Norne (orchids)
| Norn | ||||||||||||
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Norn ( Calypso bulbosa ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Calypso | ||||||||||||
| Salisb. | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Calypso bulbosa | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) Oakes |
The Norn ( Calypso bulbosa ) is a plant -type in the family of the Orchid Family (Orchidaceae). The genus Calypso is monotypical with the Norn being the only species.
The generic name comes from the Greek καλύπτω kalypto (I hide, I hide; but also: I hide someone) and the species epithet from the Latin bulbosus (bulbous, bulbous). In Greek mythology , the nymph Calypso (the mountain legend), daughter of Atlas , hid the shipwrecked Odysseus for seven years on the island of Ogygia .
Why the name “Calypso” was chosen botanically is unknown , according to the botanist Rudolf Schlechter in his standard work The Orchids .
It is also not known whether the German name Norne is related to the creatures of the same name, Nornen, from Nordic mythology .
description
The norn is a deciduous, perennial , perennial, herbaceous tuber, geophyte, with a rounded, egg-shaped tuber as a perennial organ. It is covered by dead leaf sheaths and has elongated roots. The average height of the plant is 8 to 20 centimeters.
At the bottom there is only a single leaf that is stalked up to about 7 centimeters in height. The elliptical-elongated to egg-shaped blade is up to 6 inches long and up to 5 inches wide. The top of the leaf is dark green, while the underside is purple in color. The base of the stem is covered by a few, sheathed leaves and has a single flower.
The large, attractive flower is hermaphroditic, zygomorphic and threefold. The protruding petals and sepals are pink to purple in color, about 10 to 12 millimeters long and about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The lip (labellum) is white to pink with pink or yellow spots. It has a wide, shoe-shaped cavity in the back and is about 15 to 25 millimeters long. A spur is missing.
The Norn blooms after the snowmelt, from April to June.
According to studies by Mosquin, Ackermann, Boyden, Proctor and Harder, as well as Alexandersson and Agren, nectar- seeking bumblebees ( Bombus ) and cuckoo bumblebees ( Psithyrus ) are named as pollinators .
Genetics and development
The Norn has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 14 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 28).
Since the orchid seed does not provide any nutrient tissue, germination only occurs when infected by a root fungus (see: Mycorrhiza ). There is no information about the duration from germination to development of the flowering plant.
Distribution and ecology
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According to the orchid scholar Karl-Peter Buttler , it is a floral element of the Scandinavian, North Russian, North Siberian Florence zone.
The Norn grows in subarctic swamps and moors as well as on shady places in subarctic coniferous forests in North America , northern Scandinavia , northern Russia and northern Asia .
Since the Norn reacts sensitively to changes, its natural distribution has greatly decreased. It is considered threatened or endangered in several US states .
Conservation and endangerment
The Norne one in Europe to the largest Orchid rarities and, like all orchid species occurring in Europe under the strictest protection of European and national laws.
Systematics
The generic name Calypso Salisb, which is still valid today . was described in 1806 by the English gardener Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) in the work "Paradisus Londinensis", which Salisbury with the then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London , William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), published. Carl von Linné originally assigned the Norn to the genus Cypripedium in 1753 . But Calypso and Cypripedium belong to two different subfamilies in the botanical systematics .
The following generic names were published as synonyms :
- Cytherea Salisb. (1812)
- Orchidium Sw. (1814)
- Calypsodium Link (1829)
- Norna Wahlenb. (1833)
The valid botanical species name of the Norn is: Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes 1842.
The Basionym Cypripedium bulbosum L. 1753 was described by Linné in "Species Plantarum".
The species names listed here are used as synonyms:
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- Subspecies and varieties
As a subspecies , Calypso bulbosa ssp. occidentalis (Holz.) Calder & RLTaylor (1963). It occurs from southeast Alaska to the western United States.
The varieties are either color-based or related to the region in which they occur:
- Calypso bulbosa var. Albiflora P.M.Br. (1995)
- Calypso bulbosa var. Americana (R.Br.) Luer (1975): It occurs from subarctic America to the United States.
- Calypso bulbosa var. Bulbosa : It occurs from Sweden to Far Eastern Asiatic Russia.
- Calypso bulbosa var. Japonica (Maxim. Ex Kom.) Makino (1905)
- Calypso bulbosa var. Occidentalis (wood.) Cockerell (1916): It occurs from southeast Alaska to the western United States.
- Calypso bulbosa var. Speciosa (Schltr.) Makino (1926): It occurs from Tibet to Japan.
There are no known hybrids of this species.
Miscellaneous
Various North American Indian peoples ate the buds of the Norn. The Nlaka'pamux Indians in British Columbia used the Norn to treat epilepsy.
Sources and further information
literature
- Standard literature on orchids:
- AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany . Verlag AHO Thuringia Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 . (Note about pollinators)
- Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild growing species of Europe . Mosaik Verlag, 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
- H. Baumann , S. Künkele : The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
- Pierre Delforge: Guide des Orchidées d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient . Lynx Edicions, 2002, ISBN 84-87334-38-5 .
- Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids . Brücke-Verlag, 2nd edition, 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
- JG Williams. u. a .: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor . BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .
- Special literature on Calypso bulbosa :
- H. Siebert and W. Siebert: About some localities of Calypso bulbosa (L.) OAKES in Northern Scandinavia . Ber. Working group Home. Orchid. 3 (2), 1986, pp. 253-255.
- Ronny Alexandersson u. Jon Ågren: Population size, pollinator visitation and fruit production in the deceptive orchid Calypso bulbosa. In: Oecologia 107 (1996), pp. 533-540.
- H. u. K. Kördel: A gem among orchids - Calypso bulbosa in Sweden . Ber. Working group Home. Orchid. 16 (1), 1999, pp. 23-26.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calypso bulbosa. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 7, 2020.
Web links
Wikispecies: Norne ( Calypso bulbosa ) - species directory
- Distribution maps:
- Regional / special:
- See also: