Cowan-Kleintenrek

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Cowan-Kleintenrek
Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Travel treks (Oryzorictinae)
Genre : Kleintenreks ( Microgale )
Type : Cowan-Kleintenrek
Scientific name
Microgale cowani
Thomas , 1882

The Cowan-Kleintenrek ( Microgale cowani ), partly also Cowan-Kleintanrek , is a species of mammal from the genus Kleintenreks within the Tenreks family . He represents a medium-sized representative of the genus, who like his relatives has a spindle-shaped body, strong limbs and a long, narrow, pointed head. The tail is slightly shorter than the rest of the body, the dark color of the fur is striking. The animals occur in eastern Madagascar , where they are widespread in the middle and higher mountain ranges. They inhabit tropical rainforests , but can also be found in more open landscapes and in regions that are more dominated by humans. Overall, the Cowan-Kleintenrek lives very hidden, so little information is available about its exact behavior. It is ground-dwelling, feeds on invertebrates and creates nests from plant material. The species received its first description in 1882 , and in the course of time several other representatives of the Kleintenreks were assigned to it. The stock is currently safe.

features

Habitus

The Cowan-Kleintenrek is one of the medium-sized representatives of its genus. In its external appearance it resembles the dark small tenrek ( Microgale jobihely ) and the Taiva-Kleintenrek ( Microgale taiva ), in terms of its dimensions it is intermediate between the smaller former and the larger latter. According to the study of six individuals from the Andringitra Mountains in the southeast of Madagascar, the total length is 14.3 to 15.6 cm. This is distributed over a head-torso length of 7.6 to 9.5 cm and a tail length of 6.1 to 7.1 cm. The body weight is given as 11.0 to 15.5 g. Another 14 measured animals from the Anosyenne Mountains further south-east had a body length of 6.6 to 7.9 cm, a tail length of 6.0 to 6.9 cm and a weight of 12.0 to 15.5 g. For around two dozen individuals from the Anjanaharibe and Marojejy massifs in the northeast of the island, the corresponding values ​​are 7.2 to 8.7 cm, 6.0 to 7.5 cm and 11.5 to 16.5 g . In general, the Cowan-Kleintenrek, like the other members of the genus, is characterized by a spindle-shaped body with short and powerful limbs and a long, narrow head tapering to a point. The tail reaches roughly the length of the rest of the body or is slightly shorter. The ears measure 12 to 17 mm in length. The fur is generally dark brown in color, and the back is more speckled. The individual hairs here have gray bases and mixed yellowish to reddish brown tips. The sides are less speckled and therefore appear darker. There is a sharp break here to the lighter colored, yellowish or reddish brown tinted fur on the underside. The scaly tail is densely hairy, so that the scales are partially hidden under the fur. The hair here reaches a length of about 2.5 to 3 rows of scales. Overall, the tail is two-colored with a dark brown upper and a yellowish-reddish brown underside, as on the rest of the body, the transition on the sides is sharply marked. The hands and feet each have five clawed rays, and thick tufts of hair grow at the respective ends of the fingers and toes. Likewise, the sides of the hands and feet are noticeably covered with hair. The top of the foot is brown, the underside dark gray. The length of the hind foot varies between 15 and 18 mm. Females have one pair of teats in the chest and two pairs in the groin. However, individuals are also known where there is a pair of teats in the abdomen and two pairs in the groin area or vice versa.

Skull and dentition features

The skull is moderately large. Its greatest length is 21.4 to 23.7 mm, its greatest width measured at the skull is 9.8 to 10.7 mm. In the area of ​​the zygomatic arches , which are incomplete as in all Kleintenreks, the skull measures 8.9 to 9.5 mm in width. The rostrum is generally elongated, the nasal bones are elongated and reach back into the interocular region. The back of the skull is short and wide and the occiput is large. Compared to the slightly compressed parietal bones, the frontal bones also appear stretched. The dentition consists of 40 teeth with the following dental formula : . In the upper dentition, short diastemas are formed from the first incisor to the second premolar (P3) , in the lower row of teeth there are tooth gaps on both sides of the canine and the first premolar (P2). The additional cusps on the crown of the upper canine and the first premolar are well developed in comparison to the dark small tenrek, although not as distinct as the taiva small tenrek. The molars hardly differ from other small tenreks. They have a zalambdodontic chewing surface pattern with three main cusps. The upper rear molar is reduced in size, the lower one, in contrast to the Taiva-Kleintenrek, has a complete talonid, a deep protrusion on the chewing surface. The length of the upper row of teeth varies between 10.4 and 11.9 mm.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Cowan Lesser Tenrec

The Cowan-Kleintenrek is endemic to Madagascar , where it inhabits the eastern parts of the country in a more or less wide strip. Significant sites in the northeast of the island state are located in the Montagne d'Ambre in the Antsiranana province and on the Tsaratanana massif in the Mahajanga province . Also outstanding is a region that is also located in the Antsiranana province and includes the Anjanaharibe and Marojejy massifs as well as the forest area of ​​Ambolokopatrika that connects the two and the forest area of ​​Tsaranano further south and the Masoala peninsula . In the central-eastern area, the species was detected in the forest areas of Ambatovy-Analamay-Torotorofotsy and Analamazaotra in the Toamasina province , as well as in the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the Toamasina and Antananarivo provinces . The main areas of distribution further south include the forest regions of Ankazomivady and Ranomafana as well as the Andringitra Mountains in the Fianarantsoa province and the Anosyenne Mountains in the Toliara province . Outside and to the west of this contiguous distribution area, occurrences are known in the central highlands near Ambohitantely in the north and near Tsinjoarivo and on the Ankaratra massif south and southwest of Antananarivo in the province of the same name. In addition, there were reports of animals in western Madagascar near Ambohijanahary in the northernmost section of the Toliara province. The altitude distribution ranges from 810 to the higher 2450 m, which corresponds to the middle and higher mountain locations. The Cowan-Kleintenrek prefers tropical rainforests , but it also occurs on the edges of forests , in anthropogenic grasslands, on pine plantations or in heavily overgrown areas such as arable land. In some areas, animals moved up to 450 m from the nearest forest. As a result, the Cowan-Kleintenrek is considered to be extremely adaptable to different habitats . The species can occur relatively frequently locally, in regions where it occurs sympatricly with other representatives of the genus Microgale , the population size sometimes reaches 25 to 50% of the local Kleintenrek community.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

Little information is available about the way of life of the Cowan Lesser Tenreks. It is mainly ground-dwelling and does not climb trees, but some anatomical features in the shoulder and upper arm area indicate a certain ability to dig. In general, the animals live very hidden and hide under leaf waste or the like with their bodies pressed on the ground. A kind of “face washing” is proven as comfort behavior , in which they sit on their hind legs and rub the paws of both front feet from the ears down to the nose. They keep their mouths open, especially in the final phase of this rubbing. It is also known that the Cowan-Kleintenrek creates nests from plant material.

nutrition

The diet of the Cowan lesser tenreks is based on invertebrates , animals kept in captivity mainly ate earthworms and grasshoppers , but occasionally also young frogs . The basically carnivorous diet was also confirmed in isotope studies of animals from the forest area of ​​Tsinjoarivo. The body temperature averages 33.2 ° C with outside temperatures varying from 28 to 33 ° C. It is much more stable than other representatives of the Tenreks. The resting metabolic rate is 138% of the value to be expected for a mammal of roughly the same size. In phases of greater stress, such as during the reproductive phase, it increases significantly and then moves up to 137% above the normal values.

Reproduction

The reproductive behavior has also hardly been investigated so far; observations of pregnant females were made in the period October to November in the Anosyenne Mountains and the Marojejy Massif. These each carried one or two embryos per fallopian tube , the length of the embryos varied from 13 to 21 mm. One litter in human care was observed in the late 1980s. The female gained massively in body weight during pregnancy and weighed 15.8 g two days before birth compared to 10.3 g after litter. Three young animals were born that had newborns, typical of tenreks, bare skin and closed ears and eyes, the birth weight was 2.5 g. The offspring did not survive long, however, because the mother killed them after an external disturbance. Natural life expectancy is unknown; one animal was in human captivity for more than a year in the 1960s.

Predators and parasites

One of the predators of the Cowan lesser tenreks is the ferret . According to the investigation of excrement residues from the Andringitra Mountains, around half of their prey consists of individuals of the Kleintenrekart, which in turn make up a total of 14% of the biomass consumed. Other predators are the Fanaloka and the Malegasse owl . The animals mostly use bites for defense. External parasites documented so far are fleas of the genera Paractenopsyllus and Synopsyllus as well as ticks of the genus Ixodes , while the single-cell Eimeria has been identified as the internal parasite .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Kleintenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Microgale  



 Microgale pusilla


   

 Microgale majori


   

 Microgale principula


   

 Microgale jenkinsae


   

 Microgale longicaudata






   

 Microgale mergulus


   

 Microgale parvula




   



 Microgale brevicaudata


   

 Microgale grandidieri



   

 Microgale drouhardi


   

 Microgale monticola


   

 Microgale taiva





   



 Microgale gracilis


   

 Microgale thomasi


   

 Microgale cowani


   

 Microgale jobihely





   

 Microgale dryas


   

 Microgale gymnorhyncha




   

 Microgale soricoides


   

 Microgale fotsifotsy


   

 Microgale nasoloi







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The Cowan-Kleintenrek is a kind from the genus of microgale ( Microgale ) within the family of tenrecs (Tenrecidae). The Kleintenreks also form a member of the subfamily of the Reistenreks (Oryzorictinae), which also includes the rice burrowers ( Oryzorictes ) and the representatives of the genus Nesogale . In addition, with more than 20 species, they represent the most diverse member of the Tenreks. Due to some morphological features, they are classified as originally within the family. According to molecular genetic analyzes, the genus was formed in the Lower Miocene around 16.8 million years ago and diversified very strongly in the period that followed. Today's representatives show adaptations to different ways of life, so there are forms that dig underground, live above ground, or tree-climbing and water-dwelling forms. The majority of the small tenreks are found in the damp forests of eastern Madagascar, but a few species have also developed the drier landscapes of the western part of the island. The individual members of the Kleintenreks can be assigned to different kinship groups both morphologically and genetically. The Cowan Kleintenrek was originally considered to be more closely related to the Thomas Kleintenrek ( Microgale thomasi ) and the Dwarf Kleintenrek ( Microgale parvula ). The genetic data support the closer relationship to the Thomas Kleintenrek, but not that to the dwarf Kleintenrek. Rather, they group the Cowan-Kleintenrek as a sister taxon to the Dark Kleintenrek ( Microgale jobihely ), while the Thomas-Kleintenrek in turn forms the outer group.

The first scientific description of the Cowan Kleintenreks comes from Oldfield Thomas , who wrote it in 1882. Thomas used four individuals from the forest area of ​​Ankafina, a mountain about 1600 m high about 10 km south of Ambohimahasoa . The area represents the type region of the species. Thomas only briefly mentioned four other individuals, all eight animals were picked up by W. Deans Cowan in February / March 1880, and Thomas gave him the species name cowani in his honor . The holotype consists of a fully grown female 7.6 cm in body and 6.4 cm in tail length.

Eleven years later, Alphonse Milne-Edwards introduced another representative of the Kleintenreks, who may have come from near Antananarivo ( environs de Tananarive ). Milne-Edwards recognized clear mole-like features in the external structure , which were expressed in the short tail, the short ears and the large feet. The latter led him to give the species name Microgale crassipes . Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major described an animal in 1896, which he named Microgale longirostris because of its pear-shaped skull with a long and delicate snout . The only known individual at the time was picked up together with members of the Thomas-Kleintenreks in the Ampitambè forest, a region whose geographical location is not precisely clarified today. While Henri Heim de Balsac was not sure about the independence of one of the two or both species in 1972, Ross DE MacPhee combined them in 1987 in his general revision of the Kleintenreks with the Cowan Kleintenrek. Also applies Microgale nigrescens as a synonym for the Cowan-Kleintenrek. The name goes back to Daniel Giraud Elliot , who in 1905 classified a single animal from Ambohimanana in central Madagascar, which was collected by Major in 1896, as an independent subspecies of the Cowan Kleintenreks due to its very dark coloring. As early as 1918 Oldfield Thomas had thought about equating at least Microgale longirostris and Microgale nigrescens with Microgale crassipes , whereas both Guillaume Grandidier in 1934 and Terence Morison Scott in 1948 suspected that the three forms are identical to the Cowan Kleintenrek.

In his 1987 revision, MacPhee also combined the Taiva-Kleintenrek ( Microgale taiva ) and the Drouhard-Kleintenrek ( Microgale drouhardi , or its synonym Microgale melanorrhachis ) with the Cowan-Kleintenrek, making the latter the most widespread representative of the Kleintenrek at the time was. In the mid-1990s, as a result of several years of intensive research into the biological diversity of Madagascar, both forms were recognized as independent again, since the field studies revealed sufficient distinguishing features. Sometimes MacPhee also considered integrating the Thomas-Kleintenrek into the Cowan-Kleintenrek.In addition to individual morphological and morphometric deviations, later cytogenetic studies showed that the two species differ considerably in their chromosome set , since the former has 56, the latter 38 pairs. The status of Microgale longirostris is unclear , as some researchers, after research in central Madagascar, consider the form to be an independent species. This differs from the actual Cowan Kleintenrek in terms of its striking general size, the length of the snout and the rear foot and in some behavioral patterns such as the more tactile use of the nose when searching for food in leaf waste or the emitting shrill sounds. Possibly the latter includes various cryptic species . This is also indicated by genetic studies in which, among other things, animals from higher altitudes of the Andringitra Mountains and the Ankaratra Massif differ significantly in their haplotype from those from lower areas .

Threat and protection

The IUCN lists the Cowan-Kleintenrek in the category “not threatened” ( least concern ). This is justified with the widespread distribution of the species and the large population assumed as a result, as well as with the ability of the animals to adapt to over-shaped landscapes. There are no known major threats to the population. The Cowan-Kleintenrek occurs in numerous protected areas, important include the Amber Mountain National Park , the National Park Marojejy , the Ranomafana National Park , the National Park Mantadia Andasibe , the Andringitra National Park and the National Park Andohahela . For the effective protection of the species, studies of its biology, ecology and taxonomy are necessary.

literature

  • Paulina D. Jenkins, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: The Shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 191-217
  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (p. 169) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new genus and two new species of Insectivora from Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16, 1882, pp. 319–322 ( [7] )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Paulina D. Jenkins, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: The Shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 191-217
  2. ↑ a b c d Steven M. Goodman, Paulina D. Jenkins and Mark Pidgeon: Lipotyphla (Tenrecidae and Soricidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 94, 1999, pp. 187-216
  3. ^ A b c Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: The Insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 90, 1998, pp. 139-161
  4. ↑ a b c d Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla; Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 97, 2000, pp. 201-229
  5. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Martin Raheriarisena and Steven M. Goodman: New distributional records from central-eastern Madagascar and patterns of morphological variation in the endangered shrew tenrec Microgale jobihely (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae). Mammalia 74, 2010, pp. 187-198
  6. ↑ a b c d e Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (p. 169) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  7. ^ A b c Steven M. Goodman, Christopher J. Raxworthy, CP Maminirina, and Link E. Olson: A new species of shrew tenrec (Microgale jobihely) from northern Madagascar. Journal of Zoology 270, 2006, pp. 384-398
  8. ↑ Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les microammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagne de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3), 2008, pp. 695-721
  9. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Steven M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
  10. ^ Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina, Paula D. Jenkins and Gennaro Aprea: Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1622
  11. ↑ Vonjy Andrianjiakarivelo, Emilienne Razafimahatratra, Yvette Razafindrakoto and Steven M. Goodman: The terrestrial small mammals of the Parc National de Masoala, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Theriologica 50 (4), 2005, pp. 537-549
  12. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
  13. ^ PJ Stephenson: The small mammal fauna of Réserve Spéciale d'Analamazaotra, Madagascar: the effects of human disturbance on endemic species diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 1993, pp. 603-615
  14. ↑ a b P. J. Stephenson: Taxonomy of shrew-tenrecs (Microgale ssp.) From eastern and central Madagascar. Journal of Zoology 235, 1995, pp. 339-359
  15. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
  16. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Pierre Jules Rakotomalaza, Achille Philippe Raselimalala, Rodin Rasoloarinson, Mamy Ravokatra, Voahangy Soarimalala and Lucienne Wilmé: Inventaire biologique de la Forêt d'Ankazomivady, Ambositra. Akon'ny Ala 24, 1998, pp. 19-32
  17. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Steven M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
  18. ↑ Landryh Tojomanana Ramanana: Petits mammifères (Afrosoricida et Rodentia) nouvellement recensés dans le Parc National d'Andohahela (parcelle 1), Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 4, 2010, pp. 66-72
  19. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony: The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 250, 2000, pp. 193-200
  20. ↑ PJ Stephenson, H. Randriamahazo, N. Rakotoarison and PA Racey: Conservation of mammalian species diversity in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Biological Conservation 69, 1994, pp. 213-218
  21. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  22. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, George Schatz and Lucienne Wilmé: Species richness of forest-dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: A test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar. Ecotropica 2, 1996, pp. 109-120
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g R. DE MacPhee: The Shrew Tenrecs of Madagascar: Systematic Revision and Holocene Distribution of Microgale (Tenrecidae, Insectivora). American Museum Novitates 2889, 1987, pp. 1-45
  24. ↑ Toky M. Randriamoria, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Terrestrial “forest-dwelling” endemic small mammals captured outside of natural habitats in the Moramanga District, central eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 97-106
  25. ↑ a b c P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Microgale cowani. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T40586A97190403 ( [1] ); last accessed on November 6, 2016
  26. ↑ Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
  27. ^ Justine A. Salton and Eric J. Sargis: Evolutionary Morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) Forelimb Skeleton. In: EJ Sargis and M. Dagosto (Eds.): Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Springer Science, 2008, pp. 51-71
  28. ↑ a b c d e J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  29. ^ A b Peter J. Stephenson, Paul A. Racey and Félix Rakotondraparany: Maintenance and reproduction of tenrecs (Tenrecidae) at Parc Tsimbazaza, Madagascar. International Zoo Yearbook 33, 1994, pp. 194-201
  30. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  31. ^ A b Peter J. Stephenson and Paul A. Racey: Reproductive energetics of the Tenrecidae (Mammalia: Insectivora). II. The shrew-tenrecs, Microgale spp. Physiological Zoology 66 (5), 1993, pp. 664-685
  32. ^ Paul A. Racey and Peter J. Stephenson: Reproductive and energetic differention of the Tenrecidae of Madagascar. In: W. R Lourenço (Ed.): Biogéographie de Madagascar. Paris, 1996, pp. 307-319
  33. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, O. Langrand and BPN Rasolonandrasana: The food habits of Cryptoprocta ferox in the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar (Carnivore, Viverridae). Mammalia 61 (2), 1997, pp. 185-192
  34. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, FJ Kerridge and RC Ralisomalala: A note on the diet of Fossa fossana (Carnivora) in the central eastern humid forests of Madagascar. Mammalia 67 (4), 2003, pp. 595-598
  35. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Russell Thorstrom: The Diet of the Madagascar Red Owl (Tyto soumagnei) on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. The Wilson Bulletin 110 (3), 1998, pp. 417-421
  36. ↑ Jean-Claude Beaucournu, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina and Steven M. Goodman: Puces (Insecta: Siphonaptera) d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar: Spécificité et phenologie. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 39-48
  37. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  38. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina, Voahangy Soarimalala and Jean-Claude Beaucournu: The Fleas of Endemic and Introduced Small Mammals in Central Highland Forests of Madagascar: Faunistics, Species Diversity, and Absence of Host Specificity. Journal of Medical Entomology 52 (5), 2015, pp. 1135-1143
  39. ↑ Michael W. Hastriter and Carl W. Dick: A description of Paractenopsyllus madagascarensis sp. n. and the female of Paractenopsyllus raxworthyi Duchemin & Ratovonjato, 2004 (Siphonaptera, Leptopsyllidae) from Madagascar with a key to the species of Paractenopsyllus. ZooKeys 13, 2009, pp. 43-55
  40. ↑ Malala N. Rakotomanga, Steven M. Goodman, Voahangy Soarimalala, Sebastien Boyer and Dmitry Apanaskevich: Les tiques dures (Acari: Ixodidae) ectoparasites de micromammifères non-volants dans la forêt d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 12, 2017, pp. 59-67
  41. ↑ Lee Couch, Juha Laakkonen, Steven Goodman, and Donald W. Duszynski: Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2), 2011, pp. 293-296
  42. ↑ a b c Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests . Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  43. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new genus and two new species of Insectivora from Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16, 1882, pp. 319-322
  44. ^ A. Milne-Edwards: Une nouvelle espèce de Microgale de Madagascar. Annales des sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Paleontologie 7 (15), 1893, p. 98 ( [2] )
  45. ^ Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major: Diagnoses of new mammals from Madagascar. The Annals and magazine of natural history 18, 1896, pp. 318–321 ( [3] )
  46. ^ Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
  47. ^ DG Elliot: Description of an apparently new subspecies of Microgale from Madagascar. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 18, 1905, p. 237 ( [4] )
  48. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: On the arrangement of the small Tenrecidae hitherto referred to Oryzorictes and Microgale. Annals and magazine of natural history 14, 1918, pp. 302–307 ( [5] )
  49. ↑ Guillaume Grandidier: Deux nouveaux mammifère insectivores de Madagascar Microgale drouhardi et M. parvula. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (2nd series) 6, 1934, pp. 474–476 ( [6] )
  50. ^ TCS Morrison-Scott: The Insectivorous Genera Microgale and Nesogale (Madagascar). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118, 1948, pp. 817-822
  51. ↑ Paulina D. Jenkins, Christopher J. Raxworthy and Ronald A. Nussbaum: A new species of Microgale (Insectivora, Tenrecidae), with comments on the status of four other taxa of shrew tenrecs. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Zoology) 63 (1), 1997, pp. 1-12
  52. ↑ C. Gilbert, SM Goodman, V. Soarimalala, LE Olson, PCM O'Brien, FFB Elder, F. Yang, MA Ferguson-Smith and TJ Robinson: Chromosomal evolution in tenrecs (Microgale and Oryzorictes, Tenrecidae) from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Chromosome Research 15, 2007, pp. 1075-1091

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