Cypripedium

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lady's slipper
Yellow lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus)

Yellow lady's slipper ( Cypripedium calceolus )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Cypripedioideae
Genre : Lady's slipper
Scientific name
Cypripedium
L.

The genus lady's slipper ( Cypripedium ) ( kʏpʀɪ'peːdɪʊm even tsʏ- ) belongs to the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). With about 50 species , it occurs mainly in the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere , in North America , Africa , Europe and Asia (here especially in the People's Republic of China ). They grow terrestrially and are sometimes very resistant to cold. The majority of the species are endangered by the destruction of habitats or illegal removal of wild animals. The botanical name is derived from the Greek Κύπρις Kypris = Aphrodite / Venus and τό πέδιλον pedilon = shoe, as the flower shape is reminiscent of a shoe and the types are colloquially referred to as women's or Venus shoes. The individual species have names such as yellow lady's slipper ( Cypripedium calceolus ) and white lady's slipper ( Cypripedium candidum ).

description

These orchids are perennial , herbaceous plants . They grow terrestrially, the shoots arise from a short rhizome . There are several lower leaves on the stem , above one or more stem-enclosing, parallel- veined leaves . The leaves are lanceolate, oval or fan-shaped, mostly monochrome green, with some species with red-brown spots. Many species have hairs at least on the underside of the leaves, in some these are glandular. The leaf margin can be ciliated. In the cross-section of the leaf, the mesophyll shows hardly any differentiation between the top and bottom, and stomata are usually present on both sides of the leaf.

Cypripedium section : White lady's slipper ( Cypripedium candidum )
Cypripedium section : mountain lady's slipper ( Cypripedium montanum )

They have racemose inflorescences with one to twelve flowers. The bracts are strikingly large and resemble a small leaf. The flower stalks are very different in length depending on the species, with some they become longer after pollination . The ovary is unicameral with parietal placentation . The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are threefold. Of the three outer bracts , the two lateral ones have grown together to form a synsepal (free in the Criosanthes section ). The lateral inner petals are mostly ciliate. The very large lip is bulbous. Two fertile stamens , one sterile ( staminodium ) and the stigma together form the column . The stamens stand on very short stamens. The pollen is powdery or sticky, it consists of individual pollen grains (monads) that have an elongated germ opening (monosulcat). The shape of the staminodium differs depending on the species and is often used to delimit the species. The scar is stalked, three-lobed and papilous . There are fruit capsules formed.

The number of chromosomes is usually 2n = 20. The chromosomes are quite large. Individual sections show a different distribution of meta- and telocentric chromosomes.

Acaulia Section : Stemless Lady's Slipper
( Cypripedium acaule )
Section Arietina : Aries Lady's Slipper
( Cypripedium arietinum )
Section Bifolia : Speckled Lady's Slipper ( Cypripedium guttatum )
Cypripedium section : Small-flowered lady's slipper
( Cypripedium parviflorum )
Flabellinervia section : Fan-leaved lady's slipper ( Cypripedium japonicum )
Section Eniantopedilum : Cypripedium fasciculatum ( Cypripedium fasciculatum )
Macrantha section : Large-flowered lady's slipper ( Cypripedium macranthos )
Macrantha section : Tibetan lady's slipper ( Cypripedium tibeticum )
Obtusiflora section : Queen lady's slipper ( Cypripedium reginae )

ingredients

Some species of the genus Cypripedium contain ingredients that can cause skin irritation on contact. In the small-flowered lady's slipper and queen lady's slipper, the triggering substances are in glandular hair on stems and leaves. In Yellow Lady's Slipper is a skin irritant was Chinon found Cypripedin called, this is probably also responsible for other species for this reaction.

Anthocyanins were found to be the flower pigments . Of some species and fragrances are known about alloocimene the Yellow Lady's Slipper, pyridine and dimethylbutanoic the stems lots Lady's Slipper . Common to some species is the presence of methyl anisole .

distribution

The genus occurs mainly in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere . America is settled down to the tundra in the north , Mexico and Central America are in the south. In Europe there are only a few species, in East Asia the biodiversity is greatest.

Systematics

Type species of this genus is Cypripedium calceolus . Originally all lady's slipper species belonged to this genus. Gradually, however, different genera were established within the subfamily Cypripedioideae . The relationships are as follows:

   
   

 Cypripedium


   

 Paphiopedilum


   

 Phragmipedium


   

 Mexipedium





   

Selenipede



The following list of Cypripedia species is based on the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and the monograph by Eccarius (2009). The species marked with an asterisk (*) are treated by Eccarius as subspecies or varieties.

Subgenus Cypripedium subgen. Cypripedium

  • Cypripedium section Acaulia (Brieger) Hennessy
  • Cypripedium section Eniantopedilum Pfitzer

Subgenus Cypripedium subgen. Irapeana Eccarius

Cypripedium × ventricosum

The following nature hybrids are known:

  • Cypripedium × alaskanum P.M. Br. ( Cypripedium guttatum × Cypripedium yatabeanum )
  • Cypripedium × andrewsii Fuller ( Cypripedium candidum × Cypripedium parviflorum )
  • Cypripedium × catherinae Aver. ( Cypripedium macranthos × Cypripedium shanxiense )
  • Cypripedium × columbianum Sheviak ( Cypripedium montanum × Cypripedium parviflorum var. Pubescens )
  • Cypripedium × herae Ewacha & Sheviak ( Cypripedium parviflorum var. Pubescens × Cypripedium reginae )
  • Cypripedium × ventricosum Sw. ( Cypripedium calceolus × Cypripedium macranthos )
  • Cypripedium × wenqingiae Perner ( Cypripedium farreri × Cypripedium tibeticum )

swell

literature

  • Phillip Cribb : The Genus Cypripedium. Timber Press, Portland 1997, ISBN 0-88192-403-2 .
  • Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen (Eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. General Introduction, Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae . tape 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 1999, ISBN 0-19-850513-2 , pp. 114-132 .
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Decouverte de Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae) au Djurdjura (Algérie), nouvelle pour l'Afrique du Nord . In: Flora Mediterranea . tape 29 , 2019, doi : 10.7320 / FlMedit29.207 ( herbmedit.org [PDF; accessed June 1, 2020]).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cypripedium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  3. ↑ Cypripedioideae at e-monocot.org ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Accessed November 23, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / e-monocot.org
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Eccarius: The orchid genus Cypripedium. Phylogeny, taxonomy, morphology, biology, distribution, ecology and hybridization. EchinoMedia, Bürgel 2009, ISBN 978-3-937107-19-6 .

Web links

Commons : Cypripedium  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Cypripedium  - Species Directory