For example, 40 lights that hung on the candelabra-like posts of the market stalls provided sufficient light in the morning and evening.
Facades
The enclosing walls, for which the building police had demanded calculation based on wind pressure under the most extensive assumptions , was executed as a brick shell with facing with yellowish, light leather-colored clinker, shaped stones and terracotta . None of the facades had priority and was specially awarded - Blankenstein designed the opposite facades on the north and south sides as well as on the east and west sides the same.
An acroter with the coat of arms of Berlin as a national emblem crowned the flat gable on the long side above the portals in the central axis of the 68.54-meter-long façade, which was 7.1 meters high up to the upper edge of the main cornice made of molded stone consoles. Under the segmental arch of the portal, the inscription Markthalle V indicated the purpose of the hall. The portals could be locked after the market closed through the richly decorated wrought-iron lattice gates. The 51 centimeter wide, slightly protruding pillars structured the facade. Four window axes each to the left and right of the central portal with coupled segmented arched windows illuminated the hall with sufficient sidelight. The fighting zones of the pillars were adorned with terracotta slabs with matt yellow reliefs from the market on a purple glazed background. The corner pillars were twice as wide and the plans suggest vine and leaf patterns on the terracotta slabs. Inlaid reddish bricks in the parapet fields of the windows formed diamond-shaped geometric patterns in renaissance shapes , which contrasted with the yellowish tone of the facade. The portals in the central axis of the narrow sides were designed the same. The segmented arched windows of the window axes were somewhat wider and linked to a group of three to the left and right of the portal, since statically the corner pillars and the pillars to the left and right of the portal were sufficient and therefore no further pillars were required between the windows. At the same time, with this similar but not exactly the same design, Blankenstein avoided the impression of monotony that would have been created by simply dragging the grid onto the narrow facade.
Iron construction of the market hall
Ten cast-iron 8.8-meter-high columns at a distance of 6.0 meters, designed as round columns with a diameter of 22 centimeters up to a height of 5.0 meters, supported the 13.5-meter-wide central nave on both sides. Square posts were used on them, between which the wrought-iron arched trusses of the central nave were clamped. Stiffening rings in the arch spandrels and in the crown of the arch reinforced the upper chord following the roof slope and the basket arch-shaped lower chord. I-irons fastened as purlins between these arched trusses supported the wooden rafters of the hip roof . In the area of the arched trusses, the central nave appeared as a 2.4 meter high all-round window wall. Tilting sashes and glass blinds were used to ventilate the hall. U-irons supported the window construction and stiffened the arch trusses. On the ridge of the central nave, a lantern made of corrugated iron with fixed sheet metal blinds, placed on a length of five axes, enabled additional ventilation.
For aesthetic rather than structural reasons, semicircular arches with stiffening rings in the arch spandrels were clamped between the supports of the central nave , which repeated the motif of the arched trusses of the central nave. The main iron rafters of the roofs of the 6.25 meter wide side aisles were attached to the supports of the central nave on one side by angle brackets and on the other side rested on the protruding pillars of the surrounding walls. Two anchor bolts each connected the rafters with base plates anchored 80 centimeters deep in the walls. The I-iron purlins clamped between the main rafters supported the wooden rafters of the aisle roofs.
Another story
Unlike the market halls III and IV , which are very close to the city center , which fell victim to the decline in the residential population associated with the city's formation before the First World War and had to close due to lack of profitability, the market hall on Magdeburger Platz was able to hold its own. It survived the hardship of the First and Second World Wars with rationing and food stamps , the global economic crisis at the end of the 1920s, but also the steadily growing competition from grocery stores and department stores since the market halls opened in the 1880s. The bombs of the Second World War largely destroyed the market hall. Although the dealers set up temporary buildings in the ruins, there was no economic success, as the surrounding residential areas were also largely destroyed and there was a lack of customers. The Senate Administration, responsible for the market halls in West Berlin since the division of Berlin , had the ruins and makeshift buildings removed in 1956.
The market hall V as a cityscape with Walter Benjamin
Markthalle V survived as one of the big city images in Walter Benjamin's Berlin childhood around nineteen hundred , in which he tried to capture the experiences of the big city in a child of the middle class while in exile in Paris . In his description, the market hall became a temple, the market women became priestesses of the commercially available Ceres, market women of all crops and trees, all edible birds, fish and mammals, matchmakers, untouchable knitted colossi and he asked , did it boil, swell and swell under their hem Skirts, wasn't this the truly fertile ground? Didn't a market god himself throw the goods [...] in her lap, invisibly accompanying them, who gave themselves to him .
literature
- Jochen Boberg (Ed.): Exercise field of the modern. Industrial culture in Berlin in the 19th century (= industrial culture of German cities and regions. Berlin. Vol. 1). CH Beck, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-406-30201-7 , pp. 106-113 and 166-168.
- Manfred Klinkott : The brick building art of the Berlin school. From KF Schinkel to the end of the century (= The Buildings and Art Monuments of Berlin. Supplement 15). Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-7861-1438-2 , pp. 405-407.
- Thorsten Knoll: Berlin market halls (= Berlin reminiscences 69). Haude and Spener, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-7759-0392-5 .
- August Lindemann : The market halls of Berlin. Your structural systems and operating facilities on behalf of the magistrate. Springer, Berlin 1899, pp. 48–49 and panels 19 and 20
swell
- ↑ a b c d August Lindemann: The market halls of Berlin. Springer publishing house, Berlin 1899.
- ^ A b c Walter Benjamin: Berlin childhood around nineteen hundred (= library Suhrkamp. Vol. 966). With an afterword by Theodor W. Adorno and an editorial postscript by Rolf Tiedemann. Final version and fragments from earlier versions. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-518-01966-X , citations p. 9 and 36.
Web links
Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 13 ″ N , 13 ° 21 ′ 38 ″ E
Market Hall I (Central Market Hall ) - Market Hall II (Lindenhalle) - Market Hall III (Indoor Hall ) - Market Hall IV - Market Hall V - Market Hall VI (Farm Hall ) - Market Hall VII - Market Hall VIII - Market Hall IX (Railway Hall ) - Market Hall X (Arminius Hall ) - Market Hall XI (Marheinekehalle) - Market Hall XII - Market Hall XIII - Market Hall XIV - Flower Wholesale Market Hall Kreuzberg