Motorcycle trailer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Motorcycle with registration-free trailer

A motorcycle trailer is a trailer that is pulled by a motorcycle .

In Germany, “trailers behind motorcycles” are subject to special registration, insurance and traffic regulations that differ from those for car trailers. These trailers are available in many different designs. Very few motorcycles are retrofitted with a trailer coupling and the number of motorcycle trailers is very small compared to car trailers.

History and background

Beginnings

Orient tricycle with trailer (ca.1900)

Even in the early days of motorization around 1900, motorcycles were also used as tractors in order to expand the limited transport capacities of two-wheelers with a trailer or trailer. In 1896, Jean Trancle-Armand received a patent in the USA for a connecting joint between motorcycle and trailer. During this pioneering period, the trailer competed with the sidecar , which became the more practical solution in the field of passenger transport.

During the Second World War , trailers with a total weight of up to 350 kg were used behind the Wehrmacht vehicles from 1941 onwards . The heavy Zündapp KS 750 and BMW R 75 had the so-called standard bulky hook, a pin coupling, so that these all-terrain machines could pull light trailers or artillery.

In the GDR since 1957 the right trailer for the Berlin, Troll and Wiesel scooters was offered with the Campi for 420 marks. In West Germany there were similar models under the names Campingboy and Camping-chen von Baudisch, Camping Rolly (Schumacher & Co), Flott (Calberlah), Campo (MWF), Trip (Faho) and Elan (Vögtle & Zeller). The Czech manufacturer Jawa offered additional luggage space with the single-track trailers of the type PAV-40 and PAV-41 in the 1960s, which made camping and vacation trips for two possible even with smaller motorbikes or scooters . For many people who could not afford a car, a motorcycle was the everyday vehicle at that time.

present

In Asia, where bicycles and small motorcycles are very important means of transport, trailers for transporting goods and people are widespread. In Europe and America, where the motorcycle is primarily a recreational and vacation vehicle, trailers enable motorcyclists to take more luggage with them when traveling . Manufacturers such as Schuring, EZS or Watsonian not only offer trailers - preferably for heavy motorcycles like the Honda Gold Wing and Pan European  - but also the necessary trailer hitches.

In the United States , manufacturers like Tailwind and Bushtec build motorcycle trailers; Small folding caravans (pop-up campers) for one or two people are available from various providers. There is also a long history of building teardrop trailers that are pulled by smaller cars and motorcycles.

In Germany , motorcycle trailers only play a minor role in road traffic. According to Andreas Schmidt, currently the only German manufacturer, one of the main reasons for the low prevalence of motorcycle trailers in Germany is the speed limit. These individual, one-off productions of trailers are not only used to transport luggage, but also, for example, as an advertising medium .

The German Road Traffic Licensing Regulations describe the dimensions and weights of trailers. Trailers with an operating license behind a motorcycle can be driven as a license-free and insurance-free trailer with a repeat license plate.

  • Motorcycle cargo trailer in Phnom Penh

  • Dog trailer in France

  • Motorcycle taxi trailer in Cambodia

  • Simson swallow with trailer

technical structure

Motorcycle trailers are connected to the towing vehicle with a detachable trailer coupling and have an axle with one or two wheels. Usually the structure is attached to a frame, but self-supporting shell structures ( monocoques ) are also possible. Various designs such as platforms or boxes for transporting loads are offered. Hydraulic shock absorbers are not mandatory, but can improve driving stability. The dead weight of a single-track trailer is usually less than 40 kg, for single-axle trailers it is usually over 55 kg, the permissible total weight is between 80 and 300 kg.

Single track trailer

Single track trailer with universal joint coupling

Motorcycle trailers can be built as single-track trailers with only one wheel. These lean into the curve with the motorcycle. A special trailer coupling with a universal joint is required for this, which only allows up and down movement on uneven road surfaces and a bend perpendicular to the longitudinal axis when cornering and always keeps the trailer in the same inclined position as the two-wheeler . This design is only found on light trailers, as depending on the position of the trailer wheel, up to half of the total weight is placed on the rear of the motorcycle. In a single-track trailer, the suspension is usually implemented as a one or two-armed swing arm with a strut, as is known from the rear wheel of a motorcycle. The wheels are mainly scooter or motorcycle wheels.

Single axle trailer

Two-wheel trailer on a Honda Gold Wing in the USA

If the motorcycle trailer is built conventionally with one axle and two wheels, a ball coupling behind the rear wheel offers the simplest connection so that the trailer remains horizontal when the towing vehicle leans into a curve. As a special form, a semi-trailer with a 50 mm coupling ball instead of a passenger seat behind the driver of the motorcycle was approved in Germany. The wheels are mostly eight- or ten-inch standard wheels, like those on small car trailers. In the USA and Canada, two-wheeled trailers are usually equipped with very long drawbars, rigid axles and leaf springs , in Europe usually with rubber spring axles . In the USA, Tailwind offers its patented, spring-loaded and damped Duoflex drawbar, which compensates for the trailer's pitching movements, so that the effects on the towing vehicle are reduced. According to the law in Germany, a double-axle trailer is considered to be single-axle if the distance between the axles is less than 100 cm.

Designs

Box trailer

Cargo trailers with an open box structure or a box structure that can be closed with a lid made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic , aluminum or sheet steel are the most common structures and are used in Europe and America to transport luggage or pets.

Platform trailer

Open platform trailers for transporting boxes or bulky goods are indispensable in large parts of Asia as a means of transport in the everyday life of small businesses and are also offered with a wheel in Europe.

Folding caravan

Small folding caravans such as the Mini Mate or the Kompact Kamp, which in addition to the luggage transport in the trailer locker above, offer a folding tent and mattresses for one or two people, are sold by many suppliers in the USA and Canada. In Germany, however, larger folding tent caravans such as the Rhön Universal or Klappfix are also pulled behind teams .

Caravan

Closed caravans such as the 140 kg Calypso and the mini Airstream trailer with a width of one meter, especially for use behind motorbikes with berths for one or two people, are occasionally built in Europe by experienced inventors and given an operating permit by the TÜV. The Swedish Goldbrand caravan is even 125 cm wide.

Teardrop pendant

Lightweight teardrop trailers made of plywood or aluminum for pulling behind small cars or motorcycles have been a tradition in the USA since the 1930s and are manufactured by small series manufacturers or according to construction plans in amateur construction. These small sleeping cars (from 1.3 m × 2.6 m floor space) offer more generous lying areas and tipping safety due to the lack of width restrictions and external wheels. They are usually equipped with an outside kitchen under the tailgate of the trailer.

  • Box trailer

  • Double axle

  • Platform trailer

  • Folding caravan

  • Stainless steel caravan

  • Interior caravan

  • Teardrop pendant

Coupling systems

Ball coupling

Registered ball head coupling on a German Honda ST 1100

The standardized 50 mm ball head coupling with E-approved coupling ball is widespread in Europe. In the US, ball heads with a diameter of 1 ¼ "or 1 ⅞" are common, which do not fit European drawbars. Ball couplings allow a rotary movement of more than 50 degrees to both sides. For the Honda Goldwing, there are also hidden towbars installed under the case system, where only the detachable coupling ball is visible.

Universal joint coupling

Universal joint coupling

Jawa connected its single-wheel PAV trailer with a universal joint to the tractor and the GDR scooter trailer Campi used the same technology. The German manufacturer moppedänger further developed this coupling in order to be able to separate the unicycle trailer from the motorcycle more easily and also to connect heavy trailers safely and lockable to the tractor.

Pin coupling

Bolt coupling with trailer socket on BMW Wehrmacht team

In the United States, as an alternative to the ball, pin couplings are occasionally used, in which a ring on the drawbar side is hung on a vertical pin at the rear of the motorcycle and fixed with a safety device on top of the pin. Rotatable drawbars are absolutely necessary for this, but they can also be used in combination with ball couplings to prevent damage to the pulling device in the event of a fall or if the motorcycle falls over.

Electrical connection and lighting

In Europe, like in cars, standardized 7-pin or 13-pin trailer sockets are installed, in America there are a large number of non-standardized connection plugs. Two rear lights, two brake lights, two red triangular reflectors and license plate lighting are required in German-speaking countries, direction indicators are only required if the trailer covers the turn signals of the towing vehicle. For side identification, at least one yellow, non-triangular reflector is required on both sides .

Brake systems on the trailer

Hydraulic overrun brake

As a rule, trailers behind motorcycles do not have their own brakes because of their low weight. The overrun brake is very rare in Europe because it increases the dead weight of the trailer and has to be checked. On the other hand, you can have a higher towing load approved for a towing motorcycle for braked trailers in individual cases (in Germany: assessment by a technical inspection agency or certificate from an officially recognized monitoring organization). In the USA there are electrically operated trailer brakes that are activated via control units with inertia sensors or the contact of the brake light switch.

Legal basis in Germany

Towbars on motorcycles

In Germany, a motorcycle must have a towing device approved by TÜV or DEKRA and entered in the vehicle documents at the registration office in order to be allowed to tow a trailer. Contrary to the information provided by some motor vehicle test centers, a clearance certificate from the motorcycle manufacturer is not necessary and will not be issued by him.

The test center can test the trailer coupling in accordance with a TP report according to § 22 a StVZO and § 13 of the Vehicle Registration Ordinance (FZV) and carry out the attachment acceptance on the motorcycle according to § 21 and § 19 StVZO.

The Road Traffic Licensing Regulations limit the trailer load for unbraked trailers to the empty weight of the motorcycle plus 75 kg for the driver divided by two. This means that, for example, a heavy touring motorcycle with an unladen weight of 325 kg can tow a trailer with a maximum total mass of 200 kg. The test center can approve a higher trailer load for braked trailers.

Approval or operating permit for motorcycle trailers

70 cm wide registration-free motorcycle trailer

In Germany, motorcycles are allowed to tow both approved trailers and motorcycle trailers that are not subject to approval and which can be driven with an unstamped subsequent number plate with the same number combination as one of the owner's towing vehicles. These motorcycle trailers do not require registration or insurance, but must be checked by a vehicle inspection center in accordance with Section 13 EG-FGV, receive a vehicle identification number from the vehicle inspection center in advance and, upon acceptance, an operating license . They are not subject to the two-year general inspection requirement. This operating permit must be stamped by the vehicle registration office. In order to go through the procedure successfully, it is advisable to check the feasibility with the technical test center and the licensing center beforehand, as many departments do not know this special form and the legal basis.

The width of a motorcycle trailer must not exceed 100 cm, the general restrictions for vehicles of all kinds apply to the maximum length and height. Motorbike trailers that are free of registration and insurance must not be pulled by cars.

Driving license law

For driving trailers behind motorcycles no additional license is needed, it is enough of a motorcycle license .

60 km / h regulation in Germany

In Germany, the general speed limit of 60 km / h applies to motorcycles with trailers outside built-up areas, on motorways and motorways, stipulated by § 3 and § 18 StVO, which can pose a significant risk to the following motor vehicles, especially on the motorway. Petitions to lift this speed limit in Germany have been initiated several times, most recently in January 2014:

“A minimum speed of 60 km / h is required on German autobahns, so that a motorcycle with a trailer can hardly be moved legally there. An increase in the general speed limit to 80 km / h [...] would finally remove these nonsensical traffic obstacles on German motorways. […] Here in Germany there is an additional risk of being harassed by truck drivers who have to switch to the fast lane every time such a traffic obstacle appears in front of them. "

- Petition 48417.

In the reason for the rejection, the Petitions Committee refers to the opinion of the motorcycle manufacturers obtained by the Bundestag, from whose point of view there is no need to lift this speed limit and that the vehicles they produce are fundamentally unsuitable for operation with trailers. At the request of the Federal Ministry of Transport, the Motorcycle Industry Association (IVM) had no knowledge of the driving dynamics of trailer combinations, and from the perspective of the IVM there was also no market for motorcycle trailers in Germany.

Motorbike combinations with trailers

BMW-K1300 / Ott-EURO-4-team with Dethleffs-Kids-small caravan

In Germany, the legal provisions for motorcycle combinations with trailers essentially correspond to those for motorcycles with trailers. Due to the increased curb weight, a motorcycle combination can pull a trailer with greater mass.

For German trailer drivers with a trailer coupling installed in the middle between the motorcycle and the sidecar, there is the option of obtaining an exemption from the regional council in accordance with Section 70 StVZO. After a positive assessment by a vehicle inspection body, an exception from § 32 StVZO can be approved in individual cases and a trailer width greater than one meter can be entered for the motorcycle combination.

Legal basis in Austria

In Austria, according to Section 104 of the Motor Vehicle Act (KFG), motorcycles may only tow light trailers of class O1 that are approved for traffic . These trailers must not be wider than the motorcycle and they must be connected to the towing vehicle with a secure tow bar. As in Germany, twice the total weight of the trailer must not exceed the unladen weight of the motorcycle, which has increased by 75 kg.

If the width of the trailer does not exceed 80 cm, it only needs to be equipped with one of the lights otherwise prescribed for trailers. The triangular reflector must be separated from the light emitting surfaces of the luminaires and attached in such a way that one point of the equilateral triangle points upwards. This reflector must be permanently connected to the vehicle.

When pulling a light trailer, the speed of 100 km / h must not be exceeded.

Legal basis in Switzerland

The maximum speed for motorcycles with a trailer is 80 km / h. A separate motorway vignette is not required for rigid trailers (usually unicycle trailers), trailers and sidecars of motorcycles in accordance with Directive 15-01 National Road Tax.

Legal situation in other countries

Speed ​​limits in km / h for motorcycles with trailers in other countries on country roads and in brackets on motorways (as of November 2018):

  • 70 (70): Lithuania
  • 70 (80): Albania, Poland, Turkey, Hungary
  • 70 (90): Spain, Estonia, Luxembourg, Romania, Russia, Belarus
  • 70 (96): Great Britain: Trailers are only permitted for motorcycles over 125 cc. The trailer may be a maximum of one meter wide, the length (measured from the rear axle of the motorcycle) may be 2.50 meters and the total weight may not exceed 150 kg or 2/3 of the fully fueled vehicle weight.
  • 70 (120): Portugal
  • 80 (80): Bosnia-Herzegovina, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Croatia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Macedonia, Montenegro, Norway, Slovenia, Ukraine
  • 80 (90): Netherlands
  • 80 (100): Bulgaria, Ireland, Serbia, Cyprus
  • 80 (130): France
  • 88 to 120: USA: The speed limits correspond to those for cars with trailers; the rules vary from state to state.
  • 90 (90): New Zealand, Slovakia
  • 90 (120): Belgium

In Italy, motorcycles registered there are not allowed to pull trailers. This was confirmed by a judgment of the European Court of Justice on February 10, 2009. According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968, EU states have the right to refuse to allow trailers behind motorcycles. The Italian Republic ... however makes it clear ... that motorcycles registered in other Member States are permitted to carry a trailer on Italian territory, since they are in international traffic within the meaning of the aforementioned Convention.

Meeting and scene

In Germany, the only known motorcycle trailer meeting has been held in Schotten , Hesse, every year since 2005 on the first weekend in June . Due to the closure of the Falltorhaus motorcycle meeting point, the 2019 meeting will take place for the first time in the Caravan Park in the neighboring town of Laubach .

At the largest sidecar meeting in Europe, the EGT with over 1000 participants, motorcycle trailers can be found in large numbers every year. There is a lively exchange of experiences, especially about the handling of the legal framework by the various licensing authorities.

In Germany, trailers are often pulled behind Honda Gold Wings . In the German Goldwing forum, the drivers write about their experiences.

The combinations of the Russian manufacturer URAL sold in the USA and Europe have been approved for use with trailers in Germany since 2010.

The American and Canadian motorcyclists with cargo trailers and folding caravans exchange their experiences in a special trailer forum on motocampers.com, and the American Honda ST forum has its own trailer department with many reports.

literature

  • Bernd Huppertz: Approval of vehicles , 3rd edition, Boorberg, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-415-04737-2 .
  • Hans Miedel, Gerhard Spitzer, Deiter Lauffs: The TÜV book for car trailers: purchase, construction, testing and operation . 7th, revised edition, TÜV Media GmbH, TÜV Rheinland, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-8249-1222-3 .
  • Bob Woofter: Motorcycle Camping Made Easy , 2nd edition, Whitehorse Gear, 2010, ISBN 978-1-884313-83-7 (English).
  • Dale Coyner: The Essential Guide to Motorcycle Travel , 2nd edition, Whitehorse Gear, 2014, ISBN 978-1-884313-42-4 (English).
  • Douglas Keister: Teardrops and Tiny Trailers , Gibbs Smith Pub, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4236-0274-3 (English).

Web links

Commons : Motorcycle trailer  - collection of images
Wiktionary: Motorcycle trailer  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the driving-regulation is no regulation for trailers ( "E") is present behind the driver's license class A. Some authors conclude from this that the "non-regulation" implies a ban on trailers behind motorcycles. Beck's short commentary on road traffic law in the new edition shares this view :
    • Peter Hentschel : Road Traffic Law , 44th edition 2016, ISBN 978-3-406-69610-7 , page 1127, margin no.36 to § 6 FeV. Older editions such as the 38th edition 2005 do not contain any reference to this.
    Other commentators contradict this, as the regulations of the StVO , StVZO and FZV stipulate regulations for motorcycle trailers:

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The international motor vehicle exhibition in Berlin 1899. In: Polytechnisches Journal . 314, 1899, pp. 145-152.
  2. ↑ U.S. Patent 559761 Google Archives Page , accessed April 4, 2015.
  3. ↑ https://www.google.com/patents/US559761
  4. ^ Stefan Knittel: Motorcycle Lexicon. BLV Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-405-12226-0 , p. 31.
  5. ^ Special trailer 1 Wehrmacht vehicles website , accessed on April 4, 2015.
  6. ^ Campi story . Website IWL Stadtroller Berlin . Press reports and newspaper clippings on single-track trailers since 1956, accessed on March 30, 2015.
  7. ↑ SL: How does that thing actually drive? In: magazine Das Motorrad. No. 11, 1955, pp. 420-421. See article scans from the magazine Motorrad NSU Quickly Forum, accessed on May 6, 2015.
  8. ↑ G. Weihmann: NSU Quickly with Baudisch-Camping-chen. In: magazine Das Motorrad. No. 22, 1956, pp. 792-794.
  9. ^ Trailers ( Memento from May 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Watsonian-Squire company website, accessed April 6, 2015.
  10. ^ A b Douglas Keister: Teardrops and Tiny Trailers . Gibbs Smith Pub, 2008, pp. 9-13.
  11. ↑ Stephan Buyer: In: Zeitschrift Nürburger , December 2011 edition, p. 32/33. Quote: According to § 18 of the StVO, motorcycles with trailers are allowed to drive a maximum of 60 km / h on motorways. And that's exactly why there is so little of it. Article page 32 and article page 33 , accessed on May 6, 2015.
  12. ↑ Single-wheel motorcycle trailer with quick-change coupling. In: Craft & Innovation. Smart products and services. Flyer of the Koblenz Chamber of Crafts from 2010, p. 3 http://hwk-koblenz.de/fileadmin/images/presse/termine-veranstaltungen/ndt/2010/flyer_handwerk_innovation.pdf (link not available)
  13. ↑ Maximum 1 m width. § 32 StVZO
  14. ↑ § 42 StVZO (2): If single-axle trailers are carried without a sufficient brake of their own, the trailer load may not exceed half of the empty weight of the towing vehicle increased by 75 kg, but not more than 750 kg. § 42 StVZO
  15. ↑ § 3 FZV (2) No. 2 f: Single -axle trailers behind motorcycles, mopeds and motorized wheelchairs are excluded from the regulations on the approval process . § 3 FZV
  16. ↑ § 4 FZV: The vehicles exempted from the regulations on the approval procedure [...] may only be put into operation on public roads if they correspond to an approved type or if an individual approval has been granted.
  17. ↑ Schuring JM600 . Website of the manufacturer 'Schuring', accessed on April 8, 2015.
  18. ↑ Mini Airstream caravans . In: Zeitschrift Tourenfahrer , November 2012, Transport: Praxis / Service, p. 78. A touch of Route 66 ( Memento from 30 May 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the magazine Tourenfahrer, accessed on 6 April 2015.
  19. ↑ United States Patent US 7,121,575 B2 . Website of the manufacturer 'Tailwind'. October 17, 2006, accessed March 20, 2015.
  20. ↑ DK: Noble Annex - Schmidt-Trisis CBF 600 In: Zeitschrift Tourenfahrer , June 2009, section Mehrspur, p. 116.
  21. ↑ Mini Mate Motorcycle Camper . Construction of a folding tent caravan . Youtube video, accessed March 20, 2015.
  22. ^ Stainless Steel Micro Airstream . Construction blog (English) in the Motocampers Forum , accessed on March 20, 2015.
  23. ↑ Vulcan Riders proved to be seated meat . Website of the Diepholz district newspaper , accessed on March 20, 2015.
  24. ↑ Goldbrand expandable custom trailers . Website of the builder Tony Guldbrand , accessed March 20, 2015.
  25. ↑ Build Journals , construction blogs in the American Teardrops and Tiny Travel Trailer Forum , accessed on March 20, 2015.
  26. ↑ Motorcycle Camper - What Does Towing a Motorcycle Camper How does a motorcycle folding caravan pull itself , Youtube video, accessed on March 20, 2015.
  27. ↑ Camilla Härtewig: Trailer makes the motorcycle ready to travel ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: Rhein-Zeitung , issue no.232, p. 8 (PDF; 605 kB). October 7, 2009.
  28. ↑ § 53 (1) StVZO: Brake lights are only required if the design-related maximum speed exceeds 50 km / h.
  29. ↑ § 53 (4) StVZO: Two red triangular reflectors, with a side length of at least 150 mm and the tip pointing upwards.
  30. ↑ § 54 StVZO (5) No. 5 c: Direction indicators are not required on single-axle trailers behind motorcycles.
  31. ↑ § 51a (1) StVZO.
  32. ↑ § 43 StVZO facilities for connecting vehicles, (4) trailer hitches must work automatically. However, non-automatic trailer hitches are permitted, 2. on motorcycles and passenger cars.
  33. ↑ § 22 a StVZO type approval for vehicle parts.
  34. ↑ § 13 FZV notification of changes.
  35. ↑ § 21 StVZO - operating permit for single vehicles.
  36. ↑ § 19 StVZO Issue and effectiveness of the operating permit.
  37. ↑ § 42 StVZO (2): If single-axle trailers are carried without a sufficient brake of their own, the trailer load may not exceed half of the empty weight of the towing vehicle increased by 75 kg, but not more than 750 kg .
  38. ↑ § 3 FZV (2): Excepted from the regulations on the approval process are [...] single-axle trailers behind motorcycles, mopeds and motorized wheelchairs.
    § 4 FZV (1): The vehicles [...]     exempted from the regulations on the approval procedure may only be put into operation on public roads if they correspond to an approved type or if an individual approval has been granted.
  39. ↑ § 10 FZV (8): Trailers [...] which do not have to have their own license plate according to § 4 must have a license plate on the back that the owner of the towing vehicle may use for one of his towing vehicles; a cancellation is not required.
  40. ↑ § 32 StVZO (1) No. 3: For motor vehicles and trailers […], the maximum permissible width over all […] must not exceed the following dimensions: for trailers behind motorcycles 1.0 m.
  41. ↑ A trailer should theoretically be up to 12 meters long and 4 meters high. § 34 StVZO (2) and (3).
  42. ↑ Introduced by § 9 (1) b of the new version of the StVO of November 13, 1937. Before that there was no general speed limit outside of built-up areas.
  43. ↑ § 3 (3) 2 b StVO and § 18 (5) No. 2 b. StVO.
  44. ↑ Petitions: Petition 48471 . Website of the Petitions Committee of the German Bundestag . Petition 48417 / Pet 1-18-12-9213-002397 . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  45. ↑ Final statement of the petition as PDF . Website of the Petitions Committee of the German Bundestag . Final reasons for petition 48417 . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  46. ↑ Thomas Bergmann: 60 km / h for motorcycles with trailers ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: Kradblatt , December 2014 edition, p. 40, accessed on March 20, 2015.
  47. ↑ Florian Pillau: It remains at 60 km / h for motorcycles with trailers . In: Heise Autos , November 11, 2014, accessed on March 20, 2015.
  48. ↑ § 70 StVZO: Exceptions (1) Exceptions can approve: 1. The higher administrative authorities in certain individual cases or in general for certain individual applicants from the provisions of Sections 32, 32 d, 34 and 36, also in conjunction with Section 63, furthermore ...
  49. ↑ § 104 KFG pulling trailers . Website jusline.at. As of May 1, 2015. Accessed May 18, 2015.
  50. ↑ Motor Vehicle Act Implementation Ordinance, Section 58 Paragraph 2.g) . Federal legal information system. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  51. ↑ Article 5 of the Traffic Regulations Ordinance Der Bundesrat. Swiss government portal. Retrieved June 25, 2015
  52. ↑ Directive 15-01 Motorway Tax (Motorway Vignette), Item 2.4 Federal Customs Administration FCA. PDF 320 kB. Retrieved July 2, 2018
  53. ↑ Speed limits in Europe ( Memento from July 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: Car and Travel Club Germany . (PDF; 136 kB). Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  54. ↑ Towing with a motorbike website of the British government GOV.UK. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  55. ↑ Trailer Speed ​​Limits . Website of the American automobile club AAA. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  56. ^ ADAC - Recht - Motorrad - Italien Website of the ADAC. Sidecar and trailer . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  57. ^ Case C-110/05. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 10 February 2009. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic. , accessed April 10, 2015 .
  58. ^ Case C-110/05. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of February 10, 2009. Section 47. , accessed November 14, 2018 .
  59. ↑ Michael Schümann: Just leave everything behind . In: MOTORCYCLE. Issue 25 of November 21, 2014, pp. 100/101.
  60. ↑ Euro team meeting Luxembourg 2014 , website of the team friends . Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  61. ↑ Euro sidecar meeting , website of the motorcycle sidecar portal . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  62. ↑ Trailer corner . In: Goldwing Forum . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  63. ↑ Trailers trailer in the American Motocamper forum. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  64. ↑ Trailers . Trailer in the American Honda ST forum. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 1, 2015 .