Crimson-edged Blood Helmling

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Crimson-edged Blood Helmling
2011-06-15 Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm 151560b.jpg

Purple-edged blood helmling ( Mycena sanguinolenta )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Helmling relatives (Mycenaceae)
Genre : Helmlinge ( Mycena )
Type : Crimson-edged Blood Helmling
Scientific name
Mycena sanguinolenta
( Alb. & Schwein  .: Fr. ) P. Kumm

The purple-edged blood helmet Ling ( Mycena sanguinolenta ) is a mushroom art from the family of Mycenaceae . It has a brown to grayish and more or less wine-red tinted hat and whitish to gray lamellas with red-brown edges. If the stalk breaks, a red-brown and watery juice emerges. The very common and widespread helmling appears from May to October in deciduous and coniferous forests as well as in heaths and moors on rotten wood or coniferous litter. The purple-edged blood helmling is not an edible mushroom.

features

Macroscopic features

13–17 lamellae reach the stem. The cutting edges are colored burgundy.
A wine-red juice comes out of the broken stem.

The hat is 5–18 mm wide, bell-shaped-domed to spread out and flattened with age, whereby the edge can sometimes be slightly bent back. The middle of the hat often has a flat hump or a small papilla. From the edge to the apex, the lamellae shine through as distinct grooves. The matt hat skin is creamy-ocher and tinged slightly pink or brown-red to purple-brown in color. The hat often has a darker, reddish brown center, a dark brown to pink-beige center and a light brown to brown-purple color towards the edge.

The ascending lamellae are attached to the stem or run down with a short tooth. 13–17 lamellae reach the stem. They are dirty white to pale gray, while the smooth blade edges are reddish brown to wine red in color. The spore powder is whitish.

The 3–8 cm long and up to 2 mm thin stalk is very brittle and more or less cylindrical. It is hollow on the inside, bare on the outside and gray-pink, wine-red to purple-brown in color. Younger fruit bodies secrete a watery, wine-red to brown-pink juice at injured areas. The sometimes somewhat widened stem base is densely covered with white, protruding fibers.

The flesh is thin and gray-pink. It may smell and taste a bit like radish, but is mostly almost odorless.

Microscopic features

The apple seed-shaped spores are 8-10 µm long and 5.5-6 µm wide. They are smooth and amyloid . The club-shaped and 4-spore basidia measure 27–35 × 8–10 µm. The cheilocystids are 27–55 µm long and 6.5–10 µm wide and form a sterile band on the blade edge. They are spindle-shaped, smooth and have a red-brown content. They narrow neck-like to the tip, occasionally have two necks or coarse, lateral outgrowths. If present, the pleurocystids are shaped quite similarly. The lamellar trama is dextrinoid , so when iodine reagents are added it turns wine-reddish in color.

The hyphae of the cap skin are 2–4.5 µm wide and have simple to slightly branched outgrowths (15.2 × 1.5–2 µm) that can form a dense mass. The hyphae of the pedunculate cortex measure 1–3.5 µm in width and show sparse simple to fork-shaped, cylindrical outgrowths (1.5–4.5 × 1–2 µm). The caulocystids (18–55 × 5.5–9 µm) resemble the cheilocystids. Buckle connections are available.

Species delimitation

The species is characterized by the wine-red tinted hat, the whitish to gray lamellae with the red-brown edge and the red-brown, watery milk that can escape from the hat as well as from the stem when the fruiting body is cut (especially on the lamellae and on the edge of the hat). The similar Great Blood Helmling ( Mycena haematopus ) is larger and grows in tufts on rotten wood. When examining dry material, the sharply pointed cheilocystidia are particularly useful identifying features.

ecology

The purple-edged blood helmling lives saprobion table on humus, dead wood and other plant residues between grass and moss. It can be found on fallen branches and moss-covered deciduous and coniferous trunks as well as in the coniferous litter. The fruiting bodies usually appear gregarious from May to October in the deciduous and coniferous forest. In mild, humid weather, the Helmling can be found from mid-April to early January.

distribution

Distribution of the purple-edged blood helmling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The purple-edged blood helmling is common in Australia and all over the northern hemisphere. The Helmling was found in North Asia (Caucasus, Siberia, Kamchatka , Korea, Japan, China), North America (USA, Canada), on the Canary Islands and in North Africa. Its distribution area is meridional to boreal and extends from the warm Mediterranean area to the cool coniferous forest regions. It is common and widespread in North America, from Maine to Washington and in southern North Carolina to California. In the north it is distributed from Nova Scotia to British Columbia (Canada). In Europe, the Helmling occurs in the south from Spain to Romania. It is widespread in Western Europe, Central Europe and throughout Fennoscandinavia. The northern limit of its distribution area extends to 70 degrees of latitude.

In Germany and Austria the species is consistently dense and common.

Systematics

The Helmling was described by Johannes Baptista von Albertini as Agaricus sanguinolentus . In 1871 the mycologist Paul Kummer placed it in the genus Mycena , so that it got its current name. The species attribute ( epithet ) is derived from the Latin word sanguinolentus and means "bloody".

Inquiry system

The purple-edged blood helmling is placed in the Sanguinolentae section by M. Geesteranus . With the representatives of the section, the stem exudes an orange-brown to reddish milk when it is cut and the fruiting bodies do not blacken when drying.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of various European Helmlingsarten show that the purple-edged blood helmling is closely related to the white-milk helmling ( M. galopus ). The pink-leaved Helmling M. galericulata M. and the Great Blood Helmling ( M. haematopus ) are also phylogenetically closely related species.

meaning

Food value

The helmling is probably edible, but it is hardly worth collecting.

ingredients

The fruiting bodies of the purple-edged blood helmling contain the blue alkaloid pigments sanguinone A and B, which have so far only been detected in this species, as well as the red colored alkaloid sanguinolentaquinone . The sanguinones are chemically related to the mycenarubin -A of the pink radish helmling and to the disco habitats , which are formed by various marine sponges. Although the function of the sanguinones is not yet known, it has been assumed that, in addition to their contribution to the coloring of hats, they also play an ecological role, as hardly any fungus-eating animals are found on the fruiting body. When the fungus is grown in pure culture in the laboratory, it produces the antifungal agent hydroxystrobilurin -D. In addition, the purple-edged blood helmling is one of over 30 types of helmets with bioluminescence .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Paul Kummer: The Guide to Mushroom Science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and reliable determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. Verlag von E. Luppe's Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1871, p. 116 ( online ).
  2. ^ Synonyms of Mycena sanguinolenta. (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm., Führ. Mushroom (Zwickau): 108 (1871). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  3. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 180 .
  4. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 96 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Arne Aronsen: Mycena sanguinolenta. A key to the Mycenas of Norway. (No longer available online.) In: Mycena Page / home.online.no. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010 ; accessed on December 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / home.online.no
  6. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 437.
  7. ↑ a b Mycena sanguinolenta. Pilzoek database, accessed February 15, 2012 .
  8. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Mycena sanguinolenta. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ^ KN Smith: A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia . UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia 2005, ISBN 0-86840-742-9 , pp. 160–161 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ Alexander H. Smith: North American species of Mycena . Ed .: Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. 1947, p. 146-149 (English, online ).
  12. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  13. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 16, 2011 .
  14. ^ EM Wakefield, RWG Dennis: Common British fungi: a guide to the more common larger Basidiomycetes of the British Isles . PR Gawthorn, London 1950, p. 155 .
  15. ↑ CB Harder, T. Læssøe, R. Kjøller, TG Frøslev: A comparison between ITS phylogenetic relationships and morphological species recognition within Mycena sect. Calodontes in Northern Europe . In: Mycological Progress . tape 9 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 395-405 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-009-0648-7 .
  16. ^ Roger Phillips: Mycena sanguinolenta. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on February 14, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
  17. ↑ S. Peters, P. Spitelier: Sanguinones A and B, blue pyrroloquinoline alkaloids from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Mycena sanguinolenta . In: Journal of Natural Products . tape 70 , no. 8 , 2007, p. 1274-1277 , PMID 17658856 .
  18. ↑ Susanne Backens, Wolfgang Steglich, Joachim Bäuerle, Timm Anke: Antibiotics from Basidiomycetes, 28. Hydroxystrobilurin D, an antifungal antibiotic from cultures of Mycena sanguinolenta (Agaricales). In: Liebig's annals of chemistry. 1988, p. 405, doi: 10.1002 / jlac.198819880506 .
  19. ^ DE Desjardin, AG Oliveira, CV Stevani: Fungi bioluminescence revisited . In: Photochemical & Photobiological sciences . tape 7 , no. 2 , 2008, p. 170-182 , doi : 10.1039 / b713328f , PMID 18264584 .

Web links

Commons : Purpurschneidiger Blut-Helmling ( Mycena sanguinolenta )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files