Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum
	Paphiopedilum glanduliferum
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Cypripedioideae
Tribe :	Cypripedieae
Sub tribus :	Paphiopedilinae
Genre :	Paphiopedilum
Scientific name
	Paphiopedilum
	Pfitzer

Paphiopedilum , in German-speaking women shoes or Venus shoes called, is a plant genus within the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). The over 100 species and subspecies are distributed in the Paleotropis from India via Nepal , southern China , Thailand , Malaysia to the Philippines , Borneo , Sumatra and New Guinea . The genus Paphiopedilum is often confused with the genus lady's slipper ( Cypripedium )by laypeople.

description

Illustration of Paphiopedilum dayanum

Vegetative characteristics

Paphiopedilum species are perennial herbaceous plants . They grow terrestrially , lithophytically in moss, rarely epiphytically . The growth is sympodial , that is, the shoot no longer grows after the vegetation period and a new shoot is formed through the rhizome . The leaves can be marbled or light green, the latter form can be grown cooler.

Generative characteristics

In the upper area of the hairy inflorescence stem there are one or more bracts , over each of which a flower bud stands. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The principal flowering characteristic of Paphiopedilum is the lower Petalum that in the evolution has developed to a shoe-like shape, and the upper sepal, which is larger than other orchids. The two outer petals can sometimes be twisted, for example in Paphiopedilum glanduliferum .

pharmacology

Paphiopedilum species are slightly poisonous in all parts of the plant. The toxins are concentrated in the foliage leaf and stem. The main active ingredient is crystallized calcium oxalate . Eating parts of plants can lead to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. In addition, the quinoid compounds contained in the plant cause contact allergies .

Systematics

Subgenus Brachypetalum : Paphiopedilum bellatulum

Subgenus Brachypetalum : Paphiopedilum concolor

Subgenus Brachypetalum : Paphiopedilum godefroyae

Subgenus Cochlopetalum : Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum

Subgenus Cochlopetalum : Paphiopedilum liemianum

Subgenus Cochlopetalum : Paphiopedilum moquetteanum

Paphiopedilum acmodontum

Paphiopedilum armeniacum

Paphiopedilum dayanum

Paphiopedilum dianthum

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum

Paphiopedilum hookerae

Paphiopedilum kolopakingii

Paphiopedilum liemianum

Paphiopedilum malipoense

Paphiopedilum philippinense

Paphiopedilum sukhakulii

Paphiopedilum tonsum

Paphiopedilum tranlienianum

Paphiopedilum vejvarutianum

Paphiopedilum vietnamense

Paphiopedilum wardii

The genus Paphiopedilum was established by Pfitzer in 1886 . Synonyms for Paphiopedilum Pfitzer nom. cons. are: Cordula Raf. , Stimegas Raf. , Menephora Raf.

Species and their distribution

According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, there are 109 Paphiopedilum species (as of 2020):

Subgenus Brachypetalum
- Paphiopedilum bellatulum (Rchb. F.) Stone : (China to Indochina)
- Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl. Ex Bateman) Pfitzer : Up to three varieties are spread from China to Indochina:
  - Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl. Ex Bateman) Pfitzer var. Concolor : (China to Indochina)
  - Paphiopedilum concolor var. Longipetalum (Rolfe) Pfitzer : (Myanmar and Thailand)
  - Paphiopedilum concolor var. Trungkienii Aver., O.Gruss, CXCanh & NHTuan : It was first described in 2017 as a variety from Vietnam. It has had the rank of a species since 2019.
- Paphiopedilum godefroyae (God.-Leb.) Stone : There are
  about two varieties in Thailand:
  - Paphiopedilum godefroyae var. Ang-thong (Fowlie) Braem
  - Paphiopedilum godefroyae (God.-Leb.) Stone var. Godefroyae

Subgenus Cochlopetalum (Hallier f.) K. Karas. & K.Saito
- Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum J.J.Sm. This is only endemic in eastern Java before
- Paphiopedilum liemianum (Fowlie) K. Karas. & K.Saito : (Northern Sumatra)
- Paphiopedilum moquetteanum (JJSm.) Fowlie : (Southwestern Java)
- Paphiopedilum primulinum M.W.Wood & P.Taylor : (Sumatra ( Aceh )) With two varieties:
  - Paphiopedilum primulinum var. Primulinum
  - Paphiopedilum primulinum var. Purpurascens (MWWood) PJCribb
- Paphiopedilum victoria-regina (Sander) MWWood : (Western Sumatra)

Further species without assignment to a subgenus:
- Paphiopedilum acmodontum M.W.Wood : This endemic occurs only on the island of Negros .
- Paphiopedilum adductum Asher : This endemic occurs in Mindanao only in the province of Bukidnon .
- Paphiopedilum affine De Wild. : This endemic occurs only in northern Vietnam .
- Paphiopedilum agusii Cavestro : This endemic, first described in 2017, only occurs in central Java .
- Paphiopedilum anitanum Cavestro : It wasfirst describedin 2017 from Sulawesi .
- Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe : It occurs in southwest Guangxi and Indochina.
- Paphiopedilum areeanum O.Gruss : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and northern Myanmar .
- Paphiopedilum argus (Rchb.f.) stone : This endemic occurs only on Luzon .
- Paphiopedilum armeniacum S.C. Chen & FYLiu : It occurs in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar.
- Paphiopedilum ayubianum (O.Gruss & Roeth) Koop. & O.Gruss : This endemic occurs in northern Sulawesi.
- Paphiopedilum barbatum (Lindl.) Pfitzer : It occurs from the Thai peninsula to northern Sumatra .
- Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & FTWang : There have been two varieties since 2009:
  - Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & FTWang var. Barbigerum : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Yunnan, southern Guizhou , northern to western Guangxi and northern Vietnam .
  - Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. Sulivongii Schuit. & P.Bonnet : It was first described from Laos in 2009.
- Paphiopedilum braemii H.Mohr : This endemic occurs only in western Sumatra.
- Paphiopedilum bullenianum (Rchb. F.) Pfitzer : With the varieties:
  - Paphiopedilum bullenianum var. Bullenianum (Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra)
  - Paphiopedilum bullenianum var. Celebesense (Fowlie & Birk) PJCribb :( Sulawesi to Maluku )
- Paphiopedilum bungebelangi Metusala : (Sumatra)
- Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. F.) Stone : There are four varieties:
  - Paphiopedilum callosum var. Callosum (Indochina)
  - Paphiopedilum callosum var. Potentianum (O.Gruss & Roeth) PJCribb : (Thailand and Vietnam)
  - Paphiopedilum callosum var. Sublaeve (Rchb. F.) PJCribb : (Thailand to Malaysia)
  - Paphiopedilum callosum var. Warnerianum (T.Moore) Aver. :(Vietnam)
- Paphiopedilum canhii Aver. & O.Gruss : (Yunnan to Vietnam)
- Paphiopedilum charlesworthii (Rolfe) Pfitzer : (Assam to China)
- Paphiopedilum ciliolare (Rchb. F.) Stone : (Philippines)
- Paphiopedilum coccineum Perner & R. Herrm. : (Vietnam)
- Paphiopedilum cornuatum Z.J.Liu, O.Gruss & LJChen : (Yunnan)
- Paphiopedilum dayanum (Lindl.) Stone : ( Borneo )
- Paphiopedilum delenatii Guillaumin : (China to Vietnam)
- Paphiopedilum dianthum Tang & FTWang,: (China to Indochina)
- Paphiopedilum dodyanum Cavestro : (Northern Sumatra)
- Paphiopedilum druryi (Bedd.) Stone : (Southern India )
- Paphiopedilum emersonii Co-op. & PJCribb : (China to northern Vietnam)
- Paphiopedilum erythroanthum Z.J.Liu, XYLiao & SRLan : It was first described in 2019 from Yunnan.
- Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe : (Thailand)
- Paphiopedilum fairrieanum (Lindl.) Stone : (Eastern Himalaya to Assam )
- Paphiopedilum fowliei Birk : This endemic occurs only in Palawan .
- Paphiopedilum gigantifolium Braem, MLBaker & COBaker : (Sulawesi)
- Paphiopedilum glanduliferum (flower) stone (Syn .: Paphiopedilum praestans (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer ): (Northwestern New Guinea )
- Paphiopedilum gratrixianum Rolfe : (Southern China to Laos and Vietnam). With five varieties:
  - Paphiopedilum gratrixianum var. Christensonianum Perner & Koopowitz : (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam)
  - Paphiopedilum gratrixianum var. Daoense Aver. : (Yunnan to Vietnam)
  - Paphiopedilum gratrixianum var. Gratrixianum : (Indochina)
  - Paphiopedilum gratrixianum var. Guangdongense (ZJLiu & LJChen) Perner (Syn .: Paphiopedilum guangdongense Z.J.Liu & LJChen ) ( Guangdong )
  - Paphiopedilum gratrixianum var. Sulivongii (Schuit. & P.Bonnet) Aver. : (Laos and Thailand)
- Paphiopedilum hangianum Perner & O.Gruss ,: (Yunnan to northern Vietnam)

Natural hybrids

The list of natural hybrids is based on the World Check List of selected Plant Families :

Paphiopedilum × aspersum Aver. ( Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. Lockianum × Paphiopedilum henryanum ) (Vietnam)
Paphiopedilum × burbidgei (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer, ( Paphiopedilum dayanum × Paphiopedilum javanicum var. Virens ) (Borneo)
Paphiopedilum × cribbii Aver. ( Paphiopedilum appletonianum × Paphiopedilum villosum ) (Vietnam)
Paphiopedilum × cribbii nothovar. yunnanicum (ZJLiu & SCChen) JMHShaw ex Govaerts ( Paphiopedilum appletonianum × Paphiopedilum villosum var. densissimum ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × crossianum (Rchb.f.) Stein (Syn .: Paphiopedilum × venustoinsigne Pradhan ) ( Paphiopedilum insigne × Paphiopedilum venustum ) (Assam)
Paphiopedilum × dalatense Aver. ( Paphiopedilum callosum × Paphiopedilum villosum var.annamense ) (Vietnam)
Paphiopedilum × dixlerianum Braem & Chiron ( Paphiopedilum callosum × Paphiopedilum wardii ) (Myanmar)
Paphiopedilum × expansum J.T. Atwood ( Paphiopedilum hennisianum × Paphiopedilum philippinense ) (Philippines)
Paphiopedilum × fanaticum co-op. & N. Haseg. ( Paphiopedilum malipoense × Paphiopedilum micranthum ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × frankeanum Rolfe ( Paphiopedilum superbiens × Paphiopedilum tonsum ) (Sumatra)
Paphiopedilum × glanzii O.Gruss & Perner ( Paphiopedilum emersonii × Paphiopedilum micranthum ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × grussianum H.S.Hua ( Paphiopedilum dianthum × Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. Esquirolei ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × huangrongshuanum Petchl. & O.Gruss ( Paphiopedilum dianthum × Paphiopedilum gratrixianum ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × kimballianum (Rchb.f.) Rolfe ( Paphiopedilum dayanum × Paphiopedilum rothschildianum ) (Borneo (Kinabalu))
Paphiopedilum × littleanum (Anon.) Rolfe ( Paphiopedilum dayanum × Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum ) (Borneo)
Paphiopedilum × mattesii Pittenauer ex Roeth & O.Gruss ( Paphiopedilum barbatum × Paphiopedilum bullenianum ) (Malaysia)
Paphiopedilum × petchleungianum O.Gruss ( Paphiopedilum dianthum × Paphiopedilum villosum ) (China)
Paphiopedilum × polystigmaticum (Rchb.f.) Stein (Syn .: Paphiopedilum × spicerovenustum Pradhan ) ( Paphiopedilum spicerianum × Paphiopedilum venustum ) (Assam)
Paphiopedilum × powellii Christenson ( Paphiopedilum callosum × Paphiopedilum exul ) (Thailand)
Paphiopedilum × pradhanii Pradhan ( Paphiopedilum fairrieanum × Paphiopedilum venustum ) (Eastern Himalayas)
Paphiopedilum × shipwayae Rolfe ( Paphiopedilum dayanum × Paphiopedilum hookerae ). (Borneo)
Paphiopedilum × siamense (Rolfe) Rolfe ( Paphiopedilum appletonianum × Paphiopedilum callosum ) (Thailand)
Paphiopedilum × vietenryanum O.Gruss & Petchl. ( Paphiopedilum gratrixianum × Paphiopedilum henryanum ) (China (Yunnan))
Paphiopedilum × yingjiangense Z.J.Liu & SCChen ( Paphiopedilum spicerianum × Paphiopedilum wardii ): It occurs in Yunnan.

literature

Harold Koopowitz: Revised Checklist of the genus Paphiopedilum, A . In: Orchid Digest . tape 64 , no. 4 , 2000 (English).
GJ Braem, Charles O. Baker, Margaret L. Baker: The Genus Paphiopedilum. Natural History and Cultivation . tape 1 . Botanical Publishers, Kissimmee (Florida) 1998 (English).
Phillip Cribb : The Genus Paphiopedilum. A Kew Magazine Monograph . 2nd Edition. Timber Press, 1999.
GJ Braem, G. Chiron: Paphiopedilum. Tropicalia, 2003.
Harold Koopowitz: An updated, annotated checklist of the genus Paphiopedilum. In: Orchid Digest , Volume 76, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 178–215.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 5th expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.) : Paphiopedilum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 13, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Paphiopedilum - album with pictures, videos and audio files