Motorcycle team

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Motorbike combination
( Yamaha tractor with EML GT 2001 sidecar)

A motorcycle with a sidecar is referred to as a motorcycle combination , also a motorcycle with a sidecar , more rarely a motorcycle with a sidecar or a sidecar machine . In the German Road Traffic Licensing Regulations (StVZO) there are no sidecars or trailers, but the legislature uses the term "sidecar". As a rule, the team has three wheels in an asymmetrical arrangement. The sidecar is also known as a "sidecar" or "boat". Powerful motorcycles are mainly used as tractors, but motor scooters can also be converted into a team.

In times of economic hardship, the motorcycle combination was the "little man's car". Today these are largely enthusiast vehicles.

history

De Dion Bouton front-end car (1899)
Harley-Davidson team (1915)
Mills & Fulford (1903)
Indian team (1917)

Push-in car

The forerunner of the motorcycle with a sidecar was the “Vorsteckwagen”, in which the motorcycle was placed in a single-axle subframe with the front wheel removed. A wicker chair on which the passenger sat was mounted on the subframe. The first copies appeared in France before 1900, engine supplier was De-Dion-Bouton . There were luggage tricycles in a similar design which, like the push-in wagon, quickly became popular after the turn of the century.

First sidecar

In 1902, the English trailer builder Mills & Fulford in Coventry is said to have built the first sidecar that was attached to the side of a motorcycle. The sidecar consisted of a wicker chair, which was provided with a swiveling device to make the sidecar more suitable for bends. Mills & Fulford developed a double sidecar in 1903; A wicker chair was attached to the left and right of the Humber motorcycle .

The brothers William-John and Sidney-Charles Graham received a French patent on April 29, 1903 for a sidecar, which was called "Beisteckwagen". This date is considered the sidecar's official birthday.

The first motorcycles from NSU Motorenwerke appeared as early as 1905 , with a sidecar attached to the right side of the motorcycle. In 1912 Thomas Frederick Watson invented the folding sidecar and founded "The Watsonian Folding Sidecar Co", Birmingham , today under the company name " Watsonian-Squire Ltd.", the oldest still existing sidecar manufacturer in the world.

First World War / Mexican punitive expedition

In 1914, Clyno manufactured an AJS sidecar machine with a Vickers machine gun in large numbers for the British armed forces during the First World War . In 1915 a machine gun carrier from NSU Motorenwerke appeared, unlike the Clyno, the machine gun was mounted on the sidecar against the direction of travel. In 1916 the US Army used Harley-Davidson teams with the 16J tractor unit as military equipment in the Mexican punitive expedition under John J. Pershing ; Indian teams were used in the European theater of war from 1917 .

Between the world wars

The sidecar with a wicker armchair was replaced by the “boat” after the First World War. In the 1920s and 1930s, developments grew out of their infancy, the sidecar had become an integral part of traffic; Hundreds of motorcycle and sidecar manufacturers were founded. Whether as a taxi, craftsman's and cargo vehicle or just for transporting people, the team made it possible to get started with motorized mobility. Important sidecar manufacturers emerged, for example Steib - the largest sidecar manufacturer in the world before the Second World War, Stoye , Stolz, KALI and Royal. In 1930 Walter Stoye received a patent for a "device for detachably attaching sidecars to motorcycles". With the Stoye quick-release ball lock, the sidecar could be quickly detached from the motorcycle and moved "solo"; this quick release was introduced to all German sidecar manufacturers in the 1930s. In 1938 around 15,000 sidecars were delivered in Germany.

Second World War

Even before the Second World War , in France the Gnome et Rhône with the Gnome et Rhône AX II , in Belgium the manufacturers Gillet with the model Gillet Herstal 720 AB , FN with the FN M12 , Saroléa with the Saroléa 38H , military carriages that have a hydraulic A sidecar brake, a driven sidecar wheel and off-road and reverse gear . During the Second World War, special military teams were developed, and thousands were built and used. In Germany, these were the Wehrmacht vehicles, the Zündapp KS 750 and the BMW R 75, built from 1941 onwards . Despite the elaborate construction of the Wehrmacht teams, they could not match the usability of a bucket car in terms of possible uses .

post war period

A new development after the Second World War was the Zündapp KS 601 , which was mainly used in trailer operations . Starting in the mid-1950s, sidecars were increasingly displaced by the emerging mass motorization of the auto industry; In particular, the availability of the VW Beetle caused a rethink. In 1965 the former world market leader Steib stopped production.

"The image of the motorcycle, with and without a sidecar, suddenly turned into a poor man's vehicle."

- Karl Reese

In the 1960s, solo machines from almost all manufacturers were still suitable for tensioning, but in 1969, with the end of the swing arm at BMW, the team era came to an end, as no mass-produced motorcycle was subsequently suitable for sidecar in terms of the motorcycle frame. From 1971 onwards, MZ (at that time still GDR) was one of the few manufacturers to deliver MZ ES 250/2 Trophy complete carriages to the Federal Republic of Germany via the exclusive distributor Neckermann . The MZ sidecar ("Superelastic") was also connected to other motorcycles.

Modern times

From 1914 to 2011, Harley-Davidson had sidecars in its sales program. The model CLE with leaf suspension was built unchanged from 1930 to the 1980s; Various converters still offer sidecars for Harley-Davidson motorcycles today. At MZ , a sidecar could be screwed to the motorcycle without major changes until 1989. Moto Guzzi was still suitable for sidecars with its V models ex works until 1995. Today, in fact, no solo motorcycle can be rigged without significant modifications, the motorcycle combination has become a niche product. Current figures from the Federal Motor Transport Authority indicate 34,660 registered three-wheeled vehicles (as of January 1, 2017). This corresponds to a registration share of 0.8 percent in the motorcycle segment. The EC vehicle class divides the motorcycle combination into class L4e . Around 115 different sidecar models from 50 sidecar manufacturers - mostly highly specialized small businesses - are currently offered in Germany.

See also: List of motorcycle trailer manufacturers

technology

Team building

The sidecar is usually attached to the right of the motorcycle when driving on the right, and vice versa when driving on the left. In the 1920s and 1930s, customers in Germany were offered both mounting options; for example at BMW , DKW , Hecker and Neander . In Italy in 1924 the right-hand side of the sidecar was required, but the regulation was not enforced until 1959. In Great Britain , the sidecar has only been allowed to be fitted on the left since 1986, in Germany there is no ban on imported left-hand sidecars.

Sidecar attachment with four connections
Ural team with a recognizable fall
Chassis geometry
1 = lead
2 = toe-in
3 = track width
4 = wheelbase

frame

If the motorcycle frame is not suitable for sidecars ex works, it will receive a screwed subframe or frame reinforcements for attaching the sidecar; alternatively, a special frame is made. Because of their higher strength, modern racing and motocross teams are usually built directly on a special, one-piece team frame that replaces the motorcycle and sidecar frame. The motorcycle frame only serves as a parts carrier (tank, bench, instruments, etc.). In the case of sports-oriented combinations, the aim is to reduce the overall height compared to the original vehicle, since no lean angle is required and a low center of gravity improves the driving characteristics.

boat

The sidecar consists of the sidecar chassis (tubular frame, wheel suspension, connections) and the body ( boat ). In the early years the boat was made of plywood, later versions of sheet metal or aluminum. Newer racing versions of the sidecar are designed to be self-supporting, which means that they do not have a separate tubular frame to accommodate the wheel suspensions and the sidecar connections, but are held in place by the body.

The sidecar is used to transport one person or loads. The company "Juwel" brought a two-seater onto the market for the first time in the 1930s, and more recently the manufacturers "Walter" and "EML". The connection between the motorcycle and the sidecar is made with connecting struts. Usually four, in light sidecars or scooters with a central tube connection, three connection struts. A special type of team is the swivel team, which by principle has two connections.

The boat - the first sidecars were unsprung and had a rigid axle - screwed onto the tubular frame with leaf springs in the 1920s; for luxury models the boat was stored in a rubber band suspension. In the 1930s, the pulled swing arm was introduced on the sidecar wheel, which had tension spring damping; It was not until 1953 that the shock absorber for the sidecar swing arm appeared.

The usual sidecar length is between 135 cm (Superelastic) and 220 cm (Watsonian-Squire), the width between 56 cm (Ural) and 100 cm (Walter); the empty weight is between 40 and 120 kg.

steering

When converting from solo to carriage operation, the steering geometry designed for solo operation cannot normally be retained. A long overrun results in high steering forces in trailer operation. Inexpensive countermeasures such as retrofitting to a smaller front wheel or a wider handlebar have little effect. It is more efficient to convert to a long arm swing arm with two spring struts and a shortened caster . This design also offers greater torsional rigidity than the telescopic fork of the solo machine. Axle pivot steering is also increasingly being installed, rarely wheel hub steering . Especially when converting motorcycles with light metal frames, the more complex front wheel suspension on trailing arms (steering knuckles) comes into consideration, since these vehicles need a subframe anyway for the sidecar attachment.

tires

Since motorcycle tires with a round cross-section are "angular" worn in a very short time, especially at the rear and on the boat, the rear wheel and the sidecar wheel are converted to 13 to 15 inch car tires. This is one of the technical reasons that speak against switching between solo and team work.

Chassis geometry

The drive motorcycle of the team differs in several points from the chassis geometry of the solo motorcycle. Modern combinations with a track width of 115 to 135 cm have a wheelbase between 148 and 170 cm, which is more than that of a motorcycle. The caster of the steered wheel with the long arm swing arm is about half that of a solo motorcycle (≈ 45 mm). The sidecar wheel is not at the level of the rear wheel of the drive machine, but is offset forward; this lead is between 25 and 52 cm. Likewise, the combination is usually provided with a camber that shows visually visible differences between empty and loaded vehicles. In the case of Stoye sidecars in the 1930s, the camber could be changed while driving using an adjustable central strut. The toe-in to improve the straight-line stability of the team is measured in cm and is between 1.5 and 4 cm. The exact suspension setting can only be determined in a test drive.

Chassis geometry of selected combinations
Motorcycle / engine MZ ETZ 250 Urals 650 Honda VT1100 BMW K 1100 LT BMW R 1100 RT BMW K 1200 RS BMW K 1200 RS
Sidecar Stoye superelastic Ural Watsonian squire Walter & Co. ( Stoye ) Troika V EML Speed ​​2000 Krauser Domani
Motorcycle fork Telescopic fork Long arm swing arm Telescopic fork Long arm swing arm Long arm swing arm Stub axle steering Stub axle steering
Front wheel size 18 inches 19 inches 18 inches 15 inches 14 inches 14 inches 14 inches
wheelbase 1300 mm 1480 mm 1650 mm 1620 mm 1540 mm 1690 mm 1870 mm
Gauge 1020 mm 1150 mm 1300 mm 1410 mm 1350 mm 1340 mm 1158 mm
Caster (front wheel) 105 mm 75 mm 155 mm 35 mm 45 mm 20 mm
Forward (sidecar) 290 mm 260 mm 350 mm 270 mm 420 mm 515 mm 450 mm
Empty weight 232 kg 350 kg 380 kg 470 kg 420 kg 440 kg 390 kg
Top speed 100 km / h 110 km / h 130 km / h 160 km / h 160 km / h 195 km / h > 200 km / h

Admission regulations

For the motorcycle of the sidecar, the regulations on motorcycles apply, for the sidecar there are special regulations.

For driving license regulations see driving license and driving license (Germany) # three-wheeled vehicles , for narrow-gauge vehicles also Piaggio MP3 # driving license law .

brake

In 1928 Ernst Neumann-Neander presented a cable brake for the sidecar wheel, in the 1930s the sidecar wheel of racing teams was braked using a Bowden cable ; until the 1950s, however, almost all sidecar wheels on civilian sidecars were unbraked. It was not until 1954 that the manufacturer Steib offered a hydraulic brake for the sidecar wheel. Section 41 of the Road Traffic Licensing Regulations , which was responsible up to October 1, 1998 , only stipulated two independent brake circuits with a respective minimum deceleration of 2.5 m / s², which could theoretically be achieved without a braked sidecar wheel. The new guideline 93/14 / EEC has increased the minimum deceleration per brake (front and rear wheel) to 3.6 m / s² (with a combination brake to 5.4 m / s²). The directive did not explicitly stipulate a sidecar brake, but the increase in the minimum deceleration values ​​made this technically necessary ("state of the art"). The sidecar brake is usually connected to the hydraulic brake circuit of the rear wheel brake; with integral brake systems also to the front wheel brake circuit. A parking brake is not required.

Seat belt and lighting

Directive 2006/27 / EC of March 3, 2006 prescribes at least one lap belt for sidecar passengers.
The front and rear position lights and direction indicators are mandatory for the sidecar, as is the rear brake light.

Special designs

Magnet self-driving sidecar with body and steering wheel (1911)
Henderson with Flxible sidecar from 1921 (parallel swivel)
EZS Flexit-Honda (parallel swivel)

Self-propelled sidecar

From 1906, designs of motorcycles with a sidecar are known in which the motorcycle could be operated from the sidecar seat - referred to in the literature as self-driving sidecars. If there were technical complications, the motorcycle seat could be changed, the motorcycle driving functions were retained. An additional handlebar with a multifunctional control lever was attached to the steering axis of the motorcycle. These one-handed handlebars have been known from the cyclonette since 1904 ; With the one-hand handlebar, you could accelerate, brake and shift. Self-propelled sidecars with multi-function levers were manufactured by NSU , Ekamobil and Magnet , for example . In 1909 Magnet appeared with a self-driving sidecar with a car body and steering wheel, the "Magnetmobil" , which was also built by NSU under the name "NSUmobil" . Before the First World War, all self-drive sidecars disappeared from the market.

Pendulum team

The pendulum carriage allows relative movements of the wheel or the entire sidecar frame to the machine. Advantages of this design compared to straight-guided wheels are:

  • Shifting the center of gravity to the inside enables higher cornering speeds with a given contact area
  • Use of motorcycle tires with a semicircular cross-section in contrast to car tires
  • Lower unsprung masses thanks to narrower rims and tires
  • Simpler and lighter frame
  • The sidecar always stays on the ground, the wheel stays in contact with the road

The advantages of a pendulum team are also used in newer three-wheeler models .

More recently, one differentiates pendulum teams based on the number of axes of rotation:

  • Parallel swivel with two axes of rotation and
  • Swivel with one axis of rotation.

In the case of a parallel slewing combination, the motorcycle and the sidecar wheel tilt parallel to one another when cornering thanks to a suitable parallelogram mechanism.
With a swivel team, only the motorcycle tilts when cornering, the sidecar remains largely horizontal and its wheel vertical.

Parallel swivel

Already on the first sidecar from Mills & Fulford (1903) the wheel was suspended on a swiveling roller, but the relative movements were more due to the design. On July 31, 1917, Hugo H. Young received a patent (which he applied for in 1913) for a side tilt, for the sale of which he and Carl F. Dudte founded the manufacturer Flexible Sidecar Co. (renamed Flxible Co. from 1919 ) in Ohio founded. In the mid-1920s, pendulum sidecars were also used in dirt track races in the USA .

On December 16, 1925, Carl Siewecke received a patent for a pendulum sidecar in Germany; the manufacturer Imperia used this principle to produce pendulum sidecars for sidecar races from 1926 onwards. In 1935 the French manufacturer Jeanneret developed a pendulum sidecar for the Gnome et Rhône -V2. In 1938 Alfred Jockisch developed a “Juwel” pendulum sidecar for road traffic. However, the Second World War ended the "crafting instinct".

In the 1970s, attempts were made again with parallel swivel , such as the small series Equalean by Wally Walneck. From 1990 onwards, the Dutch manufacturer EZS offered a parallel swivel arm (Flexit) based on patents from Hannes Myburgh, which, like Walneck, relocated the sidecar wheel to the center of the sidecar frame. With its model Toro (1990–1998), the French manufacturer Side-Bike also offered a side tilt for public transport. However, production was stopped due to a lack of demand.

Swivel

This type of suspension was first patented in 1935 by Heinz Kloster from Essen-Borbeck under the number 631609. This concept with only two pivot points at the lowest possible point of the motorcycle's longitudinal axis was first offered in series in 1986 by the Swiss sidecar maker ARMEC (Sidewinder). Two ball joints in the area of ​​the vehicle's longitudinal axis allow an incline of up to 45 degrees to the right; in left turns, only the tire grip limit limits the lean angle. Current manufacturers such as Kalich or ARMEC offer the option of attaching swivel to various tractor units. The driving dynamics of a swivel team largely correspond to those of a solo motorcycle for the tractor. Moments introduced by the load of the sidecar are mainly compensated by the driving physics of the motorcycle - for example, the right-hand pull when accelerating (sidecar on the right) causes a steering impulse for the motorcycle to turn slightly to the left; the reverse reaction occurs when decelerating.

Despite the lower construction costs and the advantages in terms of driving dynamics compared to classic carriages, the market share of swivel carriages remains limited to single items and small series with significantly lower quantities. The most widespread use is currently Kalich with over 400 units on many different towing vehicles.

Steerable sidecar wheel

As early as 1933 the company Ideal from Schweinfurt introduced a co-driver. The sidecar wheel with a long lead was attached to a steering stool that could be swiveled with the motorcycle fork using a lever system. In 1977 LCR introduced a steerable sidecar wheel to the racing team, while the French manufacturer Side-Bike offered this to the serial team from 1988. With the ZEUS side bike , on the other hand, the rear wheel is steered up to an angle of 15 degrees.

Four-wheeled team

Since 2001, the Dutch Beiwagenhersteller provides EML the sidecar EML GT-Twin with two Beiwagenräder in the dimension 145/70 R 12 made, wherein the front wheel is steered, at one wishbone via a drawbar. With the Honda GL-1800 tractor unit, the combination has an empty weight of 512 kg and a total weight of 979 kg.

Driving technique with sidecar permanently mounted on the right

The rolling and air resistance of the sidecar always pulls the combination in its direction when driving straight ahead, as the drive comes from one side of the machine. So the driver always has to take slight countermeasures to keep the combination on course. One tries to compensate for this with toe-in and camber ; This “train” cannot be canceled because the fourth wheel is missing. However, the dynamic processes only allow the combination to be optimally designed for a certain load or only for a certain speed.

Starting and braking

Due to the inertia of the sidecar, the team pulls to the right when starting, this can be compensated for by powerful counter-steering to the left. Conversely, when braking with an unbraked sidecar, the team pulls to the left; this can be compensated for by counter-steering to the right.

Lifting off the sidecar

Drive curves

Motorcycle combinations are asymmetrically steered vehicles, that is, their steering axis is arranged off-center. This means that - with the exception of pendulum carriages - they ride completely differently from solo motorcycles and cars. In addition to the steering angle, a combination is controlled by shifting weight and accelerating or braking in and through the curve. The sidecar can lift off in its direction from a certain centrifugal force when the steering is turned, while at the opposite steering angle it dips in the front, whereby the rear wheel of the tractor can lift off.

  • Turning right : The machine has to "run around" the sidecar, that is, accelerating supports the steering angle. The axle lines of the wheels differ greatly when turning right, so that the sidecar wheel rubs harder and high steering forces are necessary. Excessive cornering speed can cause the sidecar to lift off. This can be corrected in terms of driving dynamics by reducing the speed and increasing the curve radius. Experienced trailer drivers “weigh down” the sidecar wheel with additional load in the sidecar, and a larger track width counteracts the overturning moment constructively. There is a risk that if the sidecar “comes up”, the driver will overreact, not hold the handlebars tightly enough and the sidecar will “fall” due to the caster reset. This can lead to a swerve in oncoming traffic. The deliberate lifting of the sidecar is often demonstrated at events.
  • Left turns : The initiation of the curve by turning the steering wheel is supported by releasing the accelerator. The axle lines differ less than in the right-hand bend. All wheels run through the toe-in without erasing at a certain curve radius; the steering forces to be applied are lower. When turning to the left, there is a risk that the combination will not "go away" at the rear at excessive speed and on a dry road, but that the nose of the boat plunges in and the rear wheel comes up. There is a sudden risk of rollover over the boat.
Left turn and right turn
Fotothek df roe-neg 0006301 036 Motorcyclists at the city park race "Around the Disc Wood" .jpg
"Gymnastics" (left turn)
Fotothek df roe-neg 0006 457 005 Motorradfahrer.jpg
"Gymnastics" (right turn)


do gymnastics

By shifting the passenger's weight in the sidecar, the load on the sidecar wheel can be increased or decreased. This driving technique for increasing the cornering speed is mainly used at motor sport events. When cornering on the side of the sidecar, the passenger lies down from the sidecar in the direction of the inside of the bend; when cornering in the other direction, the passenger “does gymnastics” on the motorcycle in the direction of the driver.

Motorsport

Road racing

Sidecar races were held at Brooklands as early as 1912 . In 1913 the 1st International Six-Day Race was also held in the carriage class. In 1923, a sidecar race was held for the first time on the Isle of Man TT , Freddie Dixon won the opening race on a double-sided slewing car from Douglas . The co-driver Walter Denny had to adjust the inclination of the sidecar with two levers while driving. Apart from an interruption from 1926 to 1953, TT team races are still held today. The lap record for sidecars has existed since 2007 with an average speed of 187.757 km / h.

In 1949, the motorcycle world championship was announced for the first time for sidecar. The first racing teams were conventional racing motorcycles to which light racing sidecars were attached; the displacement was limited to a maximum of 600 cm³, from 1951 to 500 cm³. From 1954 to 1974 the BMW RS 54 engine dominated the four-stroke era of the World Sidecar Championship. In 1956 Helmut Fath developed the first "Kneeler". The driver was now in his team, the footrests were replaced by knee cups in order to keep the center of gravity of the vehicle as low as possible. The Kneeler, with an empty weight of 160–180 kg, achieved a top speed of up to 250 km / h in 1977 with two-stroke engines . The classic "Kneeler" with motorcycle and bolted-on sidecar were replaced in 1977 by the monocoque design and stub axle steering . The concept of Louis Christen Racing has been state of the art in racing since 1979; the influence of the co-driver's "gymnastics" was thereby more or less suppressed. Currently, four-cylinder four- stroke engines with FIM - Superstock homologation up to 1000 cm³ displacement and a minimum weight of 225 kg are required for teams in the World Championship .

  • Norton - Watsonian racing team (1949)

  • BMW RS 54 around 1954/55

  • "Kneeler" from 1968

  • Busch-König racing team (world champions from 1975 and 1976 Rolf Steinhausen / Sepp Huber)

  • Isle of Man TT (2007)

  • World Champion Team 2012 ( Pekka Päivärinta / Adolf Hänni )

  • Racing team "stripped"

  • Position of the co-driver in the racing team

Other races

As early as the 1920s there were dirt track races with sidecars in the USA, which are continued today as dirt track races and grass track races with European championship runs. World championships have been held in various classes in sidecar motocross since 1980, and world championships are held in difficult terrain with trial teams .

  • Dirt track racing

  • Grass track racing

  • Sidecar motocross

  • Trial team

Speed ​​records

The first described speed record with a sidecar set D. R. Wizzard O'Donovan on September 17, 1921 on a Norton on Brooklands over the flying kilometer with 72.36  mph (116.45  km / h ). The current world speed record is for motorcycles with sidecars (one kilometer with a flying start) in class up to

  • 500 cm³ displacement at 233.017 km / h
  • 1000 cm³ displacement at 265.379 km / h
  • 1350 cc displacement at 331.969 km / h

literature

  • Uli Cloesen: Italian teams. Race & Street , travel book publisher Kastanienhof, 1st edition 2015, ISBN 978-3-941760-26-4 .
  • Institute for two-wheel safety : Practice booklets two-wheel safety 5. Heinrich Vogel Verlag, Munich, 1990, ISBN 3-574-27318-5 .
  • Martin Franitza: sidecars and teams. Volume IV: Pendulum teams. Verlag Martin Franitza, Erding, 1st edition 1988, ISBN 3-9801491-4-5 .
  • Martin Franitza, Bernhard Götz, Axel Koenigsbeck, Wolfgang Lorenz: The 1 x 1 for trailer drivers: Basic knowledge about motorcycles with sidecars , Heel Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-95843-586-5 .
  • MOTORRAD-GESPANNE-Spezial: Special edition for the 25th anniversary of the magazine. Bernhard Götz Verlag, Roigheim, 2013.
  • Axel Koenigsbeck: motorcycle teams. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart, 1st edition 2000, ISBN 3-613-02059-9 .
  • Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle combinations. Bernhard Götz Verlag, Roigheim, 2002, ISBN 3-9802242-2-8 .
  • Edmund Peikert, Eduard-Max Schmidt, Gunnar Carell: Guide for friends of carriage driving. Bundesverband der Motorradfahrer eV, Traunstein, 3rd edition 1986
  • Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. Johann Kleine Vennekate Verlag, Lemgo, 1st edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-935517-60-7 .

Web links

Commons : Carriages  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Among other things in § 39 StVZO, as well as in § 2 No. 9 FZV . So it is in the vehicle documents: "not tested for sidecar use" or "motorcycle with sidecar".
  2. ↑ 16,510 BMW R 75 and 18,635 Zündapp KS 750 sidecars were delivered; Steib made the boat. Today, collector's models achieve maximum values ​​on the used market.
  3. ↑ In principle, only closed motorcycle frames made of steel in the design double tube and double loop tube frame are suitable for sidecars.
  4. ↑ The manufacturer Walter offers a two-seater.
  5. ↑ The Steib entry-level model from 1936 weighed 40 kg, the simplest scooter sidecars are given as 25 kg.
  6. ↑ The Stoye sidecar had a three-point connection.
  7. ↑ Watsonian delivers its Stratford model without a brake to this day (as of January 2016). → [1] .
  8. ↑ Erhard Brandis, founder of Ekamobil, brought a trailer onto the market under the name “Krautwurst” in 1906 , which was attached to the rear frame of a motorcycle. See Karl Reese: Motorcycles from Berlin . Johann Kleine Vennekate Verlag, Lemgo, 1st edition 2002, ISBN 3-935517-05-X , p. 54. → Ekamobile .
  9. ↑ stub axles z. B. from BMW are designed so that they go straight ahead at 130 km / h.
  10. ↑ A Brooklands team from the 1920s (Zenith-JAP 8 / 45hp) auctioned Bonhams in 2008 for 211,000 euros, the highest result that a team could achieve to date. → [2] .
  11. ↑ LCR Honda with 600 cm³ displacement. These combinations are known as "F-2 sidecars"; the engine is located under the driver.
  12. ↑ These combinations with 1000 cc displacement are also known as "F-1 Sidecar", the engine is located behind the driver.
  13. ↑ Start number 1: William and Nathalie Mattijssen (NL), European champions 2011
  14. ↑ Ralph Bohnhorst on October 7, 2010 on LCR-Helsta.
  15. ↑ Peter Schröder on October 7, 2010 on LCR.
  16. ^ Fritz Egli on January 9, 2009. The record was set without a passenger.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sidecar machine. Duden , accessed on April 23, 2015 .
  2. ^ Peter Witt: Motorcycles. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1st edition 1989, ISBN 3-341-00657-5 , p. 236.
  3. ↑ Günter Winkler: Sidecar - the asymmetrical transport vehicle. In: Christian Bartsch (Ed.): A century of motorcycle technology . VDI Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-18-400757-X , p. 388.
  4. ↑ The current status of motorcycles: multi-seat vehicles. In: Polytechnisches Journal . 320, 1905, pp. 297-301.
  5. ^ Paul Simsa . The miracle on two wheels. In: Christian Bartsch (Ed.): A century of motorcycle technology . VDI Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-18-400757-X , p. 24.
  6. ↑ gracesguide.co.uk ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Mills & Fulford, 1902 (accessed October 10, 2013) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gracesguide.co.uk
  7. ^ Cyril Posthumus, Dave Richmond: Motorcycles. Heyne Verlag Munich, 1978, ISBN 3-453-52080-7 , pp. 26-27.
  8. ↑ Martin Franitza: page chariots and horsemen. P. 4.
  9. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 5.
  10. ^ Peter Schneider: NSU im Bild - Motorräder since 1900, 1st edition, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-02063-7 , p. 25.
  11. ↑ watsonian-squire.de History (accessed on October 11, 2013)
  12. ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2013, p. 258.
  13. ↑ nationalmotorcyclemuseum.co.uk CLYNO MACHINE GUN SIDECAR MACHINE 750cc V-TWIN (accessed October 11, 2013).
  14. ^ Peter Schneider: NSU im Bild - Motorräder since 1900, 1st edition, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-02063-7 , p. 35.
  15. ↑ animacenter.org ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Model 16J with sidecar and machine gun superstructure (accessed October 10, 2013). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / animacenter.org
  16. ↑ Günter Winkler: Sidecar - the asymmetrical transport vehicle. In: Christian Bartsch (Ed.): A century of motorcycle technology . VDI Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-18-400757-X , p. 390.
  17. ↑ Patent DE 511173C of October 27, 1930
  18. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 149.
  19. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 7, 135.
  20. ^ Werner Oswald: Motor vehicles and tanks of the Reichswehr, Wehrmacht and Bundeswehr. 14th edition. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-87943-850-1 , p. 64.
  21. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. , P. 133 and 139.
  22. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 7.
  23. ↑ mz-forum.com Neckermann prospectus (accessed on October 13, 2013).
  24. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle teams. 2002, p. 44.
  25. ^ David K. Wright: The Harley-Davidson Motor Company. Wisconsin 1983, ISBN 0-87938-103-5 , p. 55.
  26. ↑ harley-davidson.com ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. TLE sidecar (accessed July 28, 2015). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.harley-davidson.com
  27. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle teams. 2002, p. 10.
  28. ↑ kba.de An overview of the vehicle stock on January 1 , 2017 (accessed on January 27, 2019).
  29. ↑ Axel Koenigsbeck: motorcycle teams. 2000, p. 7.
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  31. ↑ DKW with sidecar on the left (accessed on October 23, 2013).
  32. ↑ Hecker with sidecar on the left ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on October 23, 2013) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hecker-motorrad.de
  33. ↑ Neander with sidecar on the left (accessed October 23, 2013).
  34. ↑ Uli cDisconnect: Italian teams, S. 152nd
  35. ^ The Road Vehicles Regulations 1986 (accessed October 16, 2013).
  36. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle teams. 2002, p. 24.
  37. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 78.
  38. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 153.
  39. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 138.
  40. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Eduard-Max Schmidt, Gunnar Carell: Guide for friends of carriage driving. 1986, pp. 115-116.
  41. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 149
  42. ↑ Thomas Ihle: Motorcycle technology for beginners . BoD Norderstedt, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8370-0488-5 , pp. 88-89
  43. ↑ Institute for Motorcycle Safety: practice books Motorcycle Safety 5. 1990, p. 15
  44. ^ Peter Witt: Motorcycles. VEB Verlag Berlin, 1st edition 1989, ISBN 3-341-00657-5 , p. 52.
  45. ↑ Data from Axel Koenigsbeck: motorcycle sidings. 2000
  46. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle teams. 2002, p. 79.
  47. ↑ Directive 93/14 / EEC of April 5, 1993 on braking systems for two-wheel or three-wheel motor vehicles
  48. ↑ Appendix 93/14, point 2.2.2 .: "[is] a brake that acts on the wheel of the sidecar is not required".
  49. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Harald Grote: Self-made motorcycle teams. 2002, p. 81.
  50. ↑ Directive 2006/27 / EC of the Commission of March 3, 2006 .
  51. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 93.
  52. ↑ Volker Bruse: German Motorcycles of the Imperial Era 1885-1918 . 1st edition. Johann Kleine Vennekate, Lemgo 2009, ISBN 978-3-935517-50-8 , p. 61.
  53. ^ Karl Reese: Motorbikes from Berlin . Johann Kleine Vennekate Verlag, Lemgo, 1st edition 2002, ISBN 3-935517-05-X , pp. 94–95.
  54. ↑ Expertise in motorcycle technology , edited by EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL, Haan-Gruiten, 3rd edition 2016, ISBN 978-3-8085-2233-2
  55. ↑ Martin Franitza: page chariots and horsemen , S. 55th
  56. ↑ Günter Winkler: Sidecar - the asymmetrical transport vehicle. In: Christian Bartsch (Ed.): A century of motorcycle technology . VDI Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-18-400757-X , p. 393.
  57. ↑ U.S. Patent 1235177 .
  58. ↑ thekneeslider.com Flexible Tilting Sidecars (accessed October 11, 2013).
  59. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 72.
  60. ^ Gnome et Rhône-V2 .
  61. ^ Karl Reese: German sidecars from 1903 to 1960. 2011, p. 78.
  62. ↑ Martin Franitza: page chariots and horsemen , p. 44
  63. ↑ Equalean ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.motociclism.ro
  64. ↑ EZS Flexit (accessed November 2, 2013).
  65. ↑ Martin Franitza: page chariots and horsemen , S. 53rd
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  67. ↑ Martin Franitza: Sidecars and sidecars , p. 31.
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  71. ↑ Kalich Schwenker motorcycle sidecar, fun on three wheels. Retrieved May 12, 2019 .
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  81. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Eduard-Max Schmidt, Gunnar Carell: Guide for friends of carriage driving. 1986, p. 54.
  82. ↑ Institute for Two- Wheeler Safety: Practical Guide to Two-Wheeler Safety 5. 1990, p. 16.
  83. ↑ Edmund Peikert, Eduard-Max Schmidt, Gunnar Carell: Guide for friends of carriage driving. 1986, p. 43.
  84. ↑ Institute for Motorcycle Safety: practice books Motorcycle Safety 5. 1990, p. 17
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  86. ↑ Institute for Motorcycle Safety: practice books Motorcycle Safety 5. 1990, p. 17
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  91. ↑ Martin Franitza: Sidecars and sidecars , p. 16.
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  93. ↑ Hans G. Isenberg, Dirk Maxeiner: The fastest motorcycles in the world. Falken, 1978, ISBN 3-8068-4206-X , p. 18.
  94. ↑ fim-live.com ( Memento of the original from August 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB) Road Racing FIM Sidecar World Championship Regulations - page 59/51 (accessed November 3, 2013) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fim-live.com
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  97. ^ David Burgess Wise: Historic Motor Cycle. Hamlyn Publishing Group, Ltd, London 1973, ISBN 0-600-34407-X , p. 60.
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Types of motorized two-wheelers
Street motorcycle types

All-rounder • Cruiser • Scooter • Naked bike • Travel motorcycle ( travel enduro and tourer ) • Roadster • Sports tourer • Superbike • Super athlete

Smaller and lighter street bikes

Moped • Leichtkraftrad • light motorcycle

Historic motorcycle types up to 50 cm³

Power-assisted bicycle • moped • Kleinmotorrad • Easy moped • moped • moped • motorbike

Motorcycling

Drag Bike • Ice Speedway • Enduro • minibike • Motocross • Pocket bikes • Speedway • Supermoto • Trial

Special forms

Motorbike team • Standing race motorcycle • Steep face motorcycle

Artistic forms and historical modifications

Cafe Racer • Chopper • Custom Bike • Rat Bike • Scrambler • Streetfighter