Taiva-Kleintenrek

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Taiva-Kleintenrek
Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Travel treks (Oryzorictinae)
Genre : Kleintenreks ( Microgale )
Type : Taiva-Kleintenrek
Scientific name
Microgale taiva
Major , 1896

The Taiva-Kleintenrek or Taiva-Kleintanrek ( Microgale taiva ) is a species of mammal from the genus Kleintenreks within the Tenreks family . Its distribution area extends over the eastern part of Madagascar , but is interrupted there in the central area. It inhabits tropical rainforests in low and high mountain areas. Outwardly it is very similar to the Cowan-Kleintenrek , but differs in terms of individual morphological and anatomical features. Like this and the other representatives of the Kleintenrek, the Taiva-Kleintenrek is characterized by a spindle-shaped body with strong legs and a long, narrow, pointed head. The tail becomes about as long as the rest of the body. There is hardly any data available on lifestyle. The species was scientifically introduced in 1896, but it was considered in part to be identical to the Cowan-Kleintenrek. The stock is classified as not endangered.

features

Habitus

The Taiva-Kleintenrek is a medium-sized representative of the Kleintenreks, which externally strongly resembles the Cowan-Kleintenrek ( Microgale cowani ), but is on average a little larger. In 18 examined individuals from the Andringitra Mountains in southeastern Madagascar, the total length was 16.0 to 17.7 cm. The head-to-trunk length was 7.1 to 8.9 cm, while the tail was 8.0 to 9.5 cm long. The body weight was 10 to 14.5 g. Like all Kleintenreks, this species has a spindle-shaped body with short and strong limbs and a long, narrow head with a pointed snout. The ears are 15 to 17 mm long. The back fur has a dark brown color with yellowish brown spots. The fur on the underside, on the other hand, is tinted gray-brown with yellowish-brown washings. The tail, which is about the same length as the rest of the body or a little longer, shows only a faint two-coloration, the upper side is dark gray-brown, the underside slightly lighter. The tail's scales are covered with short-haired fur. Its individual hairs in the front third of the tail reach about 1.5 to 2 rows of scales. The hands and feet each have five rays, the rear foot is 16 to 19 mm long. Females have one pair of teats in the chest or abdomen and one or two pairs in the groin.

Skull and dentition features

The skull has a length of 22.1 to 23.5 mm, its greatest width is reached at the brain skull with 9.6 to 10.3 mm. It is characterized by a moderate size, the rostrum is slightly elongated, the rear skull area is wide and long. The nasal bone barely extends back into the inter-eye region, the frontal bone is inflated in the rear, so that the forehead line is slightly arched when viewed from the side. The parietal bones are more or less long, the zygomatic arch is incomplete as in the other tenreks. The dentition consists of 40 teeth, the dental formula is: . In the upper dentition, short distermata separate the front teeth from the first incisor to the second premolar (P3); in the lower dentition, there are only gaps between the canine and the first premolar (P2). The back molars resemble those of the other tenreks. They are characterized by a zalambdodontic chewing surface pattern with three main cusps, the upper rear molar is reduced in size. The similarities with the Cowan-Kleintenrek can also be found in the structure of the dentition only the talonid, a deep protrusion on the chewing surface, the lower last molar is reduced in the Taiva-Kleintenrek. The length of the upper row of teeth varies from 10.3 to 11.3 mm.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Taiva lesser tenrec

The Taiva Kleintenrek is endemic to Madagascar . Its distribution area extends in a more or less wide strip over the eastern part of the island state, but is interrupted in the central area. In the northern section of the distribution area, the Tsaratanana massif in the province of Mahajanga , the Marojejy massif , the Anjanaharibe massif or the forest area of ​​Ambolokopatrika connecting the two last-mentioned mountains or the forest area of ​​Makira and the peninsula Masoala , all in the province Antsiranana located, represent significant sites. Outstanding occurrences in the southern section are found in the forest areas of Ambatovy-Analamay-Torotorofotsy and Analamazoatra in the Toamasina province , furthermore also in the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the provinces Toamasina and Antananarivo and in the forest area from Ranomafana and in the Andringitra Mountains , both in the province of Fianarantsoa . Somewhat isolated from this main distribution area, there is a small population in the forest area of ​​Tsinjoarivo south of Antananarivo in the province named after the city. The animals prefer natural tropical rainforests and are rarely found in secondary forests . Their height distribution ranges from low mountain locations around 530 m to high mountain locations around 2500 m above sea level, the highest points of discovery are reached on the Tsaratanana massif. In general, the Taiva Kleintenrek is considered to be relatively common.

Way of life

The way of life of the Taiva lesser tenrec has hardly been researched. The animals inhabit forests and live on the ground. Their main diet consists of insects such as grasshoppers , beetles and hymenoptera , which isotopic investigations on individuals from Tsinjoarivo also show. Annular worms and amphipods are also part of the food spectrum . Occasionally the Taiva Kleintenrek also eats other smaller representatives of the Kleintenreks. Pregnant females have so far only been observed in the period October to December; two females each had an embryo in the right and left fallopian tubes with a body length of between 6 and 7 mm. External parasites are covered with fleas of the genus Paractenopsyllus , and the single-cell Eimeria has also been identified as an internal parasite.

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Kleintenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Microgale  



 Microgale pusilla


   

 Microgale majori


   

 Microgale principula


   

 Microgale jenkinsae


   

 Microgale longicaudata






   

 Microgale mergulus


   

 Microgale parvula




   



 Microgale brevicaudata


   

 Microgale grandidieri



   

 Microgale drouhardi


   

 Microgale monticola


   

 Microgale taiva





   



 Microgale gracilis


   

 Microgale thomasi


   

 Microgale cowani


   

 Microgale jobihely





   

 Microgale dryas


   

 Microgale gymnorhyncha




   

 Microgale soricoides


   

 Microgale fotsifotsy


   

 Microgale nasoloi







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The Taiva-Kleintenrek is a kind from the genus of microgale ( Microgale ) within the family of tenrecs (Tenrecidae). The Kleintenreks also belong together with the rice burrowers ( Oryzorictes ) and the representatives of the genus Nesogale to the subfamily of the Reistenreks (Oryzorictinae). With more than 20 species, the genus is the most diverse member of the Tenreks. Due to some morphological features, the animals are considered to be originally within the family. According to molecular genetic studies, they emerged as early as the Lower Miocene around 16.8 million years ago, and in the period that followed they diversified greatly. Today's representatives show adaptations to different ways of life, some species that dig underground, live above ground or tree-climb and inhabit water. Most species of Kleintenreks live in the humid forests of eastern Madagascar, a few have also developed the drier landscapes of the western part of the island. Within the genus, different kinship groups can be distinguished both morphologically and genetically. The Taiva Kleintenrek is particularly similar to the Cowan Kleintenrek ( Microgale cowani ) in terms of its appearance and dentition . From a genetic point of view, it is the sister species of the Mountain Kleintenrek ( Microgale monticola ). The Taiva Kleintenrek may include several cryptic species .

The first scientific description of the Taiva Kleintenreks was created by Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major in 1896. Major based his new species on a single individual from the forest area of ​​Ambohimitombo, about 43 km southeast of Ambositra in the province of Fianarantsoa , which is considered to be the type region of the Taiva Lesser Tenrec. The suffix taiva refers to the name given to an ethnic group of the Betsimisaraka , who inhabit the area and are referred to by their neighbors as Tanala . The holotype represents a not fully grown female with a body length of 8.3 cm and a tail length of 8.7 cm. It was collected by the first descriptor in mid-January 1895. Major noticed the close relationship between the Taiva Kleintenrek and the Cowan Kleintenrek. The clear similarity of the two species, especially in the structure of the teeth , led Ross DE MacPhee to equate the Taiva with the Cowan Kleintenrek in 1987. However, a working group around Paulina D. Jenkins and Steven M. Goodman recognized the Taiva-Kleintenrek as independent again ten years later. During an expedition to the Andringitra Mountains in 1993, they noticed that both forms appear sympatric there and can be distinguished, among other things, in the absolute and relative tail length, the color and intensity of the tail's fur and individual skull features. Subsequent cyto- and molecular genetic studies confirmed the separation of the two forms at the species level.

Threat and protection

The IUCN classifies the Taiva small tenreks as "not threatened" ( least concern ). The species inhabits an extensive area in eastern Madagascar, and the population should be correspondingly large. More severe threats exist in the form of habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of forest destruction. The reasons for this lie in the removal of construction timber, the conversion of forests into agricultural land and in forest fires. The animals come in various nature reserves, including the National Park Mantadia Andasibe , the Andringitra National Park , the Ranomafana National Park and the National Park Marojejy . More intensive studies of biology, ecology and taxonomy are required for the preservation of the Taiva lesser tenrec .

literature

  • Paulina D. Jenkins, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: The Shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 191-217
  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 168–169) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major: Description of four additional new mammals from Madagascar. The Annals and magazine of natural history 18, 1896, pp. 461–463 ( [2] )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Paulina D. Jenkins, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: The Shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 191-217
  2. ↑ a b c Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 168–169) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  3. ↑ a b Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les micro-mammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagnes de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30, 2008, pp. 695-721
  4. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Steven M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
  5. ^ Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina, Paula D. Jenkins and Gennaro Aprea: Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1622
  6. ↑ Zafimahery Rakotomalala, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Volatiana Rasataharilala and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non volant de la forêt de Makira, Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 132, 2007, pp. 205-221
  7. ↑ Vonjy Andrianjiakarivelo, Emilienne Razafimahatratra, Yvette Razafindrakoto and Steven M. Goodman: The terrestrial small mammals of the Parc National de Masoala, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Theriologica 50 (4), 2005, pp. 537-549
  8. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
  9. ^ PJ Stephenson: The small mammal fauna of Réserve Spéciale d'Analamazaotra, Madagascar: the effects of human disturbance on endemic species diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 1993, pp. 603-615
  10. ^ PJ Stephenson: Taxonomy of shrew-tenrecs (Microgale ssp.) From eastern and central Madagascar. Journal of Zoology 235, 1995, pp. 339-359
  11. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
  12. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Steven M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
  13. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Christopher J. Raxworthy and Paulina D. Jenkins: Insectivore ecology in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 218-231
  14. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  15. ↑ a b c d P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Microgale taiva. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T62019A97202201 ( [1] ); last accessed on October 23, 2016
  16. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  17. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  18. ↑ Jean-Claude Beaucournu, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina and Steven M. Goodman: Puces (Insecta: Siphonaptera) d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar: Spécificité et phenologie. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 39-48
  19. ↑ Lee Couch, Juha Laakkonen, Steven Goodman, and Donald W. Duszynski: Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2), 2011, pp. 293-296
  20. ↑ a b c d Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  21. ^ JF Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  22. ↑ a b c R. DE MacPhee: The Shrew Tenrecs of Madagascar: Systematic Revision and Holocene Distribution of Microgale (Tenrecidae, Insectivora). American Museum Novitates 2889, 1987, pp. 1-45
  23. ^ Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major: Description of four additional new mammals from Madagascar. The Annals and magazine of natural history 18, 1896, pp. 461-463
  24. ↑ C. Gilbert, SM Goodman, V. Soarimalala, LE Olson, PCM O'Brien, FFB Elder, F. Yang, MA Ferguson-Smith and TJ Robinson: Chromosomal evolution in tenrecs (Microgale and Oryzorictes, Tenrecidae) from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Chromosome Research 15, 2007, pp. 1075-1091

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