Myrobalans

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Myrobalans
Behara tree (Terminalia bellirica)

Behara tree ( Terminalia bellirica )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Winged family (Combretaceae)
Genre : Myrobalans
Scientific name
Terminalia
L.

The myrobalans ( Terminalia ) are a genus of plants within the winged family (Combretaceae). The 100 to 200 species are distributed almost worldwide in the tropics.

description

Illustration of Terminalia chebula
Terminalia januariensis winged fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The Terminalia species grow as trees or shrubs , sometimes climbing. Some species are armed. Most alternate and spiral, sometimes almost rarely arranged completely opposite or in whorls leaves are simple and entire. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are in terminal or axillary, paniculate , racemose or spiked inflorescences together with bracts . The radially symmetrical or zygomorphic , four or five-fold flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual. The flower cup (hypanthium) is fused with the ovary. The four or five sepals are fused, rarely eight sepals are present. There are four or five petals or they are absent. There is a discus. There are one or two circles with four or five, rarely more, stamens each. There is only one carpel below with two to six ovules . The simple, thin style ends in a pointed, heady or undefined scar.

Mostly fleshy, stone fruit-like, leathery, two- to five-edged or winged fruits are formed. They contain only one endospermless seed. The oily cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are curled or spirally rolled.

Leaves appear at the branch ends at Terminalia bellirica

Systematics

Taxonomy

The genus Terminalia was established in 1767 by Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae , 12th edition, 2, pages 665 and 674. The type species is Terminalia catappa L. The generic name Terminalia is derived from the Latin word terminalis = end, tip, border and refers to the accumulation of leaves at the branch ends. Synonyms for Terminalia L. nom. cons. are: Badamia Gaertn. , Catappa Gaertn. , Chicharronia A.Rich. , Chuncoa Pav. Ex Juss. , Fatrea Juss. , Gimbernatea Ruiz & Pav. , Hudsonia A.Rob. ex Lunan , Kniphofia Scop. , Myrobalanifera Houtt. , Myrobalanus Gaertn. , Pentaptera Roxb. , Ramatuela Kunth , Ramatuella Kunth, orth. Var. , Resinaria Comm. ex Lam. , Tanibouca Aubl. , Vicentia Allemão .

External system

The genus Terminalia belongs to subtribe Terminaliinae the tribe Combreteae in the subfamily Combretoideae within the family of Combretaceae .

Terminalia arenicola
Terminalia argentea inflorescences
Terminalia elliptica fruits
Branch with fruits of Terminalia melanocarpa
Terminalia phanerophlebia inflorescences
Terminalia porphyrocarpa inflorescences
Inflorescences of Terminalia prunioides
Terminalia sericea habitus

Internal system

In the genus Terminalia 100 to 200 species are distinguished depending on the author. A distinction is made between several sub-genera; here is a breakdown with a partial list of species from the flora brasiliensis :

Here is a selection of species without considering the sub-genera:

The following described species are assigned to other genera:

Fruits of the Chebulian myrobalans ( Terminalia chebula )

use

Several types of Terminalia are used to extract substances such as cyclic triterpenes , flavonoids and tannins . Some of these substances are effective agents against bacteria and fungi ; cancer-fighting agents are also included.

Terminalia citrina and Terminali chebula as well as Terminalia bellirica were mainly used medicinally from antiquity to the early modern period .

photos

Indian myrobalans ( Terminalia catappa ):

  • Habitus

  • Trunk and bark

  • fruit

  • inflorescence

  • Whole fruit and edible seeds (badam nut or Indian almond)

Terminalia myriocarpa :

  • Blooming tree on Maui

  • Branch with almost opposite simple leaves

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Terminalia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved May 27, 2017.
  2. ↑ GENAUST: etymological dictionary of the botanical name of the plant . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 3-0348-7650-5 ( Terminalia on p. 361 in the Google book search).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Terminalia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  4. ↑ List of species in Flora brasiliensis .
  5. ↑ Werner Dressendörfer: Late medieval medicine taxes of the Munich city doctor Sigmund Gotzkircher from the Grazer Codex 311. A contribution to the early history of the southern German pharmacy. Königshausen and Neumann Würzburg 1978 (= Würzburg medical-historical research , 15), p. 240 f.

Web links

Commons : Myrobalans ( Terminalia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files