Mehmet Emin Buğra

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Buğra with a black chapan (clothing of the legal scholars).

Mehmet Emin Buğra , actually Memtimin Bughra ( Uighur مۇھەممەد ئىمىن بۇغرا Muḥammad Amīn Bughra , Russian Муххамад Эмин Бугро Muchchamad Emin Bugro , Chinese  穆罕默德 · 伊敏 , Pinyin Mùhǎnmòdé · Yīmǐn ; * April 22, 1901 ; died April 29, 1965 ), was a Turkic-Muslim politician who helped found the Islamic Republic of East Turkestan . Bughra was a jadidist .

Life

Mehmet Emin Buğra came from the rich Buğra family from Hotan . Together with his two brothers Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra and Abdullah Bughra , he had a rebellion in 1930 by the workers of the gold mines of Surghak ( Keriya Uighur كېرىيە) and instigated along the Yurungkax and Karakax rivers and installed himself as an emir . On March 16, 1933, the brothers proclaimed independence from China. Together with other forces, they sought independence from China on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other. But after Hoja Niyaz had declared the republic dissolved in 1934 and released his troops, Buğra went into exile in Afghanistan .

Chinese governor Sheng Shicai had tried to calm things down by placing some of the movement's leaders in positions of responsibility, including Hoja Niyaz and Yulbars Khan (in Di Hua (Urumqi) and Kashgar ). At the same time, however, educational reforms that attacked fundamental Islamic principles, as well as atheist propaganda that became more widespread, alienated the population from government agencies. In Kashgar, Mahmud Muhiti -Sijang, a wealthy trader and former leader of the Turpan uprising of 1932 and one of Sheng's appointees, became the main representative of the opposition. In the spring of 1937, another rebellion broke out in southern Xinjiang .

In Afghanistan, Mehmet Emin Buğra under Mohammed Haschim Khan had presented the Japanese ambassador in 1935 with a detailed plan for the establishment of an East Turkestan republic with Japanese participation. Mahmud Muhiti was to become the leader of the government in Xinjiang. However, this plan had to be buried when Muhiti had to flee from Kashgar to India at risk of death (April 2, 1937) after Sheng Shicai had tried unsuccessfully to disarm his troops (6th Uyghur Division).

Muhiti's flight sparked an uprising of his troops against the provincial government. Those who were pro- Soviet were executed and another independent Muslim administration was created under the direction of General Abduniyaz , a confidante of Muhiti (killed in Yarkant , August 15, 1937). Abduniyaz took over troops of around 4,000 men with 4 regiments. Sheng Shicai's troops were defeated and destroyed in a violent battle near Karashahr in July 1937. However, the uprising was suppressed by Soviet troops ( Kyrgyz Brigade , 5,000 men divided into Oshskaya and Narinskaya regiments with tank companions , a tank battalion (21 BT-7 ) and aircraft) in August 1937.

In 1940 Mehmet Emin Buğra published the book Sharkiy Turkestan Tarihi (East Turkestan's History) in exile in Kashmir , in which he explained the history of the region from prehistoric times to his time and also analyzed the reasons for the loss of independence in the 18th century .

In 1940, İsa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent from Chiang Kai-shek to Afghanistan. They contacted Bughra and asked him to come to Chongqing , which was the capital of the Kuomintang at the time . Buğra was arrested by the British in 1942 as a Japanese spy and the Kuomintang arranged for his release. He then worked with Alptekin as the editor of the Kuomintang's Muslim publications. He was a provincial commissioner under Zhang Zhizhong's regime in Xinjiang .

Buğra and his colleague, the Pan-Turkist and Jadidist Masud Sabri , rejected the Soviet designation "Uighur people" (Уйғурлар Chinese: Wéiwú'ěr), which the Soviets used across the board for the Turkic peoples of Xinjiang. They fought for the term "Turkic Ethnicity" (Chinese: Tujue Zu). Masud Sabri viewed the Hui Chinese as Muslim Han Chinese and not as kin. The names "Türk" or "Türki" were used especially by Buğra as a popular name. He fought Sheng Shicai because of his division of the Turki Muslims into different ethnic groups, which was intended to cause disunity.

In December 1948, Mehmet Emin Buğra was appointed by Chiang Kai Shek as Vice-Chairman of the government of Xinjiang, chaired by Burhan Shahidi . He entered into an alliance with the Chinese nationalists (Kuomintang) under the stipulation that the Turkic peoples should acquire a certain autonomy under the formal protection of the Republic of China , while all communist forces in Xinjiang, including the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic , should be fought .

As a result, the "3 Effendis", (Üch Äpändi ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Isa Alptekin , Muhammad Amin Bughra and Masud Sabri were attacked by representatives of the Second East Turkestan Republic as "Kuomintang puppets".

exile

When the Chinese People's Liberation Army reached Xinjiang in September 1949, Buğra fled to India, then to Turkey , where he joined Isa Alptekin. In 1954 the two politicians went to Taiwan again to convince the Kuomintang government that they should drop their claims on Xinjiang. This request was rejected, however, and Taiwan reiterated that they regard Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".

Mehmet Emin Buğra died in exile in Turkey in 1965.

legacy

The Islamic Turkestan Party , a terrorist party, wrote in its magazine "Islamic Turkistan" ( Arabic تركستان الإسلامية, uygur .: ئىسلامى تۈركىستان, Issue # 1) on the history of the region in which it referred to Buğra.

literature

Web links

Commons : Muhammad Amin Bughra  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ondřej Klimeš: Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949 . BRILL, January 8, 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 , p. 122–.
  2. ↑ Nabijan Tursun: The influence of intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century on Uyghur politics Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. In: Central Asia Program (Ed.): Uyghur Initiative Papers . No. 11, December 2014, pp. 2–3.
  3. ^ Andrew DW Forbes: Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia. A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 . CUP Archives, Cambridge, England 1986, ISBN 0-521-25514-7 , pp. 84 ( books.google.com - Limited preview).
  4. ↑ "a detailed plan proposing the establishment of an 'Eastern Turkestan Republic' under Japanese sponsorship, with munitions and finance to be supplied by Tokyo .... he suggested as the future leader of this proposed Central Asian ' Manchukuo ' none other than Mahmud Sijang (Mahmut Muhiti - commander of the 6th Uyghur Division, stationed in Kashgar as part of the Sinkiang provincial armed forces, since July 20, 1934), amongst the invitation at such political entity as Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere how active member. "
  5. ^ The New York Times, June 26, 1937: Muslims in Chinese Turkestan in Revolt Against Pro-Soviet Provincial Authorities .
  6. ↑ Two in Kashgar , one in Yengisar , one in Yarkant, a brigade of them in Ustin Atush and a cavalry squadron in Kashgar.
  7. ↑ Sharkiy Turkestan Tarihi
  8. ↑ Hsiao-ting Lin: Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West . Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN 0-415-58264-4 , p. 90 (accessed June 28, 2010).
  9. ^ Wei 2002: 181.
  10. ^ Millward 2007: 209.
  11. ↑ Ablet Kamalov: Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944-49) . In: James A. Millward; Yasushi Shinmen; Jun Sugawara: Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17-20th Centuries. Tokyo, The Toyo Bunko 2010: 260.
  12. ^ Ondřej Klimeš: Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949 . BRILL, 8 January 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 , pp. 197–.
  13. ^ Ondřej Klimeš: Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949 . BRILL, 8 January 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 , p. 241–.
  14. ^ David D. Wang, Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s . NIAS Press, January 1999, ISBN 978-87-87062-62-6 , pp. 28-.
  15. ↑ Mohammed Sa'id Ismail; Mohammed Aziz Ismail: Muslims in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by US Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960: 52.
  16. ↑ اذا تعرف عن تركستان الشرقية [What do you know about East Turkestan?] . In: تركستان الإسلامية [Islamic Turkistan] , Edition 1, 2008, p. 17.
personal data
SURNAME Mehmet Emin Buğra
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Muhammad Amin Bughra; Memtimin bughra; محمد أمين بغرا (Uighur); 穆罕默德 · 伊敏 / 穆罕默德 · 伊敏 (Chinese); Mùhǎnmòdé · Yīmǐn (pinyin); Муххамад Эмин Бугро (Russian); Mehmet Emin Bugra (Turkish)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Uighur politician, emir and imam
DATE OF BIRTH April 22, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Hotan (city)
DATE OF DEATH April 29, 1965
Place of death Turkey