Osman Gazi Bridge
Coordinates: 40 ° 45 ′ 18 ″ N , 29 ° 30 ′ 56 ″ E
| Osman Gazi Bridge | ||
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| Convicted | Motorway  ( Otoyol 5 )
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| Crossing of | İzmit Gulf | |
| place | Dilovası / Altınova | |
| Entertained by | Otoyol AŞ (project company) | |
| construction | Suspension bridge | |
| overall length | 2,907 m | |
| width | 35.93 m | |
| Longest span | 1,550 m | |
| height | 241.85 m | |
| Clear height | 64.3 m | |
| vehicles per day | approx. 6000 PCE (passenger car equivalent) | |
| start of building | 2013 | |
| completion | 2016 | |
| opening | July 1, 2016 | |
| planner | COWI A / S | |
| toll | 103.00₺ (about 16.60 euros) for cars | |
| location | ||
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The Osman Gazi Bridge ( Turkish Osman Gazi Köprüsü ) is a suspension bridge in Turkey , which leads the six-lane highway from Istanbul to Izmir between the places Dilovası and Altınova over the Gulf of İzmit , the northeastern part of the Marmara Sea .
It is the fourth largest suspension bridge in the world and saves the more than 80 km long bypass of the bay, which takes over an hour by car with little traffic.
Surname
The bridge was known internationally as the Izmit Bay Bridge or Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge during the planning and execution phase . At the inauguration on April 21, 2016, it was named after Osman I. Gazi (1258-1326), the founder of the Ottoman dynasty and the Ottoman Empire .
Project flow
The bridge was implemented as a so-called BOT project (Build-Operate-Transfer) . It is part of phase 1 (first 55 km of the Gebze - Orhangazi - Izmir motorway ( Otoyol 5 )), the planning, construction and operation of which was carried out for a total of 22 years and 4 months by a consortium consisting of the companies Nurol , Özaltın , Makyol , Yüksel , Göçay and Astaldi was transferred. The tender was published in April 2008, the submission deadline for the bids was April 9, 2009. On September 27, 2010, the contract was signed with the project company Otoyol A.Ş, which was founded by the consortium.
The design of the bridge was created by the Danish engineering firm COWI in collaboration with the architecture firm Dissing + Weitling . The bridge was built on behalf of the consortium by the Japanese companies IHI and Itochu .
On March 30, 2013, the then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan drove the first pipe of the pile foundation of the northern pylon foundation - analogous to the previous laying of the foundation stone .
The completion date was given as June 2016, according to other sources, completion was planned for 2017.
On April 21, 2016, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu installed the last slab on the deck in a big ceremony - analogous to the setting of the last rivet on earlier iron and steel bridges. Then President Erdoğan was the first to cross the new bridge with Prime Minister Davutoğlu as his co-driver. During the ceremony, President Erdoğan announced the name Osman Gazi Köprüsü for the bridge.
The bridge was opened to traffic on July 1, 2016. However, some work that does not have a great impact on traffic (especially clean-up work) is not yet finished and should be done on the side. The bridge is toll-free for the first few days on the occasion of the opening and the sugar festival . It was also announced that the originally planned toll, which had been criticized as being too high, had been lowered from TL 135.75 to TL 89.
Accident on March 21, 2015
At around 3:30 p.m. local time on March 21, 2015, a rope on the eastern side, which was carrying the so-called catwalk , broke from its attachment to the southern tower and fell into the sea. The catwalk is a device that enables workers to install and work on the suspension ropes that are supposed to carry the roadway. Since there was no work on the catwalk due to windy weather, nobody was harmed. Shipping traffic was interrupted after the accident until the broken cable was recovered on March 23.
Kishi Ryoichi, a 51-year-old Japanese engineer , felt responsible for the accident and took his own life. He was found dead at the entrance to a cemetery in Altınova with a slip of paper expressing his guilty feelings in Japanese.
description
Length measurements
The Osman Gazi Bridge has a main opening with a span of 1550 m and two side openings of 566 m each, a total of 2682 m. At the outer ends of the side openings, the two carrying ropes are led over the local V-shaped pillars through the outer edges of the deck to the anchor blocks , which protrude just a few meters from the ground. Including the anchor blocks, the bridge has a total length of 120 + 566 + 1550 + 566 + 105 = 2907 m.
In the north a 250 m long ramp bridge creates the connection to the high bank, in the south an approximately 1900 m long viaduct leads over the bank zone to the toll station there .
Earthquake zone
The bridge stands in the area of the North Anatolian Fault between the westward moving Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate . This movement leads to frequent earthquakes , the epicentres of which moved from eastern Anatolia west to the Gulf of İzmit over the course of the 20th century and led to the violent earthquake in Gölcük in 1999 . It is expected that the epicentres will continue to shift further west in the future.
According to geophysical investigations, the two pylons were moved 80 m to the north compared to the original plan and the southern anchor block 160 m in order to move them from the area of local faults to an area without recognizable fractures.
bearings
Similar to the concept developed for the Rio-Andirrio Bridge , the pylons do not stand on foundations built into the seabed. Rather, the bottom of the sea was leveled under the pylons and reinforced with 195 steel pipes each with a diameter of 2 m. The pipes do not have the function of pile foundations , but merely serve to stabilize the soil. Then a 3 m thick layer of gravel was applied to serve as a slide bearing for the pylons in the event of an earthquake and to prevent violent lateral impacts from being transmitted to the pylons. A steel caisson , 54 × 67 × 15 m in size , lies on top of this plain bearing , the base of which has no fixed connection to the ground. Two round, 16 m thick piles with 1.2 m thick walls made of a steel-concrete composite stand on each caisson. The piles end in bases made of solid concrete, which are connected with cross girders and on which the posts of the pylons are anchored with a center distance of 36.2 m. The bases protrude around 10 m from the water.
Pylons
The steel pylons have a height of 241.85 m above their concrete base and a rectangular hollow cross-section. They are slightly inclined towards each other, their center distance tapers from 36.2 m at the base to 30.1 m at the top. They are only stiffened by cross members half way up and below the tips.
Suspension ropes
The two suspension cables have a sag of 1/9 of the span of the main opening. They are made from 110 pre-fabricated strand bundles, which in turn consist of 127 wires with a diameter of 5.91 mm. The strand bundles were pressed into round suspension cables with a diameter of 78 cm.
The northern anchor block is a concrete structure reaching deep into the rock with dimensions of 66 × 50 × 22 m. The southern anchor block, on the other hand, with the V-shaped pillar and the transition pillar to the adjoining viaduct, stands on a mighty floor slab made of solid concrete and dimensions of 124 × 58 × 16 m, which lies on a bed of sand and is essentially due to its weight.
Carriageway girders
The roadway girder consists of a steel, 31 m wide, trapezoidal box girder made of orthotropic plates , on the outside of which there are 2.91 m wide footpaths for the bridge personnel, so that the road girder is 35.93 m wide. The construction height of the deck is only 4.75 m. Its interior is continuously dehumidified to protect against corrosion. The continuous roadway girder is only suspended from the suspension ropes, it is not supported on the pylons, but only rests on the V-shaped end pillars. Large hydraulic dampers are installed there that absorb the longitudinal movements of the roadway girder.
The bridge has a clear height of 64.3 m in the middle area of the main opening.
Tolls
| Vehicle class | Toll in ₺ (TRY) | Toll in € (EUR) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 (2 axes, center distance <3.2m) | 88.75 | ~ 27 |
| 2 (2 axes, center distance> 3.2m) | 141.95 | ~ 44 |
| 3 (3 axes) | 168.60 | ~ 52 |
| 4 (4 or 5 axes) | 223.60 | ~ 69 |
| 5 (6 or more axes) | 282.15 | ~ 87 |
| 6 (motorcycles) | 62.10 | ~ 19 |
Web links
- Otoyol AŞ - Gebze-Orhangazi-İzmir Motorway Project - official website of the project
- Izmit Bay Bridge Short seminar presentation by COWI (PDF, 5.7 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Vapur lobisine çalışıyor (Turkish) . In: Yeni Şafak , July 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016.
- ↑ Otoyol A.Ş - Contract Details ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Otoyol A.Ş - History ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Izmit Bay Broen on the Dissing + Weitling website
- ↑ Otoyol A.Ş - Company Descriptions and Construction Responsibilities ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Körfez Geçiş Köprüsünde son 340 meter (Turkish) . In: Ensonhaber , April 12, 2016.
- ↑ Last platform of the fourth bridge "Osman Gazi" installed. Article from April 22, 2016 on dailysabah.com
- ↑ Erdogan and Davutoglu are the first to cross the Osman Gazi Bridge. Article from April 22, 2016 on dailysabah.com
- ↑ Osman Gazi Bridge opens June 30, 2016 article on ntvpara.com
- ↑ Körfez Köprüsü'nde kablo koptu (Turkish) . In: Hürriyet , March 21, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ↑ a b Dev projenin mühendisi olü bulundu (Turkish) . In: Milliyet , March 23, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ↑ Japanese engineer commits suicide after İzmit bridge cable snaps . In: Today's Zaman , March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ↑ Körfez Geçiş Köprüsü'nde çalışan Japon mühendis intihar etti (Turkish) . In: Hürriyet , March 23, 2015. Accessed March 24, 2015.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Izmit Bay Bridge ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Short seminar presentation by COWI (PDF, 5.7 kB)
- ↑ Operator's toll calculator
