Oswaldo Payá

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Oswaldo José Payá Sardiñas (born February 29, 1952 in Havana , † July 22, 2012 in La Gabina , Municipio Bayamo ) was a Cuban civil rights activist . He was an activist in the Cuban opposition .

He has been involved as a leading figure in the democracy movement in his country since 1988, having previously participated in national discussions on social change within the Catholic Church. Payá was one of the initiators of the Proyecto Varela , during which signatures were collected for a referendum for the legal establishment of human rights and free elections within the framework of the Cuban constitution. Payá was also heavily involved in the “National Dialogue”, which led to the development of the Programa Todos Cubanos as a political model for the future. He has received several awards abroad for his commitment. Domestically, he was hostile by the government, but with the initiatives he initiated, he reached more open supporters than any other opposition movement within Cuba.

Life

Youth and family

Oswaldo Payá came from a Catholic family. He was the fifth of seven children of the married couple Alejandro Payá and Iradia Sardiñas. As a teenager, he refused to join the Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) or any of its youth organizations. At the age of 16 he had to do his military service in the Cuban army . When he refused to take part in a transport of political prisoners, he was sentenced to three years of forced labor on Isla de Pinos (renamed Isla de la Juventud in 1978 ). Payá himself attributed the punishment to a refusal to renounce his religious beliefs. Payá later studied at the University of Havana: first he graduated as a physics teacher, then as an engineer in telecommunications technology. He then worked in a state company where he was responsible for the maintenance and repair of electronic devices in the medical field. In contrast to most Cuban dissidents, despite his political activity, the authorities neither withdrew his state job from him, nor did he want to give it up himself. In addition to Cuban citizenship, Payá also had Spanish citizenship.

Payá was married and had three grown children. His widow, Ofelia Acevedo, is also involved in the leadership of the Christian democratic opposition movement Movimiento Cristiano Liberación (MCL) founded by Payá .

Activity within the church

Payá has been involved in the Catholic Church since his early youth , initially exclusively in his local parish "El Salvador del Mundo" in Havana's Cerro district . Here he joined the Catholic youth group, became a catechist and was elected to the parish council. In the 1980s, Payá took part in the “ecclesiastical reflection process” ( Reflexión Eclesial Cubana , REC), an initiative with which the Catholic Church in Cuba tried to analyze and resolve its existential crisis, which had come to a head under state pressure, and in 1986 took part in his vicariate participated in the first national church meeting ( Encuentro Nacional Eclesial Cubano , ENEC), into which the process culminated. In 1986 he founded a discussion group in his community on the "Cuban Thought World", a forerunner of his political movement, and a little later, together with other lay people, he produced the magazine "Pueblo de Dios" (German: God's people), which was distributed in various communities and dealt with questions who dealt with freedom and human rights from a Christian point of view.

politics

Christian Liberation Movement MCL

Oswaldo Payá was a founding member of the Movimiento Cristiano Liberación (MCL) in 1988 . It is a political movement founded by secular Catholics with the aim of improving the human and civil rights situation in Cuba. In 1992, Payá declared his intention to run as a member of the Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular . Two days before the candidate was selected, he was arrested by the police and detained and threatened in a center run by the committees for the defense of the revolution . He was prevented from attending the candidate list meeting responsible for his district; it took place behind closed doors and ended after a few minutes.

The MCL is the best-known party-like opposition group in Cuba and a member of the Christian Democratic International (CDI). The MCL suffered a severe setback when around two dozen of its most important activists were arrested and convicted in the spring of 2003 (Payá was spared at the time). After the early release (and the majority of them emigrating into exile in Spain) of those detained for up to eight years, the number of state repression measures to prevent meetings of members of the MCL increased in the course of 2011, including many temporary ones Arrests.

Proyecto Varela

Together with other members of the Movimiento Cristiano Liberación , Oswaldo Payá founded the Proyecto Varela in 1998 , which was mainly associated with his name. The Proyecto Varela began collecting signatures in early 2001 in order to hold a referendum on changes to the law. If the majority of Cubans had voted in favor in the referendum, these changes would have resulted in the call for freedom of assembly , expression and press , free elections , entrepreneurial freedom and an amnesty for political prisoners .

The Cuban constitution provides for a referendum on legislative proposals if at least 10,000 registered citizens support this with their signature. Payá submitted 11,020 signatures to the National Assembly in 2002, and in 2004 he presented 14,000 more signatures. However, the National Assembly ignored the proposals in disregard of the constitution. The collection of signatures decreed by Fidel Castro to amend the constitution, as a result of which “socialism and the revolutionary political and economic system” was established as unalterable in a referendum without alternative in June 2002, was generally understood as a response to the Proyecto Varela, even if Castro himself rejected this .

No other opposition initiative before or since has been able to mobilize a comparable number of supporters within Cuba, giving Payá a prominent position among Cuban dissidents, many of whom are largely unknown to the Cuban population. The national awareness of the Proyecto Varela was ensured in a special way by the Nobel Peace Prize laureate and former US President Jimmy Carter , who mentioned the initiative in detail in a speech to the Cuban people broadcast live on Cuban television, which the Cuban government gave him on the occasion of a Visit to Cuba in May 2002 - the only critical address by a foreign statesman in the Cuban media in the history of the Cuban revolution.

Of the 78 dissidents who were arrested within a few days as part of the so-called " Black Spring " in 2003 and later sentenced to up to 28 years in prison, more than 40 were central activists within the Proyecto Varela, including 23 leading members of the MCL .

The National Dialogue and the Todos Cubanos Program

Payá and other democracy activists started the National Dialogue (Diálogo Nacional) in 2003 , in which more than 12,000 Cubans participated in 3,000 discussion groups inside and outside of Cuba. A working document was used as a starting point for the discussions. The comments and suggestions of the discussion groups were systematically evaluated and incorporated into the “Program (for) All Cubans” (Programa Todos Cubanos) . The goal was a peaceful and democratic change in Cuba. Payá presented the results to the public in 2006.

Proyecto Heredia and draft amnesty law

In December 2007, Payá submitted a draft law to the Cuban National Assembly for a new regulation of travel law in line with human rights under the name "Proyecto Heredia". The project, also known as the “Law of National Re-Encounters”, is named after the Cuban national poet José María Heredia (1803–1839), who became famous above all for the artistic processing of the experience of exile. The draft law provides for the abolition of the existing restrictions on leaving and entering the national territory, which, contrary to the express provisions of the constitution (Article 63), deny many domestic Cubans the right to travel abroad and, on the other hand, deny many foreign Cubans the right to enter their home country. The Cuban authorities responded with intimidation measures designed to discourage activists from promoting the project.

Also in December 2007, Payá sent the President of the National Assembly a draft amnesty law that would regulate the release of all prisoners of conscience.

El Camino del Pueblo

In July 2011, Payá presented the document "El Camino del Pueblo" (German: The Way of the People), which is a basic draft for a peaceful change in the political system in Cuba. It was created in dialogue with prominent government opponents inside and outside the country and with different political convictions and is intended to serve as a common, majority-capable basis for the previously strongly fragmented opposition. The core is the demand for specific changes in the law to ensure freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, assembly and religion, as well as the right to enter and leave the home country freely and the right to do business freely. In a second step, a new electoral law will enable the free election of representatives at all levels and the convening of a constituent assembly. Payá and his colleagues want to make the document known to the greatest possible public and have been seeking signatures and comments since publication. The most prominent supporters of the project include Martha Beatriz Roque , Elizardo Sánchez Santacruz , Guillermo Fariñas , Yoani Sánchez , Dagoberto Valdés , José Daniel Ferrer , Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez and Laura Pollán . The most well-known opponent of the document is Oscar Elías Biscet , who condemns the right wing or any intention to enter into dialogue with the government. He rejected the draft as “extremely socialist” shortly after it was published, claiming that it merely served as a “continuation of communism”.

profile

Unlike some other Cuban dissidents, Oswaldo Payá did not accept any support from the United States government and strongly opposed the formulation of a transition program for Cuba by the US government. He spoke out against the current trade embargo and attached importance to maintaining essential achievements of the revolution, such as universal access to a publicly funded education and health system. The Programa Todos Cubanos was particularly criticized by the right wing of the Cubans in exile because it would exclude Cubans living abroad from participating in the first elections after a possible system change, in contrast to members of the Communist Party living in Cuba. Payas, who always confirmed his willingness to enter into a dialogue with the Cuban leadership and his belief in the possibility of political change by peaceful means, separated him from many of the hardliners of the Cuban opponents of Castro, who were mainly based in South Florida.

As practically the only leader of the Cuban opposition, he pursued the strategy of operating within the legal and political system prescribed by the revolutionary regime.

Although the Cuban government largely tolerated his political activities and was allowed to travel abroad, Payá reported frequent attempts of intimidation against himself and his family, including violent Actos de Repudio . Critics inside and outside of Cuba often reproached Payá for his statement, which he sent to international press agencies in June 2002, in which he welcomed the military coup against Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and gave rise to doubts about the sustainability of his understanding of democracy. In a televised address by President Fidel Castro , after the wave of arrests in the so-called “ Black Spring ” in 2003 , Payá was described as a “counterrevolutionary ringleader” who collaborated with the aggressive US policies directed against Cuba.

In recent years, other Cuban critics of the Castro government have surpassed Oswaldo Payá in terms of international media coverage, in particular the blogger Yoani Sánchez , who has become known worldwide since 2008, and Laura Pollán , who became a human rights activist after the arrest of her husband who was critical of the government in 2003, with her and hers Death 2011 headed women's group Damas de Blanco . In addition, since 2008 the Cuban Catholic Church had increasingly established itself as an independent social actor in the political dialogue with the government with an independent course, thereby removing part of Payá's legitimacy base traditionally anchored in the church. However, as the leader of the largest opposition movement within Cuba, Payá remained one of the most famous and influential dissidents on the island until his death.

Circumstances of death

Payá died on July 22, 2012 at the age of 60 when the car in which he was driving around 22 km outside the eastern Cuban city of Bayamo on the Carretera Central came off the road and hit the side of a tree under previously unexplained and controversial circumstances bounced. With him died the 31-year-old Cuban dissident Harold Cepero, head of the youth department of the MCL movement led by Payá. Two other inmates, the 27-year-old vice secretary of the youth organization of the Partido Popular Spain, Ángel Carromero , who drove the rental car, and the president of Sweden's Christian Democratic Youth Association, Aron Modig , were lightly injured in the impact.

Depiction of relatives

Payá's daughter, Rosa María Payá, alleged that her father's vehicle was deliberately rammed by another vehicle and thus pushed off the road, citing reports she had received from confidants of the two survivors in Europe. Her brother Oswaldo added to the BBC the next day that the two Europeans had notified their superiors in Spain and Sweden immediately after the fatal impact and said that a truck had rammed their car several times before it was pushed off the road. In the hospital, they were then locked from any external communication link. The family do not believe that it was an accident. Ofelia Acevedo, Payá's widow, pointed out that her husband had received multiple death threats and said the family feared such an incident and, like Payá herself, expected it to happen at any time. In response to the controversial information circulated by the family that the car had been rammed, she specified two days later that a Swedish friend, whose identity she did not disclose, had informed her that Aron Modig had reported by SMS to his home country that this had happened Car crashed after it was rammed several times by another vehicle. She had also received the same information from Regis Iglesias, the spokesman for the MCL living in exile in Spain, who told her that one of the two Europeans had called contacts in Madrid immediately after the fatal incident and reported about the ramming and the collision. She has already asked Spanish and Swedish diplomats to speak directly to Modig and Carromero in order to obtain reliable information about her husband's death. On July 31, the family reported that they had received information from friends working at the Bayamo hospital that a red Lada, unmentioned in the official investigation report, was in the immediate vicinity of the destroyed Hyundai, the occupant of which Carromero helped out of the wreckage at the scene of the accident and subsequently would have called the emergency doctor by mobile phone.

Oswaldo Payá's brother Carlos said on July 23 that the unexplained death was not the first of its kind, and that his brother had been involved in a similar accident on the outskirts of Havana the previous month, in which a truck rammed his minibus the vehicle had overturned. Payá survived this alleged traffic accident unharmed and did not want to make it public. In a private email sent in June and partially published after his death, Oswaldo Payá described it as “very likely” that it was not an accident but an attack on his life and family.

The opposition movement MCL has asked the Cuban authorities to conduct a transparent investigation into the circumstances of the two deaths and has asked the international community for support in this call. Nine months earlier, the equally prominent government opponent Laura Pollán, spokeswoman for the human rights group Damas de Blanco , died suddenly and unexpectedly of a rare virus infection, which had also led leading dissidents to suspect possible manipulation on the part of the government.

Representation of the Cuban authorities

Officials spoke of an accident from the start. With reference to unnamed eyewitnesses, it was initially only said that the driver of the accident vehicle had lost control of the vehicle. The initially only official report stated that the accident was being investigated by the authorities. Three days after the death of her husband, Ofelia Acevedo, a police investigator involved in the case who had accompanied the body from Bayamo to forensic medicine in Havana, told her orally that Oswaldo Payá had died of head injuries as a result of a traffic accident in which there was no other vehicle was involved. According to his information, there are two witnesses who saw that the car was traveling at high speed and skidded on a section of the road covered with ground where the normal road surface was missing due to repair work. Her husband died immediately, Harold Cepero shortly after arriving at the Bayamo hospital. You have received no evidence for these statements, the investigation continued. However, the policeman told her "that the revolution [government] was not killing anyone." The investigator's account was confirmed by an official statement by the Cuban Interior Ministry that was circulated on the Internet by the Cuban media on July 27: According to this, Carromero skid the vehicle by braking abruptly shortly after the car had passed the area at extreme speed Repair work had reached the slippery road. This was confirmed by the eyewitness reports of three named road users. In his interview, Carromero stated that he could not remember having seen a warning notice about the road damage, while Modig testified that he had dozed off until the time of the braking and the side of the car swerving. The investigation and criminal charges continue.

On July 30, the Cuban authorities presented a video of the incident in which Carromero and a Cuban eyewitness confirmed the official account and also showed original images and reconstructions of the scene. Modig stated that he had no memory of the situation before the car sped uncontrollably towards the tree. His gaps in memory are due either to the possibility that he slept at the time in question, as at least on part of the route, or to the shock suffered from the impact. On the same day there was a press conference with Modig, who at the time was still under arrest like Carromero, at which he repeated to Cuban and international journalists that he had no memory of a second car in question. Shortly afterwards Modig was allowed to leave the country.

After an eagerly awaited press conference with Modig, which was initially scheduled by his party for three days after his return to Sweden, was canceled with reference to the criminal investigation still ongoing against Carromero in Cuba, Modig did not comment until August 10 in a newspaper and a newspaper Radio interview: He repeated that he could not remember any details of the alleged accident, only that the car went off the road and he later regained consciousness in an ambulance.

On August 3, it was announced that administrative proceedings to withdraw Carromero's driving license had already been initiated in Spain, based on an over speeding in August 2009 and a later phone call with the mobile phone at the wheel. However, the relevant order from the City of Madrid's Transport Authority only came into effect in October 2012. In October, Carromero was sentenced to four years imprisonment in Bayamo for the negligent homicide of Payá and Cepero, after the prosecutor called for seven years in prison.

At the end of December, Carromero was allowed to leave Cuba to serve the remainder of his sentence in Spain. At the same time, the Payas family renewed their call for an independent investigation into the circumstances of the death and their efforts to clarify the questions that remained unanswered during the Cuban trial.

Reactions to death

The death of the prominent opposition activist Payá was not reported on the evening news on state television and radio. The Monday edition of the state daily Granma , however, mentioned Payas's names and those of the other three vehicle occupants in a concise article under the headline “Two people die in an unfortunate road accident in Granma province”, without clearly condemning Payás repeatedly on previous occasions in the same paper to point out prominent opposition activity.

Numerous foreign personalities and institutions expressed their condolences to the family and paid tribute to Payá's life work, including Pope Benedict XVI. , US President Barack Obama , the governments of Mexico , Canada , Chile and France , the EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton and the President of the European Parliament , Martin Schulz . For Germany, the Federal Government's human rights commissioner, Markus Löning , expressed his condolences, and the head of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and former President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering , also expressed his condolences . The deputy chairman of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group, Arnold Vaatz , also called for an investigation into the circumstances of death by an independent international investigator.

Expressions of sympathy came from across the spectrum of the Cuban opposition inside and outside of Cuba, as well as from the highest church officials. Hundreds of visitors attended the laying out of the body in the Payas parish church, the funeral service chaired by Cardinal Jaime Ortega on July 24, and the subsequent funeral, including many of the island's most prominent Castro critics, representatives of several foreign embassies and numerous media representatives. The Cuban authorities showed a large contingent of police officers and plainclothes paramilitary units and had around 50 dissidents arrested after the funeral service (including the Sakharov Prize winner Guillermo Fariñas ), distributed to various police stations and detained there for between a few hours and a day and then released without charge.

Awards

Oswaldo Payá was awarded the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2002 . At that time, the award was first enforced by the conservative parliamentary majority against the principle of consensus that had applied until then, but the social democratic minority faction later claimed the merit of persuading the Cuban authorities to approve Payá's trip to the award ceremony. In 2011 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for the fifth time after 2002, 2003, 2008 and 2010 . In 2008 the proposal was supported by MEPs from six different parties in the Swedish Parliament.

In 1999 he received the " Homo Homini " prize from the Czech non-governmental organization People in Need and in 2003 the Averell Harriman Prize from the American National Democratic Institute . Also in 2003 he received the “Medalla Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera” from the Catalan Christian Democratic party Unió Democràtica de Catalunya (UDC). In 2007 he was awarded the “Encina de la Libertad” prize by the youth organization Nuevas Generaciones of the conservative Spanish Partido Popular in the autonomous community of Extremadura . The University of Miami and Columbia University in New York awarded Payá honorary doctorates in 2002 and 2005, respectively .

Posthumously in 2014 the Spanish non-governmental organization HazteOir.org honored him with their "Premio HO". In December 2012, the council of the municipality of Las Rozas de Madrid decided, at the suggestion of the Unión Progreso y Democracia (UPyD), to name a future street or public square after Payá. Also on the initiative of the UPyD, the city parliament of Madrid decided in January 2013 to name a street in the capital after Payá. In the summer of 2013, the Spanish People's Party (Partido Popular) created the Oswaldo Payá Prize in his honor, which is to be awarded to fighters for freedoms, human rights and democracy. The first recipient was Payá's widow Ofelia Acevedo in September 2013.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Presentación Movimiento Cristiano Liberación on the homepage of Oswaldo Payá, from February 16, 2010, accessed on October 11, 2011 (Spanish)
  2. ↑ a b c Fernando Ravsberg: Adiós al padre del mayor movimiento de disidencia interna en Cuba , in: BBC Mundo of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  3. ↑ Enrique Flor: Muestras de dolor por muerte de Oswaldo Payá en Miami, in: Nuevo Herald of July 23, 2012, accessed on December 30, 2012 (Spanish)
  4. ↑ Declaración de Ofelia Acevedo, Líder del Movimiento Cristiano Liberación ( Memento of the original of July 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Declaration on the official Payas homepage of July 23, 2012 (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oswaldopaya.org
  5. ↑ a b Acerca de Oswaldo biography on the homepage owaldopaya.org, accessed on November 20, 2011 (Spanish)
  6. ↑ P. Antonio F. Rodríguez Díaz: ¿Qué fue el ENEC? (PDF; 47 kB) in: Espacio Laical o. D., accessed on November 20, 2011 (Spanish)
  7. ^ Cuba sees publication of new independent periodical. Will Castro allow it? in: Catholic News Agency of February 27, 2008, accessed November 20, 2011
  8. ↑ Minibiografía de Oswaldo Payá on Democracia Participativa , accessed on October 5, 2011 (Spanish)
  9. ↑ Anna Ardin: The Cuban multi-party system (Master's thesis; PDF; 635 kB), Uppsala University, 2007, page 14, accessed on October 11, 2011 (English)
  10. ↑ Arrestados varios opositores en Santa Clara in: Cuba Encuentro of October 10, 2011, accessed on October 11, 2011 (Spanish)
  11. ^ Proyecto Varela , original text of the Proyecto Varela on the Oswaldo Payás website, accessed on July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  12. ^ Jeanette Habel: Authoritarian gestures instead of open discussion , in: Le Monde Diplomatique of June 11, 2004, accessed on July 23, 2012
  13. ↑ Bernd Wulffen: Cuba in transition: From Fidel to Raúl Castro , page 155, Ch. Links Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-86153-486-0
  14. ↑ a b Gustavo Silva: Mayo 14 (2002) Carter refiere “Proyecto Varela” en plena UH ( Memento from July 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), in the Emilio Ichikawa blog of May 14, 2011, accessed on July 23, 2012 (Spanish )
  15. ↑ Hero Buss: Fidel Castro wages his war against the opposition in the shadow of Iraq , in: Die Welt, April 3, 2003, accessed on July 23, 2012
  16. ↑ “La Primavera Negra fue una operación contra el Proyecto Varela”. Entrevista con Alfredo Felipe Fuentes, periodista cubano excarcelado , interview on the website of the Spanish section of Reporters Without Borders of October 17, 2010, accessed on July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  17. ^ Oswaldo Payá: Proyecto de Ley de Reencuentro Nacional - Proyecto Heredia of October 6, 2010, accessed on November 20, 2011 (Spanish)
  18. ^ Cuban opposition activist kidnapped - Oswaldo Payá: "Let us not intimidate" , in: Katholisches of November 26, 2010, accessed on July 27, 2012
  19. ↑ A New Light for Cuba: The MCL presents a Law of Amnesty and a Law of Reconciliation ( Memento of July 30, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Press release on the National Dialogue Cuba website of December 18, 2007, accessed on October 11 2011 (English, Spanish original here ( memento from July 29, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ))
  20. ↑ Documento 'El Camino del Pueblo' from July 13, 2011 on www.contodosloscubanos.com, accessed on November 18, 2011 (Spanish)
  21. ↑ Opositores de todas las tendencias firman un consenso y exigen un plebiscito in: Diario de Cuba of July 13, 2011, accessed on November 18, 2011 (Spanish)
  22. ↑ updated list of signatories on www.contodosloscubanos.com , accessed on July 27, 2012 (Spanish)
  23. ↑ Oscar Elías Biscet: El Roque es la esperanza de la nación cubano in: La Nueva Nación o. D., accessed on November 18, 2011 (Spanish)
  24. ↑ Biscet cree que 'El camino del pueblo' pretende 'salvar el comunismo' in: Diario de Cuba of July 24, 2011, accessed on November 18, 2011 (Spanish)
  25. ↑ Hinnerk Berlekamp: "We only encounter arrogance, repression" , interview with Oswaldo Payá in: Berliner Zeitung of October 9, 2006, accessed on July 23, 2012
  26. ^ A b Samuel Farber: Cuba since the Revolution of 1959: A Critical Assessment. P. 238 (English).
  27. ↑ Rui Ferreira: División en el exilio tras la muerte de Payá , in: El Mundo of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  28. ↑ Carsten Volkery: Cuba's opposition: Fidel's black vest in: Der Spiegel from August 3, 2006, accessed on September 26, 2011
  29. ^ Samuel Farber: Cuba since the Revolution of 1959: A Critical Assessment. P. 240 (English).
  30. ↑ Fidel Castro: La idea siniestra es provocar un conflicto armado entre Cuba y Estados Unidos ( Memento of November 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), address of April 25, 2003, in: Granma Internacional , accessed on July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  31. ↑ Damien Cave: Oswaldo Payá, Cuban Leader of Petition Drive for Human Rights, Dies at 60 , in: New York Times of July 23, 2012 (English)
  32. ↑ Fernando Ravsberg: The Loves of Oswaldo Payá , in: Havana Times of July 26, 2012 (English)
  33. ↑ Publican photos del auto accidentado donde viajaba Payá Sardiñas (with photos of the accident vehicle ), in the blog Café Fuerte from July 24, 2012 (Spanish)
  34. ↑ Muere el líder opositor Oswaldo Payá tras sufrir un accidente en Granma , Diario de Cuba, 23 July 2012
  35. ↑ Marta Araujo: Ángel Carromero, sin heridas de gravedad ya la espera de regresar de Cuba , in: El Referente from July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  36. ↑ Carromero declara como conductor coche de Payá, sin que haya cargos contra él , in: La Información of July 24, 2012 (Spanish)
  37. ↑ Campaigner for freedom of expression: Cuban dissident Payá dies in an accident , Spiegel Online from July 23, 2012
  38. ↑ Mimi Whitefield: Oswaldo Payá, well-known Cuban dissident, killed in car accident on the island , in: Miami Herald of July 23, 2012 (English)
  39. ↑ Declaración de Rosa Maria Payá, hija de Oswaldo Payá ( Memento of the original of July 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Audio recording of the declaration on the Payás official website of July 23, 2012 (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oswaldopaya.org
  40. ↑ La familia de Oswaldo Payá niega que fuera un accidente , in: BBC Mundo of July 24, 2012 (Spanish)
  41. ↑ Esposa de Payá: “Yo temía que esto pudiera pasar y él también” , in: Martí Noticias of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  42. ^ A b Juan Tamayo: Viuda de Oswaldo Payá revela detalles de la tragedia , in: Nuevo Herald of July 26, 2012 (Spanish)
  43. ↑ Knut Henkel: New allegations against the authorities , in: Daily newspaper from August 4, 2012
  44. ↑ Viuda de Payá no acepta versión oficialista del accidente , TV report by TV Martí from July 31, 2012 (Spanish)
  45. ↑ a b Reciente carta de Payá revela temor por su vida , in: Martí Noticias of July 24, 2012 (Spanish)
  46. ↑ El hermano de Payá denuncia que Oswaldo tuvo un accidente similar hace un mes , in: El Economista of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  47. ↑ Maite Rico: “Esta muerte tiene que aclararse” , in: El País Internacional of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  48. ↑ Declaración del Movimiento Cristiano Liberación , declaration on the Payás official website of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  49. ↑ Juan Tamayo: Cuban dissidents voice concern about hospitals as Pollán's daughter praises mother's treatment ( Memento of the original of July 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in: Miami Herald of October 17, 2011, accessed via the Cuba Study Group on July 23, 2012 (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cubastudygroup.org
  50. ↑ Dos personas fallecen en lamentable accidente de tránsito en la provincia Granma , in: Cubadebate of July 22, 2012 (Spanish)
  51. ↑ a b Granma, 23 de Julio 2012, página 6  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 860 kB), page 6 of Granma from July 23, 2012 (Spanish)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.granma.cubaweb.cu  
  52. ↑ Nota oficial del Ministerio del Interior (with infographic and video), in: Juventud Rebelde of July 27, 2012 (Spanish)
  53. ↑ Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas: Testimonios sobre el accidente , video on YouTube (5:39 min.) From July 30, 2012 (Spanish)
  54. ↑ The Payas family insists on murder theory , in: Frankfurter Rundschau of August 4, 2012
  55. ↑ AFP: Anulan conferencia de prensa del sueco testigo de la muerte de Payá from August 3, 2012 (Spanish)
  56. ↑ El sueco testigo de la muerte de Payá no se acuerda del accidente , in: El Economista of August 10, 2012 (Spanish)
  57. ↑ 'This is how Cubans are treated everyday': Modig , in: The Local from August 10, 2012 (English)
  58. ↑ Mauricio Vicent and Tono Valleja: Spaniard held over Cuban dissidents' deaths was to lose his drivers license , in: El País from August 3, 2012 (English)
  59. ↑ Luis Ayllón: Carromero quiere que se investigue quién filtró a la prensa la existencia de sus multas , in: ABC of January 3, 2013, accessed on January 22, 2013 (Spanish)
  60. ↑ Jose María Viñals, abogado de Ángel Carromero: “En España no lo habrían condenado”, in: Diario Jurídico of December 30, 2012, accessed on January 22, 2013 (Spanish) ( Memento of December 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  61. ↑ José María Viñals: “Carromero ha reconstruido los hechos conmigo pero me ha pedido que no los desvele” , in: El Confidencial of January 11, 2013, accessed on June 9, 2013 (Spanish)
  62. ↑ Spanish politician in Cuba sentenced to four years imprisonment, ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in: Sächsische Zeitung Online from October 16, 2012, accessed on December 30, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sz-online.de
  63. ↑ Carromero vuelve a España para cumplir condena, in: Deutsche Welle of December 29, 2012 (Spanish)
  64. ↑ La familia de Payá espera que el Gobierno español investigue el accidente, in: RTVE Telediario of December 29, 2012 (Spanish)
  65. ↑ Yoani Sánchez: In the news last night there was no mention of the death of Oswaldo Payá , Twitter report from July 23, 2012
  66. ↑ Pablo Alfonso: Silencio oficial sobre accidente que costó la vida a Oswaldo Payá , in: Martí Noticias of July 22, 2012 (Spanish)
  67. ↑ José A. de la Osa: Bochornosa actividad antipatriótica de una sarta de vividores ( Memento of the original from November 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ("Shameful anti-patriotic activity of a number of bon vivants") in: Granma of December 22, 2005, accessed on July 23, 2012 (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.granma.cubaweb.cu
  68. ↑ Jean-Guy Allard: Oswaldo Payá: Another pawn in USAID's grand fraud ( Memento of April 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (" Oswaldo Payá: Another pawn in the USAID's great deception") in: Granma International of December 29, 2005 , accessed via Archive.is on November 5, 2013 (English)
  69. ↑ Pope's condolences on the death of Oswaldo Paya ( memento of July 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), in: Radio Vatican of July 25, 2012
  70. ↑ Statement by the Press Secretary on the Death of Oswaldo Payá , White House press release of July 23, 2012 (English)
  71. ↑ Lamenta Calderón muerte de opositor cubano Oswaldo Payá ( Memento of July 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), in: La Jornada of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  72. ↑ Canada Offers Condolences on Death of Cuban Activist , press release on the website of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs of July 24, 2012 (English)
  73. ↑ El Gobierno de Chile lamenta el trágico fallecimiento del Sr. Oswaldo Payá ( Memento of July 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Press release on the website of the Chilean government of July 23, 2012 (Spanish)
  74. ↑ Cuba - Décès d'Oswaldo Paya (24 juillet 2012) , press release on the website of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs of 24 July 2012 (French)
  75. ↑ Statement by the spokesperson of High Representative Catherine Ashton on the death of prominent Cuban defender of Human Rights Oswaldo Payá (PDF; 87 kB), press release on the website of the Council of the European Union of 23 July 2012 (English)
  76. ↑ On the death of Oswaldo Payá, winner of the Sakharov Prize , press release on the website of the European Parliament of July 23, 2012
  77. ^ Human rights commissioner Löning on the death of Oswaldo Payá (23.07) , press release on the website of the Federal Foreign Office of 23 July 2012
  78. ↑ Hans-Gert Pöttering condolences relatives of the Cuban dissident Oswaldo Payá: Hope for an unreserved clarification of the fatal accident , Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung press release from July 26, 2012
  79. ↑ Arnold Vaatz: Independent investigation into the circumstances of the death of Oswaldo Paya Sardinas urgently required , press release on the website of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group from July 23, 2012
  80. ↑ Cuba: Dozens arrested at funeral of prominent rights activist , report on the Amnesty International website of July 25, 2012 (English)
  81. ↑ Liberan 'sin cargos' a disidentes detenidos durante funeral de Payá , in: Nuevo Herald of July 25, 2012 (Spanish)
  82. ^ Burial of dissident Payá: Cuban opposition complains about arrests , in: Spiegel Online of July 25, 2012
  83. ^ Cuban dissident Payá dies in a car accident , in: Amerika21 of July 23, 2012
  84. ↑ Candidato Premio Nobel de la Paz 2002, 2003, 2008, 2010 and 2011 on the homepage of Oswaldo Payá, accessed on October 5, 2011 (Spanish)
  85. ↑ Previous recipients of the Homo Homini Award ( Memento from May 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) People in Need: o. D., (clovekvtisni.cz, English) accessed on November 20, 2011
  86. ↑ Otorgan a Payá premio a la lucha por la libertad In: CubaEncuentro of September 18, 2003 (Spanish)
  87. ^ NNGG entrega el II Premio “Encina de la Libertad” al cubano Oswaldo Paya ( Memento from January 22, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), in: Extremadura de hoy from September 28, 2007, accessed on July 24, 2012 (Spanish)
  88. ↑ Una calle o recinto público de Las Rozas llevará el nombre del activista cubano Oswaldo Payá, report on the website of the municipality of Las Rozas of December 21, 2012, accessed on July 7, 2014 (Spanish)
  89. ↑ Una calle en recuerdo de Oswaldo Payá, message on the website of the Madrid City Council of January 30, 2013, accessed on July 7, 2014 (Spanish)
  90. ↑ Recibe viuda de Payá primer premio que lleva el nombre de su esposo, in: Martí Noticias of September 7, 2013, accessed on July 7, 2014 (Spanish)
personal data
SURNAME Payá, Oswaldo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Payá Sardiñas, Oswaldo José (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Cuban civil rights activist
DATE OF BIRTH February 29, 1952
PLACE OF BIRTH Havana
DATE OF DEATH July 22, 2012
Place of death La Gabina , Municipio Bayamo