Noreia (Noricum)

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Migration of the Cimbri and Teutons

Noreia was an ancient place in the eastern Alpine region . Julius Caesar gives the impression that Noreia was the capital of the Kingdom of Noricum . Noreia was already counted by Pliny the Elder († 79 AD) to the lost cities of the West. A number of locations in Carinthia and Styria have been considered. An equation with the (also not localizable) Celtic city Nyrax must be viewed as pure speculation. It is often used as the site of the Battle of Noreia in 113 BC. Called what is not secured.

Localization

“The dispute over the situation of Noreia is ancient”. On the basis of ancient distance information - 1200 stadia from Aquileia - it was believed that a location near Murau or Neumarkt in Styria could be calculated as early as the 18th century , a location that has since been found in numerous reference works, but has repeatedly been questioned in science has been. With the Attic stadium size Strabos , the distance would be 213 km, but the distance on modern traffic routes between Aquileia and Neumarkt in Upper Styria is 249 km. Even after Roman stadiums (223 km) you are still in Carinthia on the way from Aquileia (the distance Aquileia - St. Veit an der Glan is 216 km, to the Styrian border 238 km). After the “determination” of the location of Noreia near Neumarkt, its advocates were even tempted to explain the distance discrepancy by retroactively correcting Strabo's information from 1200 to 1500 stages.

Another assumption was that Noreia must be identical to the unearthed, nameless Celtic-Roman city ​​on the Magdalensberg in Carinthia . Noreia was also suspected to be on the Zollfeld and in the Carinthian Glantal near the Noreia sanctuary of the local Celtic fertility goddess in Hohenstein in the municipality of Liebenfels . It was also located on the Gurina near Dellach in the Gailtal , near Lölling or Semlach / Hüttenberg (Franz Ertl, 1969) or near the Styrian Wildbad Einöd , which the Tabula Peutingeriana lists as "Poststation Noreia", but is the original Roman model of the famous Road map was created almost half a millennium after the alleged "Battle of Noreia". Even in the headwaters of the Sava , far from the other places, Noreia was suspected. Paul Gleirscher's latest theory, which must be taken seriously, concerns the Gracarca , a ridge on the Klopeiner See in Carinthia, where an Iron Age settlement and several Celtic princely graves were found by Paul Gleirscher, who suspected it to be on the Maria Saaler Berg in 2001 .

The settlement that we have located on the Gracarca is the typical hilltop settlement of natural defenses, as it has always been a model for searching. It is very extensive and has grown enormously over the course of a thousand years before Christ. The peak is in the last 300 years BC. Reached and is thus in the conscious time.

In 2012, Reinhard Stradner, an Austrian professional officer and military historian, based on military science principles, put forward the theory that Noreia can be located in the Knappenberg area (municipality of Hüttenberg), Carinthia. Other amateur archaeologists also want Noreia based on ceramic finds from the period 3000 to 3500 BC. In the Carinthian Görtschitztal .

Curiosity

In 1929 the supposed Noreia was discovered during archaeological excavations in St. Margarethen am Silberberg (municipality of Mühlen ) in Styria . As a result, the place was officially renamed Noreia on March 26, 1930 . Since then, due to this modern place name, the location of the Celtic Noreia has often been given as being in Styria. Over the years, however, doubts about the authenticity of the finds increased, and evidence has now been provided that the excavated objects are the remains of a medieval settlement.

Today, science agrees that the finds on the Silberberg actually have no connection with Noreia.

ambiguity

Chances are, there wasn't just one place called Noreia. The word could just mean “Norse city”. Two identical entries in the Tabula Peutingeriana , the 12th-century copy of a late Roman road map, speak for multiple uses of the name . However, there is a possibility that the two entries of a street station with the name Noreia are just a mistake in writing, which was already pointed out in the 19th century. Also because on the card z. If, for example, both the long-lost Pompeii and Constantinople , which was founded much later, appear, their actual level of detail has been called into question.

The Greek historian Strabo and, more than a century later, Appian of Alexandria report that in 113 BC BC Cimbri and Teutons over a Roman army under the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo won the battle "near Noreia" . However, it has not been clarified what distance the mention of a place name means in an area with few known cities, nor whether the site of the battle is even identical with the capital of the Noric Kingdom. How great the uncertainty is can be seen from the fact that, for example, Sempronius Asellio , a younger contemporary of Polybius , even relocated Noreia to Gaul, which may be due to the fact that the Norics - even with Livius - referred to them as "transalpine Gauls" for a long time were. The source from which Asellio took the statement that Noreia was in Gaul, must have been written before the Cimbrian War began with the battle of Noreia, because the Romans were already using it around 120 BC. The country name Norikum and designated as early as 113 BC. All inhabitants of the Noric kingdom as Noriker.

literature

  • Verena Gassner, Sonja Jilek, Sabine Ladstätter, Herwig Wolfram: At the edge of the empire: the Romans in Austria . Ueberreuter, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-8000-3772-6 .
  • Karin Erika Haas-Trummer: Noreia. From the fictional Celtic settlement to the medieval aristocratic residence. A historical and archaeological search for traces up to 1600 , Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2007, ISBN 3-205-77584-8 . (on-line)
  • Karin Erika Trummer: Noreia - St. Margarethen am Silberberg: a medieval mountain settlement . 2 volumes, dissertation, Graz 1994.
  • Stefan Seitschek: Noreia in tradition, archeology and research . Diploma thesis, Vienna 2007.
  • Stefan Seitschek: Noreia - many answers, no solution . In: Keltische Forschungen 3. 2008, pp. 221–244.
  • Reinhard Stradner: Noreia - A new approach to localizing the Noric tribal center . Diploma thesis, Graz 2012, ( PDF; 17 MB ).
  • Reinhard Stradner: Noreia - The military-scientific approach to the localization of the Noric tribal center . Milizverlag, Salzburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-901185-50-2 .
  • Karl Strobel :  Noreia. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 21, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017272-0 , pp. 320–323.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Otto H. Urban, Herwig Wolfram: The long way to history: the prehistory of Austria , Ueberreuter, Vienna 2000 p. 368 ISBN 3-8000-3773-4
  2. ↑ Pliny the Elder Ä .: Historia Naturalis Liber III 19, 131 : "in hoc situ ... interiere ... Tauriscis Noreia ..." and Emil Lorenz: The situation of Noreia . In: Tagespost , Graz, v. December 29, 1929, p. 19 f. .
  3. ↑ Verena Gassner, Sonja Jilek, Sabine Ladstätter, Herwig Wolfram: On the edge of the empire: the Romans in Austria , Ueberreuter, Vienna 2002, p. 39 ISBN 3-8000-3772-6
  4. ^ Herbert Stejskal: Carinthia. History and culture in pictures and documents from prehistoric times to the present , Carinthia University Press, Klagenfurt 1985, p. 15 ISBN 3-85378-220-5
  5. ↑ August von Wersebe: About the peoples and peoples' alliances of the old Teutschland: tried again explanations largely based on completely new views , Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung, Hanover 1826, p. 268
  6. ^ Emil Lorenz: The situation of Noreia . In: Tagespost , Graz, v. December 29, 1929, pp. 19f.
  7. ^ Emil Lorenz: The situation of Noreia . In: Tagespost , Graz, v. December 29, 1929, pp. 19f. (whole text)
  8. ↑ Paul Reinecke: 'Die Gurina im Gailtal', WPZ 1 5 (1928) p. 27
  9. ↑ Günter Wuzella. Attempts to locate Noreia . Science Club Klagenfurt September 10, 2008 ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / guenter.dtdns.net
  10. ^ Walter Zitzenbacher, Wolfgang Arnold, Hans R. Gutjahr: Landeschronik Steiermark: 3000 years in data, documents and images , C. Brandstätter, 1988, p. 34 ISBN 3-85447-255-2
  11. ^ Klio: Contributions to ancient history , Verlag der Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1940, p. 289
  12. ↑ Wuzella: Try locating Noreia . Science Club Klagenfurt September 10, 2008 ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / guenter.dtdns.net
  13. ↑ Austria Journal: Noreia localized in Southern Carinthia
  14. ↑ Österreich-Journal: Noreia localized in Southern Carinthia (DOC file; 25 kB)
  15. ^ [1] Reinhard Stradner: NOREIA - A new approach to the localization of the Noric tribal center , DiplArb Graz 2012
  16. ↑ [2] Reinhard Stradner: NOREIA - The military-scientific approach to the localization of the Noric tribal center , Milizverlag, ISBN 978-3-901185-50-2 , Salzburg 2014
  17. ↑ From the HCB scandal to the “Valley of the Kings”. orf.at of March 13, 2016.
  18. ↑ Walther Schmidt (sic!): Noreia . In: "Tagespost" No. 269, Graz, September 29, 1929, page 15
  19. ↑ Österreichische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 34 (1984) Verein für Volkskunde, Vienna 1984, p. 21
  20. ^ Karin Erika Trummer: Noreia - St. Margarethen am Silberberg: a medieval mountain settlement . 2 Bde., Diss. Graz 1994
    in print as: KE Trummer-Haas: Noreia. From the fictional Celtic settlement to the medieval aristocratic residence. A historical and archaeological search for traces up to 1600 , Böhlau, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 2007. ISBN 3-205-77584-8
  21. ↑ Sonja Haider: Dispute about the legendary royal city of Noreia near mills . Kleine Zeitung, March 14, 2008
  22. ↑ Wolfgang Slapansky: Das Rätsel um Noreia , ORF 1 Dimensions , December 27, 2007 ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
  23. ↑ Peter Kisser: 7000 years of the past: indestructible Austria Zsolnay, Vienna 1981 p. 50 ISBN 3-552-03307-6 , limited preview in the Google book search
  24. ↑ Richard Heuberger: S 165, note 21: "cf. ua:"  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 1.30 MB) Ulrich Kahrstedt: Studies on the political and economic history of the Eastern and Central Alps before Augustus . In: Göttinger learned news, phil.-hist. Class, Göttingen 1927, p. 5, Paul Reinecke, Bavarian prehistory friend 6, (1926) p. 36 and Franz Miltner, Carinthia 1/131 (1941), p. 291.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / homepage.uibk.ac.at  
  25. ↑ So Claudia Fräß-Ehrfeld 1974 ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / guenter.dtdns.net
  26. ↑ Communications from the Anthropological Society in Vienna, ed .: Anthropological Society in Vienna 1886, p. 66
  27. ^ Richard Heuberger: Taurisker and Noriker . Reprint of the Ammann Festgabe, ed. from the linguistic institute of the Univ. Innbruck p. 162  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 1.30 MB)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / homepage.uibk.ac.at