New Synagogue (Hanover)

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The New Synagogue in the Calenberger Neustadt ;
around 1900; Postcard reproduction from 1972 with the originally found stamp date added

The New Synagogue in Hanover was on Bergstrasse in Calenberger Neustadt . The synagogue , built according to plans by Edwin Oppler , was designed in the style of eclecticism and historicism based on models from the Parisian St. Augustine and Worms and Aachen Cathedral . The synagogue was opened in 1870 and destroyed during the November pogroms in 1938 .

description

architecture

1887: The synagogue on Bergstrasse;
Photo, collotype and publisher by Hermann Rückwardt , Architectural Study Sheets , Series II, No. 108
New synagogue, inside around 1890
Interior photo , dated 1895,
albumin print ; Detail, number 136
New synagogue, memorial plaque
Harmen Thies in front of display boards with reproductions from the Hanover City Archives to Oppler's synagogue
Students of the Heisterberg School in 2013 on the day a more detailed information board was unveiled near the former synagogue site

The New Synagogue was built between 1864 and 1870 according to Oppler's plans. As an assimilated Jew who wanted to maintain a German architectural style, he oriented himself towards the synagogues in Worms and Prague as well as Romanesque cathedral buildings in Germany and designed a central building with a dome over the Almemor . The synagogue had three aisles and a suggested cross-shaped floor plan. The west facade, behind which the vestibule was located, had two towers, in the east there was a choir with a semicircular apse in which the Torah shrine was located. While the New Synagogue in Hanover still had isolated neo-Gothic elements, Oppler designed later synagogue buildings in a purely neo-Romanesque style. He rejected the Moorish style , which was popular in the 19th century , because it belongs to the Orient and at best has references to Islam , but not to Judaism.

The Hanover synagogue showed a careful mixture of Rhenish imperial cathedrals in the Romanesque style with the Paris church of St. Augustin . The architect took over the basic elements for the synagogue facade from St. Augustin: such as the steps that led up to a three-arched entrance, above which there was a low arcade with a rose window above, everything under a flat arch and crowned by a triangular gable. The curved, ribbed dome also comes from the Parisian model. The towers come from Worms Cathedral. The polygonal drum and the gable at the base of the dome come from Aachen Cathedral . The floor plan is that of a domed Greek cross. The Greek cross with apse and the dome in Hanover come from prototypes of churches such as the floor plans of St. Peter's Basilica from the early 16th century and the Cathedral of Pavia .

The synagogue was built of yellow brick ; Windows and cornices were made of sandstone . The church could accommodate 1100 people; 650 seats were reserved for men and 450 for women on galleries supported by cast-iron pillars. The walls were colored, the dome painted blue, the windows colorfully glazed.

history

The location of the synagogue in Calenberger Neustadt on the left bank of the Leine had historical reasons: since 1588, a statute only granted Lutherans the right to live in Hanover's old town . The Jews moved to the then independent Calenberger Neustadt, which arose from the settlements around the former sovereign Lauenrode Castle . But already in 1593 their house of prayer was "destroyed and abolished": They were driven out of the new town themselves, in 1608 they were allowed to return and in 1609 they completed their new synagogue , which was torn down again in 1613. For 75 years they had no place in Hanover where they could hold church services. In 1688 they were allowed a place of prayer in a private house in Neustadt, until in 1703 they were allowed to build a new synagogue on the spot where the synagogue that had been removed in 1613 - in a secluded place that was not open to the public. When it became dilapidated after 120 years and had to be demolished, the Jews were able to build a classicistic brick building on the same site , which was inaugurated in 1827 and later called the "Old Synagogue". Since the number of Jewish residents of Hanover rose sharply to almost 2% of the total population in the middle of the 19th century, brick construction was no longer sufficient. The New Synagogue, however, was not built on the site of the old one, but the community acquired a representative piece of land for the new building on the former post office near the St. Johannis Court and City Church . This location posed a challenge for the architect Edwin Oppler . He stated: “The building in its entire facility on a free space next to a Christian church will be the triumph of Judaism in the 19th century.” And: “The new synagogue in Hanover will be the first in the German style. "

Several attacks were carried out on the New Synagogue in the 1930s. The first arson attack took place on March 6, 1933; In 1935 the synagogue's gate and soon afterwards the windows were damaged. The New Synagogue was set on fire during the November pogroms on November 9, 1938. It burned out in the process, later it was blown up and removed. In their place, an underground bunker was built around 1940 , which was converted into an underground car park after the war .

In 1958, a memorial plaque was put up a few meters from the former synagogue to commemorate the pogrom. In 1978 a memorial was set up on the site, which was expanded in 1993. It is located on the Rote Reihe street, as the Bergstraße no longer exists due to the war. A picture of the New Synagogue from around 1870 is preserved in the Historical Museum on Hohen Ufer . A relief from the New Synagogue can be seen on Oppler's grave in the Jewish cemetery at An der Strangriede .

In 1994 a memorial designed by Michelangelo Pistoletto was erected on the Opernplatz in Hanover . It commemorates 6,800 Jews who were deported from Hanover. However, the inscriptions do not mention the destroyed synagogue.

See also

literature

  • Peter Hertel and Christiane Buddenberg-Hertel: Church and Synagogue , in: The Jews of Ronnenberg - A city confesses to its past, publisher: Region Hannover (Ahlem memorial). Hannover 2016, ISBN 978-3-7752-4903-4 , pp. 22-24.
  • M. [eir] Wiener: Liepmann Cohen and his sons, Chamber Agents in Hanover, in: Monthly for the History and Science of Judaism, Ed .: Oberrabbiner Z. [Acharias] Frankel, Volume 13, Issue 5, Breslau 1864, p. 161 -184.

Web links

Commons : New Synagogue  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b http://www.juedische-geschichte-hameln.de/synagoge/teil1bauwerk/theorieoppler.html
  2. ↑ Carol Herselle Krinsky: Europe's synagogues. Architecture, history and meaning . Fourier, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-925037-89-6 , pp. 304-305 . [Hanover].
  3. ↑ a b http://www.juedische-geschichte-hameln.de/synagoge/teil1bauwerk/bmoppler.html
  4. ↑ a b Peter Hertel and Christiane Buddenberg-Hertel: Church and Synagogue , in: Die Juden von Ronnenberg - A city confesses to its past, publisher: Region Hannover (Ahlem memorial). Hannover 2016, ISBN 978-3-7752-4903-4 , p. 22.
  5. ↑ a b M. [eir] Wiener: Liepmann Cohen and his sons, Chamber Agents in Hanover, in: Monthly for the History and Science of Judaism, Ed .: Oberrabbiner Z. [Acharias] Frankel, Volume 13, Issue 5, Breslau 1864, P. 171.
  6. ↑ Photo of the burned-out synagogue ( memento of the original from January 31, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vgd-nds.de
  7. ↑ Photo of the blown up synagogue ( memento of the original from January 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vgd-nds.de
  8. ↑ Ludwig Hoerner , Hanover in early photographs 1848-1910 , Schirmer / Mosel, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-921375-44-4 , p. 176 f.
  9. ↑ http://www.juedische-geschichte-hameln.de/synagoge/teil1bauwerk/werdegangopplers.html
  10. ↑ http://www.juedische-geschichte-hameln.de/synagoge/teil3gedaechtnis/inschriftenheuteha.html

Coordinates: 52 ° 22 ′ 19.1 ″  N , 9 ° 43 ′ 41.1 ″  E