Central Market Hall Berlin
| Central Market Hall Berlin | ||
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 Exterior view of the Central Market Hall I, 1896 |
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| Data | ||
| place | Berlin center | |
| Construction year | 1883 (Hall I) 1893 (Hall Ia) |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 31 '21.3 " N , 13 ° 24' 29.2" E | |
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| particularities | ||
| Both parts were badly damaged in the Second World War, and the southeast hall was finally demolished. | ||
The Central Market Hall was built between 1883 and 1886 (Hall I) and until 1893 (Hall Ia) on Alexanderplatz in Berlin as part of the municipal building program for market halls of the Prussian Police President of Berlin. It was damaged in the Second World War , part of it was torn down and the location of the remaining part was greatly altered several times. In 2013 it ceased to exist as a retail trading center.
prehistory
Food supply situation until the second half of the 19th century
Until the 15th century, only market women in old Berlin and Cölln (then called "Hökerinnen") supplied the population with food and everyday goods. A distinction was made between the peddlers - traders who sold their goods from house to house - the hawkers who only occasionally sold their products in different places at weekly markets , and the owners of permanent market stalls. Adolf Glaßbrenner clearly divided the Hökerinnen into “the gangbarians”, “the seated people” and these into “the stalls without” and “the stalls owners”. During this time there were three places where the weekly markets were held: the Spittelmarkt , the Dönhoffplatz and the Molkenmarkt .
With the city expansion of Berlin under Friedrich Wilhelm I , a strong increase in population began, so that the need for additional market areas to ensure the supply became stronger. With the establishment of the Gendarmenmarkt , one of the largest marketplaces in Berlin emerged, where around 1400 stalls were selling goods two days a week around 1882. However, the need for more shopping opportunities grew faster than the number of markets, as Berlin tripled its population within 40 years. For example, under Friedrich Wilhelm II , new marketplaces were always approved, which should prevent uncontrolled trade in the streets, but better organize and formalize the rest. A market police newly created by the magistrate checked the dealers after compliance with the hygiene regulations and the presence of the stand permit. A stall fee of 10 pfennigs was collected, from which farmers who sold products from their own cultivation were exempted in order to keep food prices as low as possible.
Despite the clearly organized and state-controlled processes on the markets, which eventually grew to 20, the stalls left rubbish and rubbish behind at the end of the day, so that the places were populated by rats, dogs, cats and birds. In addition, no fixed facilities or even roofing of the stands were permitted, so that the hygienic conditions led to increasing dissatisfaction among the population and the responsible administration.
The construction of the first municipal market hall
In October 1864, the Berliner Immobilien-Aktiengesellschaft received the order as an investor to build a permanent market hall based on the model of the Parisian market halls Les Halles Centrales . After three years of construction, the first market hall in Berlin opened on Schiffbauerdamm and replaced the weekly markets on Karlplatz and the Oranienburger Tor . However, the private operator demanded such high stand rents that the dealers switched to the remaining marketplaces and the operator was insolvent by the end of 1868. This hall was sold and turned into a circus, from which the later old Friedrichstadtpalast emerged .
Because of this experience, the Deutsche Baugesellschaft applied for the approval of the City Council and the Royal Prussian Police President of Berlin for the construction of 14 market halls in the Berlin area. Due to a change of staff in the administration and the tight budget of the city, the city council only decided on June 29, 1883 the municipal building program for market halls in Berlin and thus approved the start of construction of the first urban market hall. Their location was determined on an area between Rochstrasse and Neuer Friedrichstrasse.
history
Market hall I emerged as the Central Market Hall
The building plot, located very close to Alexanderplatz , comprised the street sections between Rochstraße, Neuer Friedrichstraße, Königstraße and An der Stadtbahn, intersected by Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße. The city fathers had negotiated their own siding to the Berlin Stadtbahn , which enabled the goods to be transported directly to the market hall by rail and freight elevator. The foundation stone was laid in July 1883, and completion took almost three years; the opening ceremony took place on May 3, 1886. The construction costs for Hall I were given as five million marks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 36.2 million euros). Together with the later supplementary building (Hall Ia), the city of Berlin incurred expenses of 9.6 million marks (today: around 66.8 million euros). Now the goods could be properly stored in an ice cellar under the hall and sold regardless of the weather. At the same time, three more halls from the construction program opened. By 1892, all 14 Berlin market halls were completed in two subsequent construction phases.
In addition to the new hall, the city of Berlin rented seven neighboring railway viaducts, each for an annual rent of ten marks per square meter. These served to accommodate the market police, a department of the Treasury , as storage facilities for wholesalers and offered a place to stop for refreshments for visitors to the market hall ("restoration").
Description of the hall
Hall I had a sales area of 16,079 m² and stands for 1336 dealers.
The stands were close to one another on the ground floor, with only two meters of narrow aisles in between. After the hall was closed, the dealers secured their offers with all-round wire mesh. The minimum retail space was given as four square meters. The architecture of this and all other municipal market halls was based on designs by Hermann Blankenstein .
The structure consisted of cast iron supports, the roof was supported by steel trusses . In the floor plan, a column-free main nave was created, as in churches, as well as side aisles in which stands were also set up. A head building with arched entrances and a decorated portal invited visitors to enter. The facade was bricked and with yellow and red bricks decorated sparingly. Sufficient daylight came into the market hall through arched side windows. The two-story facade received decorative elements made of terracotta such as medallions , friezes and the name of the hall was incorporated above the two street-side entrances. The jewelry symbolized the trade in goods taking place here - it showed meat, fish, fruit and vegetables as well as floral motifs. The interior was divided in the middle by a rise of gear, even an existing in the first floor gallery invited to view a rain of market life.
Due to the strict definition of the market days, the hall was initially only open on two days of the week, but this quickly changed to daily opening times between sunrise and sunset, interrupted by a lunchtime closure from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.
Apparently this first market hall was soon no longer sufficient for supply, on the northwest side of Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße (address: Rochstraße 12-14 / Neue Friedrichstraße 29-34) an additional building was built, called Centralmarkthalle Ia (also: ZMH II ), which went into operation in 1893. This had a sales area of 13,281 m² with 776 individual stands.
Use of the central market hall until 1945
They have been frequented steadily since the halls opened; The technical development was taken into account with the use of electrical lighting, water and sewer connections. There were recessions for traders during the First World War and the time of the Great Depression . At the end of the Second World War , the central market hall was also badly damaged and no longer usable.
Situation of the central market hall between 1946 and 1968
The destroyed Hall I on the northwest side of the traffic route renamed Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse was cleared from rubble from 1946 and temporarily rebuilt. Despite the food shortage and the sale of products almost exclusively on ration cards , the market hall business got going again. Hall Ia, however, was not rebuilt.
Despite some modernization measures such as the redesign of the individual stalls on the sides as shopping streets and the establishment of an HO food hall in the center, the central market hall proved to be too narrow, too small and no longer able to cope with the building police and hygienic requirements after a few years. It was closed in 1968.
New building as a Berlin market hall on Alex
When redesigning the inner city of Berlin, the central market hall was demolished and replaced by a new building in the same place. This building, built in the modern architecture of the 1960s, was fully integrated into the row of buildings of the new high-rise residential buildings, it also used some parts of the former market hall such as the pillars. It was given a striking blue and white tile decoration and the name “Berliner Markthalle am Alex” with its own logo (large “M”). The first construction phase was handed over in 1969, the second section comprised the area between the market hall and the light rail and the rear area up to Rochstrasse. It was set up as a summer market with kiosks for snacks, seating and the market hall fountain , created by the sculptor Gerhard Thieme and completed in 1973.
The new market hall now fulfilled its supply function with everyday goods until the fall of the Berlin Wall .
After renovation Berlin Carré
In 1990/1991, the central market hall was taken over from the city's property into the possession of a newly founded market hall cooperative, which consisted of the merger of some dealers with the owner of the residential line, the housing association Mitte (WBM). The cooperative arranged for a renovation in connection with a luxurious conversion with a complete change of the interior and the facade to a typical shopping center of the time . The new name Berlin Carré corresponded to this . The sales area rented here was 7500 m². The Berlin Carré was reopened in 1992 , but in 1995 the cooperative had to file for bankruptcy, the concept had proven to be uneconomical, among other things because the operating costs of more than 20 marks per square meter were much too high. At the same time, more and more shopping opportunities were added in the immediate vicinity, and customers were increasingly withdrawn as a result. Dealers gave up their small booths and to bridge the gap, the WBM made some sales departments available to artists as exhibition rooms.
Market hall removal and re-use from 2013
The Berlin Carré finally closed in April 2013. The WBM had drawn up plans for a complete redesign. These provide for the core to be removed from the building and a continuous false ceiling to be drawn in. This would increase the sales area by 25 percent to 10,000 square meters and should only be given to large-scale retailers. Of the previous users, the Brauhaus Mitte and McDonald’s will move in again. Talks have already taken place with other interested parties. In autumn 2013, the renovation plans drawn up by the architects Reidemeister and Glässel as part of a competition were published. The first works were shown on the television program rbb aktuell on November 18, 2013. The main user has been the Kaufland retail chain since August 2017 .
literature
- August Lindemann : The market halls of Berlin. Your structural systems and operating facilities on behalf of the magistrate. Springer, Berlin 1899.
- Thorsten Knoll: Berlin market halls (= Berlin reminiscences 69). Haude and Spener, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-7759-0392-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d historic market hall. In: For you. No. 11, 1984, ISSN 0323-5947 , p. 17.
- ^ Knoll: Berlin market halls. P. 10.
- ^ Lindemann: The market halls of Berlin. P. 3.
- ↑ With charm and bowler hat . In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 7, 2006.
- ^ Knoll: Berlin market halls. P. 19.
- ^ Horst Strasbourg: The Olle on the Stadtbahnbogen. In: BZ am Abend , December 3, 1983.
- ^ Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strasse . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1900, part 3, p. 279 (location of Centralmarkthallen I and Ia on both sides of Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strasse).
- ^ Administrative reports of the Berlin magistrate for 1900 . In: Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung . 22nd year, no. 73 , September 13, 1902, pp. 448–451 , p. 450 , urn : nbn: de: kobv: 109-1-14115323 (List of the costs of various buildings in Berlin.).
- ↑ a b c Uwe Spiekermann: Basis of the consumer society. Origin and development of modern retail trade in Germany 1850–1914 (= series of publications for the journal for corporate history. Vol. 3). C. H. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-44874-7 , p. 180/181 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Hans Prang, Horst Günter Kleinschmidt: Through Berlin on foot. Walks in the past and present. VEB Tourist-Verlag, Berlin / Leipzig 1984, p. 64.
- ↑ Markthallenbrunnen on the website of the Berlin Senate
- ^ Uwe Aulich: Adieu to the market hall. The housing company WBM breaks with a tradition at Alex. Instead of small shops, it is now building modern lines of business. In: Berliner Zeitung , December 21, 2012, p. 21
- ↑ Berlin market hall. Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 13 on stadtentwicklung.de; Retrieved November 19, 2013
- ^ Kaufland at Alexanderplatz. on www.berlin.de
Market Hall I (Central Market Hall ) - Market Hall II (Lindenhalle) - Market Hall III (Indoor Hall ) - Market Hall IV - Market Hall V - Market Hall VI (Farm Hall ) - Market Hall VII - Market Hall VIII - Market Hall IX (Railway Hall ) - Market Hall X (Arminius Hall ) - Market Hall XI (Marheinekehalle) - Market Hall XII - Market Hall XIII - Market Hall XIV - Flower Wholesale Market Hall Kreuzberg