Ossip Emiljewitsch Mandelstam

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Ossip Mandelstam (1914)

Osip Mandelstam ( Russian Осип Эмильевич Мандельштам , scientific. Transliteration Osip Mandel'shtam Ėmil'evič * 3 . Jul / 15. January  1891 greg. In Warsaw ; † 27. December 1938 in Vladivostok in a Soviet camp) was a Russian Poet and the husband of the author Nadezhda Jakowlewna Mandelstam . Along with Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumiljow , he was the most decided exponent of acmeism .

Life

Mandelstam, Tschukowski , Liwschiz , Annenkow v. l. No. (1914)

Ossip Mandelstam was born in Warsaw in 1891 as the son of a Jewish leather merchant. In his childhood his family moved to Pavlovsk and later to Petersburg , where Mandelstam received a broad education in the humanities at the renowned Tenischew Grammar School . At the age of 16 Mandelstam met Nikolai Gumiljow on a trip to Paris , where he heard readings at the Sorbonne . In the same year he also became a guest auditor at the University of Heidelberg , and on sporadic trips home he also attended lectures in literature and poetry in Petersburg .

Influenced by the idea of symbolism , published Mandelstam in 1910 his first poems in the magazine Apollon (Аполлон) and started at the 1911 St. Petersburg University to be of literary research studies. He became a member of the literary group of Akmeisten around Nikolai Gumiljow and published not only poems but also essays on literary topics.

Financial News : The One That Is Talked About. Mandelstam - second from left (before 1917)

His first volume of poetry, Der Stein (Камень), published in 1913, made Mandelstam known in the literary world. The title of the volume of poetry already pointed programmatically to Mandelstam's understanding of poetry: the close connection between matter and meaning. The Russian word for “stone” (to come ) stands for matter, but at the same time forms a near-anagram to the Greek akme , the basic term of akmeism. During these pre-revolutionary years, Mandelstam also got to know Marina Tsvetaeva and Maximilian Voloshin .

The time after the October Revolution was a restless time for Mandelstam. Restless and in “inner exile”, he lived with his wife Nadezhda , whom he had known since 1919 and married in 1922, alternately in Moscow , Petersburg and Tbilisi , always without a large material base. Still, the 1920s were full of his work for him. Collections of poems such as Tristia (1922), The Second Book (Вторая книга, 1923), poems (Стихотворения, 1928) show his poetic versatility. Collections of essays such as Über Poesie (1928) show his talent as an outstanding literary theorist and critic. His prose piece Rauschen der Zeit (Шум времени, 1925) reflects his feeling of strangeness in the Soviet system. Nevertheless - in contrast to Akhmatova and other poets - his books were still allowed to appear in the 1920s, ostensibly due to the intercession of Nikolai Bukharin , the chairman of the Comintern and editor-in-chief of Izvestia .

In the 1930s, the time of the purges under Stalin and the open repression against the poet began. Only his translations of French, German and English prose kept him materially and spiritually alive. Thanks Bukharin's patronage, he was allowed to travel to Armenia in 1930, from where he brought a wealth of inspiration and ideas, resulting in the fall of 1933 The trip to Armenia was established that in the magazine in 1934 Zvezda appeared. These texts and a poem with the beginning We Living No Longer Feel the Ground (Мы живем, под собою не чуя страны ...) from autumn 1934, which clearly refers to Stalin and his terror, led to Mandelstam's first arrest in May . The poem says:

NKVD photos of the arrested Ossip Mandelstam (1938)
Mandelstam on a Soviet postcard (1991)
We living do not feel the ground anymore
We talk that no one hears us for ten paces
But where we still hear speaking,
It concerns the mountain man in the Kremlin.
His fingers are thick and, like worms, so fat
And hundreds of weights weighs the word that he falls
His mustache laughs antennae of cockroaches,
The boot shaft shines so sublime.
Narrow-necked brood of the Fiihrer is around him,
He plays with servant half-men,
They whistle, meow or whine.
He alone beats the beat with the hammer.
Trample commands with a horseshoe:
In the body, in the forehead, in the eyes - in the grave.
Killing tastes like raspberries -
And the chest of the Ossetian swells wide.

Mandelstam avoided harsh judgment after attempting suicide; he was initially exiled only to Cherdyn , later to Voronezh , where he spent three years. Legends surround this first arrest that Stalin personally called Mandelstam's friend and colleague Pasternak to talk about Mandelstam's fate. In Voronezh, Mandelstam worked for newspapers and magazines. His last poems, Die Voronezh Hefte , were written here. His translator Ralph Dutli wrote in 1996 (p. 382): “The Voronez booklets represent the keystone (...) of his work. (...) The Voronez booklets are sum and legacy. Gathering of one's own creativity and of the European culture that nourishes it ”. Arrested again on May 2, 1938, he was sentenced to five years in a camp for counterrevolutionary activities and taken to a labor camp near Vladivostok . On December 27, 1938, he died (according to Ralph Dutli; Zurich 1996) half starved, suffering from a heart condition and tormented by hallucinations in the sick barrack of a transitional camp (Wtoraja Retschka) and was buried in a mass grave.

Nadeschda Mandelstam and friends of the poet preserved many of the poems (partly by memorizing the texts that were not written down) and enabled their publication in the 1960s.

Works

  • Poems. Tr: Paul Celan . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1959
  • The Egyptian postage stamp. Acc . : Gisela Drohla . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1965
  • Horseshoe finder. Edited by Fritz Mierau . Philipp Reclam, Leipzig 1975
  • The trip to Armenia. Acc .: Ralph Dutli . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1983
  • Black earth. Poems from the Voronezh notebooks. Acc .: R. Dutli. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1984
  • Conversation about Dante. Acc .: Norbert Randow . Gustav Kiepenheuer, Leipzig / Weimar 1984
  • Conversation about Dante. Acc .: W. Beilenhoff, G. Leupold. Henssel, Berlin 1984
  • Letters from Voronezh. Acc .: Peter Urban . Friedenauer Presse, Berlin 1985
  • Tristia. Poems. Ed. F. Mierau. People and World, Berlin 1985
  • The rush of time. Autobiographical prose from the 1920s. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1985
  • Midnight in Moscow. The Moscow Notebooks: Poems 1930–1934. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1986
  • The stone. Early poems 1908–1915. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1988
  • In the air grave. A reader, with contributions by Paul Celan, Pier Paolo Pasolini , Philippe Jaccottet , Joseph Brodsky . Ed. R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1988
  • About the interlocutor. Essays I: 1913-1924. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1991
  • Conversation about Dante. Essays II: 1925-1935. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1991
  • Tristia. Poems 1916–1925. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1993
  • Armenia, Armenia! Prose, notebook, poems 1930–1933. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1994
  • The Voronezh Booklets. Last poems 1935–1937. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1996
  • You are my Moscow and my Rome and my little David. Collected letters 1907–1938. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 1999
  • The two trams. Children's poems and joke poems, epigrams on contemporaries 1911–1937. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 2000
  • The complete works in 10 volumes. Hg./Ü: R. Dutli. Ammann, Zurich 2001

literature

  • Nadeschda Mandelstam: The Century of Wolves. An autobiography. Translated from the Russian by Elisabeth Mahler. S. Fischer Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1971, ISBN 3-10-047702-2 .
  • Wilfried Potthoff (ed.): Osip Mandel'stam and Europe (= contributions to Slavic philology. Vol. 5). Winter, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8253-0841-3 .
  • Wolfgang Schlott: On the function of ancient gods myths in the poetry of Osip Mandel'štam. (= European university publications. Series 16: Slavic languages ​​and literatures. Vol. 18). Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1981, ISBN 3-8204-5893-X (At the same time: Konstanz, University, dissertation, 1979).
  • Efraim Safe: Jews in Russian literature after the October Revolution. Writers and artists between hope and apostasy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1995, ISBN 0-521-48109-0 .
  • Carmen Sippl: Travel Texts of Russian Modernism. Andrej Belyj and Osip Mandelʹštam in the Caucasus (= Slavic contributions. Vol. 347). Otto Sagner, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-87690-667-9 (also: Würzburg, University, dissertation, 1996).

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Mandelstam, Ossip Emiljewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Мандельштам, Осип Эмильевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian poet
DATE OF BIRTH January 15, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH Warsaw
DATE OF DEATH December 27, 1938
Place of death near Vladivostok