National Socialism in Bremerhaven
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The National Socialism in Bremerhaven is in 1922 demonstrated. From February 1933 communists, social democrats and trade unionists were by the Nazis persecuted. There were euphemistically called protective custody camps in which they were exposed to brown terror - including torture. There are still traces of National Socialism in the city today. In 1983 the Socialist Youth / Falcons (Bremerhaven district association) put together an anti-fascist city tour . Sites of the Nazi dictatorship and persecution as well as the anti-fascist resistance in the city are visited. In 2006 the group Die Falken was awarded the Bremen Youth Prize for its concept.
On September 16, 2015, a good 1000 schoolchildren followed a day of the city's history at 50 places where “places of dictatorship” were on a day supervised by the State Center for Political Education .
History of National Socialism in Bremerhaven
1922 - time of emergency money
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In the three cities of Bremerhaven , Geestemünde and Lehe , economic hardship prevailed during the period of inflation . Various agencies, in particular the Institute for Sea Fisheries , had emergency money printed. At that time there was already a local branch of the NSDAP in Bremerhaven-Wesermünde.
"Takeover" of the Lower Weser
After the seizure of power by Hitler and the Nazi party on 30 January 1933 in the German Reich was already the February 6 Weser mouths dissolved civil superintendent College unconstitutional, in which 46 members of two belonged to the Nazi party and the SPD had an absolute majority with 25 MPs. Despite all the political pressure in the Lower Weser towns, the SPD retained the majority with 17,147 votes in the Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 in the city of Wesermünde. The NSDAP only reached 15,928.
"There were only a few electoral districts in what was then the German Reich, in which - as in Wesermünde - the NSDAP did not receive the majority of the votes."
In the city of Bremerhaven, the NSDAP received 5635 votes, the SPD 4724. On March 7, 1933, a large swastika flag was hoisted on the Bremerhaven town hall at the "Bürger" and at the Wesermünder town hall in Geestemünde. The SA and SS marched to the Bremen office .
On March 11, 1933, city councilor Julius Lorenzen in the “Stadt Lehe” hotel demanded that the red majority in the city parliament should finally be cleaned up. Gauleiter Otto Telschow became provisional district president, and on March 17th the Bremerhaven city parliament dissolved. From 1933 to 1945 Hans Kohnert was President of the Chamber of Commerce of the IHK Bremerhaven. From 1943 to 1945 he was also appointed military economics leader and president of the newly created Gauwirtschaftskammer Ost-Hannover. He had already joined the NSDAP in 1938 (retroactively from 1937).
Gabcke describes the replacement of Bremerhaven's Lord Mayor Waldemar Becké as “shameful” and “degrading”: Senator Erich Vagts had come to Bremerhaven to change the Lord Mayor. After Becké had received notification of his leave of absence in the Bremen office, he went to the town hall to pick up his personal belongings. Auxiliary police officers, the SA and SS had broken into his office. In front of the house he had to go through a line of SA men and was “bullied in a disgusting way”.
“As the new provisional Lord Mayor of Bremerhaven, greet the Senate President of the old Hanseatic city of Bremen with Heil Hitler! District leader Lorenzen. "
On May 26, 1933, Lorenzen was appointed Lord Mayor. He "thanked" for this on June 3rd in the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung :
“I am grateful to all informers, rags and schemers who tried to prevent my election as mayor at the last moment with all common means because they showed me what a great deal of construction work still has to be done before they German national comrades act and think in the spirit of Adolf Hitler. I am doing relatively well, and I wish everyone who does not allow me to do so that they do just as well. Lorenzen, Lord Mayor. "
Book burning on May 6, 1933
The newspaper reports on police operations in Bremerhaven in March 1933 indicate that the Nazis found the printed word to be far more dangerous than other weapons. Newspapers, leaflets and election posters of the KPD , the SPD and trade unions were the target of police actions. “The police even confiscated unprinted paper.” On May 2, 1933, the SA and the police occupied trade union houses and party offices of the SPD and KPD. In addition to election posters, flags and leaflets, the Nazis also took away the large workers' library in the Eintracht trade union building on Deichstrasse .
On May 6, the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung announced that at 9 o'clock in the evening “the Marxist symbols found during the occupation of the Marxist unions and associations will be solemnly burned on the market square”.
“In pouring rain, the naval storm of the NSDAP marched through the streets to the market square in Bremerhaven with a fresh song on its lips, where it was the first formation to line up. […] Already at 8 1/2 o'clock a steadily growing wall of curious onlookers formed. The rain had meanwhile subsided, and soon afterwards the SA band arrived, and their brisk marching patterns indicated that the act announced was being carried out. [...] And then a smile went through the rows: the "booty" destined to die in flames was brought up on a truck. […] The Germany song played by the band and sung along by the bare head of the crowd introduced the solemn act. [...] The Horst-Wessel-Lied concluded the impressive rally. "
After the newspaper's anthemic coverage of the book burning four days before the actions in the Reich, the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung presented itself to its readers on May 12th as a newspaper that “out of inner conviction fully supports Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler and the national movement has put ". She also indicated that "her capital was never in Jewish or foreign hands and [...] there was never a Jew among the editors, employees and workers".
Persecution of Jews in Bremerhaven
The first calls for a boycott against Jewish businesses by the SA took place on April 1, 1933 in Bremerhaven and Wesermünde. Six Jews gave up their businesses in the fall of 1938. However, they could still sell them at the time. The climax of the persecution of the Jews in Bremerhaven was also the Reichspogromnacht from November 9th to 10th, 1938. On this night the annual “ celebrations of November 9th ” took place. District leader Kühn announced the order for the "Judenaktion" in the SA regular "Hanseaten Café". At around 2 a.m., members of the SA gathered according to existing alarm plans.
“It was said that the action should appear as a spontaneous demonstration by the people and that for this reason civilian clothes were worn instead of the uniform. It was also said that the police had been informed and would not intervene. "
The synagogue on Schulstrasse was the main target of the destruction during the pogrom night. Windows were smashed, facilities destroyed and places plundered: in the Jewish shops Katzenstein and Brodersen & Peters in Lehe, Orienthaus Kurt Davidsohn, Schocken and Liebenthal in Bremerhaven, Ahronheim, Liebmann, Schocken and Seligmann in Geestemünde. In the waiting room of the Jewish doctor Dr. A fire was set on Goldmann in Georgstrasse . Several Jews were mistreated, their homes ransacked and arrested. The Jewish cemetery in Lehe was desecrated.
“The next day I had the opportunity to look inside the Schocken department store. I have to say that I would never have thought such a thing possible. Even then, food and materials were scarce. In the Schocken department store, ink had been poured over the fabrics and leather jackets simply cut up. The existing food could no longer be used because broken glass had been thrown in between. It looked desolate. "
The Villa Schocken escaped destruction. Jews found a last refuge here until 1941.
On March 6, 1948, after a three-week trial, the Bremen jury court sentenced 27 defendants to prison and prison terms for breach of the peace, grievous bodily harm, arson, presumption of office and grave trespassing or complicity in these offenses.
Treatment of Political Prisoners
Politically dissenters were mistreated by those in power during the Nazi era in order to obtain the desired statements. The “ ghost ship ” and the Weikenstorfer taxi command played a special role . The ghost ship was in the old port from March 1933 to October 1933. At first it was on the east side, but was moved to the west side in June because the prisoners' screams could be heard and protests from the population were triggered.
"These prisoners, especially communists, were always left for" interrogation "by the SA if they did not make the desired statements or confessions to the police."
On the ghost ship, a former minesweeper, the prisoners were mistreated with rubber truncheons, steel rods, nail sticks and fists until they were “ready for questioning”. The Weikenstorfer Rollkommando, which operated on the ghost ship, in the police prison in Jakobistraße, in the fishing port and in Wulsdorf, as well as a number of police officers in prisons of the political police, had to answer before the Bremen jury in 1948.
Resistance in Bremerhaven-Wesermünde
In 1934 the judiciary settled accounts with the opponents of National Socialism who had opposed themselves politically before the " seizure of power ". The higher regional courts of Hamm (responsible for Wesermünde) and Bremen (responsible for Bremerhaven) sentenced more than 100 people to long prison terms in three proceedings for “preparing for high treason”. After the fire in the Reichstag , members of the SA were appointed auxiliary policemen and the KPD party offices were occupied and communist functionaries and city councilors were taken into “ protective custody ”.
Despite the measures against critics that began immediately after the "seizure of power", on March 3, 1933 - shortly before the Reichstag elections - around 9,000 people from Bremerhaven and Wesermünde from trade unions , the SPD, the KPD, consumer associations, workers' sports clubs and employee unions, as well as the Reich banner with drums, demonstrated Pipes and shawms against the first acts of violence by the National Socialists in the Lower Weser towns. Leading Social Democrats and trade unionists (Landgraf, Vogelsang, Seidel, Kammerahl, van Heukelum, Gerstmayr) were arrested by June 1933. On March 22, 1933, the Reichsbanner and the Iron Front were banned. On May 2, all union offices and houses were occupied and union secretaries arrested.
The KPD had organized "house protection squadrons" in the "Red Mass Self-Protection" paramilitary group. In 1932 and early 1933, exercises were held in the field near the Pipinsburg, the excavator cave in Debstedt and at the Bismarck monument in Reinkenheide.
There were weapons stashes and duplicating machines for making pamphlets and newspapers. The "Kleine Arbeiterzeitung" was produced in three editions from March to October 1933 in a hiding place in the Spadener Moor. It also reported on the "ghost ship". Gerhard van Heukelum was a trained riveter and since 1930 editor-in-chief of the social democratic North German Volksstimme . Before January 30, 1933, he violently attacked the National Socialists in the column “The lighthouse keeper from the Red Sand”. Despite a stay in the Mißler concentration camp in Bremen and severe abuse, he did not reveal the names of his informants. Georg Müller, who ran a shop for bicycles, sewing machines and weapons in Borriesstrasse, formed a resistance group with others that was independent of political parties. Their contacts extended to Bremen, Hamburg and Holland. They also received illegal propaganda from abroad from the ship's crews and used their own screen printing machine.
“The comparison with other cities [...] shows, however, that the resistance in the Lower Weser cities was not very strong. Neither the parties and trade unions nor other groups succeeded in organizing a permanent resistance [...] By 1938 the Gestapo in Bremerhaven and Wesermünde had violently crushed all attempts at resistance. "
Parade ground for 60,000 people - "gigantomania in the province"
"The gigantomania of the Third Reich that Adolf Hitler planned and that gave shape to Albert Speer [...] also continued in the provinces."
On October 13, 1937, the mayor of Wesermünd, Delius, noted that the district leader had brought up a large parade area for around 60,000 people. It should have a fighting arena and take into account the wishes of the SA. For 20,000 to 30,000 spectators, increased standing room and grandstands with open and covered seats were to be created. Delius agreed to the plan. He took care of the financing and thought of a special purpose association as a carrier. It was planned that the site should be built in a geestelücke between Geestemünde and Lehe, for example in the area of today's Melchior Schwoon-Platz with the town hall. Contact was made with other cities that were planning or realizing similar projects: Schleswig, Elbing and Münster. In Bremerhaven there were similar plans for a sports field and a stadium north of the Bremerhaven gas works. Gauleiter Telschow, district leader and district administrator of the Wesermünde district rejected the Bremerhaven plans and favored the Wesermünde plans. In the spring of 1938 a name had also been found: the facility was to be called Adolf Hitler Field. There should be an Otto Telschow Stadium. On September 16, 1938, Telschow informed Mayor Delius that “in view of the tense foreign policy situation, any further processing of these plans must be postponed. [...] The war was casting its shadow. "
Youth under National Socialism in Bremerhaven and Wesermünde
“The Hitler Youth homes are supposed to be fortresses of National Socialism, a storm attack against the opponents of our worldview, a battleground to strengthen the front. But this means that these houses are not only homes for young people, but also places of movement. "
Overview 1928 to 1933
Influence on youth is seen as particularly important under National Socialism. The "Fighting Years of the Hitler Youth " are presented in an overview in the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung :
- 1928: "All over Germany our youth groups are emerging."
- 1929: “The Hitler Youth groups are growing slowly. [...] The first boys found their way to the Hitler Youth in Bremen, Braunschweig and also in the Oldenburger Land. "
- 1930: “This year we should experience the first noticeable upswing. [...] Especially the now appearing NS student union had an unexpected increase. "
- 1931: “Oppression could not stop our advance. [...] And again and again the groups had to be used in the election campaign. […] We will make it!"
- 1932: “There are strong Hitler Youth departments everywhere. We are advancing. There - prohibition of the 'defense organizations' of the NSDAP. The police confiscate and occupy our homes and offices. The last futile attempt at oppression. - Potsdam! A beacon of our struggle, of our victory. The rot collapses. "
- 1933: “In the unstoppable advance position after position was conquered. Adolf Hitler - Reich Chancellor. [...] 'Through socialism to a nation.' - This slogan of the Reich Youth Leader will be our guideline in our work. "
Integration of Protestant youth
In the agreement on the integration of the Protestant youth into the Hitler Youth, Baldur von Schirach , the youth leader of the German Reich, and Ludwig Müller , the Reich Bishop , signed the integration of the Protestant youth organization into the Hitler Youth on December 19, 1933 . At the local level, the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung reported on March 6, 1934 about the integration ceremony on the racing course in Speckenbüttel . Pastor Minor and Bannführer Georg Otten gave speeches. “The tune of the Lutheran battle song, 'A strong castle is our God!', Played by the Hitler Youth band was solemnly sounded” "
"The Christian youth now bring the Hitler Youth, so to speak, the key to the churches, in whose walls the spirit of the two greatest German men should meet: Martin Luther and Adolf Hitler!"
Hitler Youth
“The HJ wants to educate people about the National Socialist community in general. For the boys this means training as a soldier, the model of the girls is a transfigured, ethnic image of the ' German woman and mother '. "
From July 1933, the Hitler Youth in Bremerhaven also had a tight, small-scale, tiered organization based on the military hierarchy.
Celebrations and celebrations
The National Socialists tried to anchor their ideas through festivals and celebrations. In Bremerhaven and Wesermünde, carnival during National Socialism , winter solstice , summer solstice and Thanksgiving were mainly celebrated.
“The community rituals ensure the emotional internalization of the worldview and encourage unreasonable behavior. The young people should be ready to give their lives for 'Führer und Vaterland' if necessary. "
Homes of the Hitler Youth
"Create homes for us - you are promoting the community life of the youth" was written on a poster in 1934. In the homes of the Hitler Youth there should be a party room, rooms for the individual sections and enough space for sports. The home evenings aimed at the ideological training of the young people. Floors and basements are not homes! was the title of an article about "home procurement for the Hitler Youth also on the Unterweser" in the NWZ from January 18, 1937 headed. There is a newspaper report on the inauguration of the first HJ home in the Wesermünde district in Freschluneberg on September 19, 1937, under the heading Fortresses of National Socialism . In addition, the 14 "homes of the Hitler Youth" 1937/38 are shown on a map: Imsum, Dorum, Langen, Ringstedt, Bederkesa, Stotel, Sellstedt, Beverstedt, Wittstedt, Hagen, Axstedt, Lehnstedt and Albstedt.
Forced labor in Bremerhaven / Wesermünde
At first, foreign workers were not employed in industry but in agriculture. The shortage of workers in the war industry led from 1939 onwards that “foreign national” workers were employed in the Reich. In the occupied territories, workers were recruited during the war. From 1942 onwards, workers from Russia, Poland, France and the other occupied European countries were deployed on a larger scale in Wesermünde. In 1944 there were 14,373 people. They were used in more than 240 Wesermünde companies. “Forced laborers stood at the work tables in the fishing port and cleaned as housemaids. Foreigners riveted and welded next to German colleagues in the shipyards and built masonry in the construction companies, forced laborers cleared rubble in the ruins and streets after the bombing. "
For the years 1942 to 1945, there are 21 forced labor camps in what is now Bremerhaven. The most important were:
- The Dreibergen women's camp (corner of Dreibergen / Thunstraße) with 350 “female Eastern workers” (1944).
- The "warehouse hall XIV", which was housed in the packing hall XIV , with 654 Eastern workers, 45 Poles and 117 French (1944).
- In the meadows south of the street Am Baggerloch, the "Baggerloch Community Camp" with 8 barracks for 400 people was set up in 1941.
- The Reichsbahn maintained the "Reichsbahnlager Halle VIII" and the "Lager Eisteichstraße" in the fishing port (42 men, 21 women and 6 children [1944])
- In Geestemünde there was the Ibbrigheim women's camp since 1943 (Ibbrigstrasse 3–5), the “community camp III” (Friedrichstrasse 9) and since 1944 the “Italian camp” in the Humboldt School.
- The “cold storage warehouse” existed between the old harbor and the Weser dike.
- Until the beginning of 1943, young Croatian and Polish women were housed in the women's home in the Schiller School for the fishing industry on Prager Straße .
- In the Kaiserhafen there was the "Lager Bückingstrasse" on the grounds of the Lloyd shipyard. This included a satellite camp of the Celle prison .
- The “Rotersand Community Camp” and the “Hansastraße Marine Community Camp” were located near the entrance to the Kaiserhafen.
Not only malnutrition, hard labor and the resulting illnesses brought death to slave laborers and their children. Many were executed by hanging and being shot in the neck.
"During the execution [...] [...] the workers of the same ethnic group deployed in the area are to be led past the gallows after the execution. [...] The hanging is to be carried out by prisoners of protection [...] if possible from the same ethnic group. The prisoners receive three cigarettes for the execution. "
Digging hole
Dreibergen, base plate
Dreibergen, stele
Dreibergen, "Paula"
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Places of National Socialism in Bremerhaven
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In the 1980s, sites of the Nazi regime of terror were put together for an "anti-fascist city tour". In 2015, in cooperation with the Bremen State Center for Political Education , schoolchildren presented “Places of Dictatorship”. Over 1000 schoolchildren listened to presentations from their older classmates at the individual locations.
Places of the "anti-fascist city tour"
The city tour, put together in the 1980s, resulted in a number of places of horror.
- Langlütjen II was a former fort of the Imperial Navy and was used as a concentration camp from July 1933 to January 1934 . The artificial island - popularly known as the Devil's Island because of the Nazi terror - is located in the Wadden Sea at the mouth of the Weser near Bremerhaven, but in Lower Saxony.
- The Gestapo prison was housed in the basement of the old artillery barracks. The “Rollkommando Weikensdorfer” was supposed to get political opponents to quickly confess during interrogations.
- The Jewish cemetery in Bremerhaven-Lehe is located on Kreuzburger Strasse east of the horse baths. In the Reichspogromnacht it was almost completely destroyed and only restored as a warning place after the war.
- The “Eintracht” trade union building, in which the SPD had its party office and some individual trade unions, was located at 55 Deichstrasse.
- “Seppl Kein” and “Zum 1/2 l Fritz”: The two bars were located in today's Prager Straße (then Lange Straße). It was the traffic Local Communists and the Social Democrats.
- In 1879 the synagogue community on the Unterweser in Schulstrasse 5 had its religious center in the synagogue - until it was destroyed in the night of the Reichspogrom. After the war, it became the Berding office building and then a specialist retail center, and a memorial stone was placed at the intersection in Ludwigstrasse.
- Gestapohaus Hohenzollernring 1: The North German Volksstimme , a party organ of the SPD, had its seat until March 1933 on what was then Hohenzollernring - today Friedrich Ebert-Strasse / Elbestrasse junction . The building was taken over by the Gestapo and converted. Prisoners were mainly tortured in the basement.
- In Kehdinger Strasse 5 - a street parallel to Bismarckstrasse - the NSDAP set up its district leadership and organized its activities from there.
- Bicycle shop Müller: Georg Müller was arrested several times as a resistance fighter. He continued his father Wilhelm's business for bicycles, sewing machines and weapons at Borriesstrasse 1a. It became the main meeting place for resistance fighters in Bremerhaven.
- Wulsdorf memorial: The city of Bremerhaven has set up a memorial for victims of Nazi rule at the Wulsdorf cemetery on Weserstraße .
- "Cleaning operation" in the fishing port: The marine SA had their accommodation in the seaman's home in the fishing port . Those who think differently, especially social democrats and communists, were mistreated by the “Rollkommando Weikensdorfer”, which had moved from the police barracks at Jacobistraße (see above). In August 1933, followers of the Communist and Social Democratic Party had to use toothbrushes and scrubbers to remove peace slogans in a “cleanup”.
- "Hermanns Hotel" no longer exists today, it was on the corner of Löningstrasse and Schleswiger Strasse. The NSDAP local group Unterweser was founded here on January 8, 1922. Of the 70 present, 32 joined the NSDAP as members.
- On May 6, 1933, the National Socialists burned Marxist books, symbols, flags and leaflets that they had found in the trade union houses on the market square (today: Theodor-Heuss-Platz). The Nazi organizations marched with flags, a band played. On May 8th, the Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung wrote : “The embers crackled happily, and the flames blazed higher and higher against the dark night sky.” This “ action against the un-German spirit ” took place in many cities in Germany, it was mainly carried out by the German student body organized.
- The Hanseatic City of Bremen Office stood on the square that was later to be the Stadtbad until 2003 (next to the city theater). That was the headquarters of the Bremerhaven police. There, too, "interrogations" were carried out by the political police.
- From spring to October 1933, torture methods were used on the "Ghost Ship" to extract confessions from prisoners.
- The metalworkers' union had its seat at the corner of Grazer Strasse and Sonnenstrasse. Many shipyard workers were members of it. She took part in the resistance against the National Socialists, so the house was often the target of searches and destruction.
- The Rudelsburg on the corner of Pestalozzistraße and Goethestraße was a bar that was the SA club's club during the Nazi era.
- The Gestapo (Secret State Police) emerged from the Political Police in the mid-1930s. It was based in Langen Strasse, and today the Bremerhaven calibration office is housed there.
Bremerhaven - places of dictatorship
On the City History Day, supervised by the State Center for Civic Education Bremen , over 1000 schoolchildren visited the “Places of Dictatorship”. There lectures were given by students who had dealt intensively with the respective location.
- Establishment of Nazi rule - nine stations were assigned to this topic.
- System of rule of the Nazi state - The National Socialist system of rule in Bremerhaven was illustrated at ten stations.
- Discrimination, persecution and extermination of the Jews - the persecution of the Jews in Bremerhaven was commemorated at ten locations.
- Exclusion and persecution of “outsiders” - Not only Jews were persecuted in Bremerhaven during the Nazi era, but also communists, Sinti, homosexuals, pastors and the mentally ill.
- World War II - changes in jurisdiction, the presence of the navy, forced labor camps, schoolchildren in war, air raid shelters, the bombing raid on Bremerhaven on September 18, 1944 and the surrender are discussed.
National Socialists
- Arthur Baumeyer, concentration camp guard, NSDAP and SA member
- Karl Finger, (* 1910), concentration camp guard, long-time NSDAP and SA member
- Anton Weikenstorfer, concentration camp guard, long-time NSDAP and SA member
- Arnold Adams, (* 1887), NSDAP and SA member since 1933, one of the "leading provocateurs against Judaism on the Lower Weser"
- Alfred Boetzel, (* 1907), co-founder of the SS Wesermünde, NSDAP and SS member since 1930
- Wilhelm Fröhlich, (* 1904), NSDAP and SA member , since 1931, supervisory service in the penal institution in Papenburg
- Friedrich Hinners, (* 1912), supervision of the foreign works camp of the form Torfit-Werke , mistreatment of foreign forced laborers
- Albert Mertin, NSDAP and SA member since 1931, local group leader Geestemünde , instigator of the Jewish pogrom in Bremerhaven, in the synagogue fire trial as ringleader of the destruction of commercial buildings and the synagogue, sentenced to six and a half years in prison from his headquarters in the Tonne inn
- Theodor Mahler (1901–1987), 1935–1945 District Administrator (NSDAP) of the Wesermünde district
- Julius Lorenzen (1897–1965), Lord Mayor 1933–1939, 1930 NSDAP member
- Mayor Richter, NSDAP
- Mayor Hermann Everwyn, NSDAP
- Georg Gellert (* 1895), a. a. Police President, SA Brigade Leader,
- Head of the state police station in Wesermünde
- Alexander Landgraf (1906–1972), from April 1936 until probably the end of August 1937
- Oswald Schäfer (1908–1991), September 1937 to spring 1938
- Werner Braune (executed 1909–1951), only in 1941
- Willi Wolter (1907–1969) Deputy Head until August 1942
literature
- Harry Gabcke , 150 years of Bremerhaven 1827–1977, Nordwestdeutscher Verlag Ditzen & Co, Bremerhaven 1976
- Harry Gabcke, Renate Gabcke, Herbert Körtge, Manfred Ernst, Bremerhaven in Two Centuries, Volume II 1919–1947, NWD-Verlag Bremerhaven 1991, ISBN 3-927857-22-X
- Melf Grantz & Dieter Bijsterveld, Antifascist city tour, sites of fascist persecution and anti-fascist resistance in Bremerhaven, 1983 (also contains a historical overview and the chapters Resistance and persecution (general), the individual fate of the Bremerhaven resistance fighter Georg Müller and the persecution of Jews on the Lower Weser)
- Hans Hesse: Constructions of Innocence. Denazification using the example of Bremen and Bremerhaven 1945-1953 , publications from the State Archives of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, vol. 67, edited by Adolf E. Hofmeister, dissertation at the Free University of Berlin, Bremen 2005. 520 pp., 14 illustrations, numerous Tables ISBN 3-925729-46-1
- Burchard Scheper, The Recent History of the City of Bremerhaven, 1977
- Herbert Schwarzwälder, The End on the Lower Weser, 1945 - Bremerhaven (Wesermünde) and the surrounding area at the end of the war. Bremerhaven: Publications of the Bremerhaven City Archives, Vol. 1, Ed. Burchard Scheper. Bremerhaven: City Archives, Nordwestdeutscher Verlag Ditzen & Co., 177 p., With ill., Paperback,
- Wolfgang Wippermann , Rise and seizure of power by the NSDAP in Bremerhaven and Wesermünde, special print from yearbook 57, Heimatbund Männer vom Morgenstern, Bremerhaven 1978
- Klaus Zisenis, Gerth Schmidt, "Our flag flutters us ahead ...", Youth under National Socialism in Bremerhaven and Wesermünde, Bremerhaven 1995, ISBN 3-89429-657-7
- Lennart Edel, school in historical locations and zero hour for Bremerhaven, double page of the Nordsee-Zeitung on September 15, 2015
- Manfred Ernst , forced laborer in Wesermünde during the Third Reich, Bremerhaven 1987, ISBN 3-923851-06-5
- Wiebke Wittenberg u. a. (Ed.), Stories about forced paths - contemporary witnesses report schoolchildren from Pilsen and Bremerhaven, Prague 2013, ISBN 978-80-904421-6-0 (here in particular: Kira Engelken, The living conditions of forced laborers in Bremerhaven camps, p. 34– 43), Internet edition
Individual evidence
- ↑ The memorial to commemorate all victims of National Socialism ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. stands next to the Goßen Church in the city center.
- ↑ The text on the memorial reads: “We remember in mourning all those who died in the Second World War and all the victims of the National Socialist tyranny. We remember all people who were persecuted and murdered because of their race, because of their religious or political convictions, because of their difference. We remember those who accepted death rather than bowing their consciences. We remember all the peoples who suffered in war. We mustn't forget. The dead admonish us. Let us strive for peace and humanity! 1986 ".
- ↑ Wippermann, literature p. 170
- ↑ Youth Prize “No chance for hatred” 2006 awarded in Bremen Town Hall , June 29, 2006
- ↑ Bremerhaven - Places of dictatorship (map for the project "Schools in historical locations) ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Gabcke 1976, literature p. 93
- ↑ Wippermann, literature p. 170
- ↑ At that time, today's Bremerhaven consisted of the places Bremerhaven, Geestemünde and Lehe. In 1924 Lehe and Geestemünde were merged to form the city of Wesermünde.
- ↑ Gabcke 1976, see literature p. 110
- ↑ The National Socialists achieved 34.2% of the vote in Bremerhaven, the SPD 28.7%, the right wing black-white-red 16.7% and the Communists 13.8% of the votes.
- ↑ Distribution of votes in the Wesermünde district: NSDAP 16,662, SPD 4,208, KPD 867, Zentrum 30, combat front black-white-red 4.177, DVP 193, German State Party 59, German Peasant Party 18, German-Hanoverian Party 682. (Burchard Scheper, see literature, p. 254)
- ^ Negotiations of the main denazification committee of the city of Hanover; AZ: RIS VE: 3522, cult, October 2, 1948.
- ↑ Gabcke 1976, literature p. 110
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, literature, p. 73
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, p. 74, see literature
- ↑ Burchard Scheper, see literature, p. 274
- ↑ http://juwiswelt.blogspot.com/2008/11/pogromnacht-1938-in-bremerhaven.html Pogrom Night 1938 on juwiswelt
- ↑ Presentation of the persecution of Jews according to Gabcke 1976 p. 116, see literature
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 74
- ↑ The "Ghost Ship Process", Nordsee-Zeitung, October 29, 1948, online: Attachments ( Memento of the original from August 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Information about the “Red Mass Self-Protection” can be found on this page about the history of the anti-fascist action.
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 77
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 77
- ↑ Burchard Scheper, see literature, p. 281 f.
- ↑ Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung on October 11, 1933, in: Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 4
- ↑ Nordwestdeutsche Zeitung on October 11, 1933, in: Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 5
- ↑ The term is also a model in Catholic associations. The term German woman and mother appeared on an election poster for the Thuringian CDU in 1947. The magazine of the Catholic Women's Community Germany (kfd) is published under this title.
- ↑ Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 13 f
- ↑ Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 27
- ↑ The photo from the NWZ from September 25, 1934 is shown in Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 37
- ↑ First HJ home in the Wesermünde district inaugurated - Kühn district manager and Mahler district administrator in Freschluneberg . Website of the local hometowner of the Lunestedt community Arnold Plesse. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
- ↑ Ziesenis, Schmidt, see literature, p. 39
- ↑ The municipalities should provide building sites, the industry building materials free of charge and excavation work should be done by members of the district office or local councilors. In 1937 an SA settlement of Standard 411 was built in Wulsdorf. (Burchard Scheper, see literature, p. 280)
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 117
- ↑ see also: Peter Müller, Die Zeit des Faschismus 1933–1945, online version
- ↑ Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 117 f
- ↑ The daily food ration in the Baggerloch camp was "around 2 cm of bread per man, plus a spoon of jam and a piece of margarine, and sometimes some black pudding," reports a former slave laborer. (Gabcke 1991, see literature, p. 117)
-
↑ Inscription on the excavator hole memorial stone :
“In memory of the forced laborers in Bremerhaven / Wesermünde
Between 1940 and 1945 people from the Soviet Union, France, Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Bulgaria, Italy as well as stateless persons, Sinti and Roma suffered and died in camps in our city. "
- left panel“The 'Baggerloch' forced labor camp was located here from 1941–1945. It was one of 21 camps in Bremerhaven / Wesermünde in which men, women and children were held during the time of the Nazi tyranny. These people had to work under inhumane conditions in our city during the Second World War.
Many of them were killed. "
- right panel - ↑ cf. also the publication by Wiebke Wittenberg u. a., see bibliography
- ↑ "248 beds for single workers in the fish industry" were built in Ibbrigheim by the city of Wesermünde in 1929/30 "to accommodate seasonal workers." But the house did not pay off in view of the global economic crisis , and rental apartments were built, so in a report in the Nordsee-Zeitung from January 11, 2016: A house for 248 single workers - Ibbrigheim with a checkered history: dormitory, auxiliary hospital, US domicile, training center.
- ^ “Shortly after the seizure of power, concentration camps were set up in which SS men took over the guard. News about a concentration camp in Lloydhallen A in Bremerhaven dates back to May 1933. At first, mainly communists and social democrats were detained here and treated accordingly. A concentration camp was planned in the Ahlen-Falkenberger Moor as early as March 1933. The concentration camps in the forts Langlütjen I and Langlütjen II in the Weser estuary became known in the same year. [...] The existence of a concentration camp in Papenburg was also heard in 1933. In this camp on the Dutch border, a hundred of the Wesermünder police were deployed. ”(Burchard Scheper, see literature, p. 278)
- ↑ Internet site with further information about the Weikensdorfer taxi command ( memento of December 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Pogrom Night 1938 in Bremerhaven
- ↑ Grantz / Bijsterveld, pp. 22–41, see literature
- ↑ Internet site with further information about the Weikensdorfer taxi command ( memento of December 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Overview of the locations of book burnings in 1933 . In: Library of Burned Books . Moses Mendelssohn Center (MMZ)
- ↑ Bremerhaven - Places of Dictatorship (Map for the School at Historic Locations project ) ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ "Places of Dictatorship" - City History Day on September 18, 2015 ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The documents for the individual stations, as they were developed by the older students, are not to be published for the time being, informs the state center for political education.
- ↑ according to Hesse, Hans (2005): Construction of Innocence - The Denazification Using the Example of Bremen and Bremerhaven, 1945–1953. Self-published by the Bremen State Archives, p. 265
- ↑ Bickelmann (2002), pp. 190–91
- ^ Herbert Schwarzwälder , Das Ende an der Unterweser, 1945 - Bremerhaven (Wesermünde) and the surrounding area at the end of the war. Bremerhaven: Publications of the Bremerhaven City Archives, Vol. 1, Ed. Burchard Scheper, Bremerhaven City Archives, Nordwestdeutscher Verlag Ditzen & Co., Bremerhaven 1974, p. 33.
